Math 102

Statistics and Probability

Adapted from John Mark C. Corpuz, ECE
Mr. John Matthew P. Embrado
embradojohnmatthew@gmail.com

09505670520

Laboratory
High School
 Instructor’s Profile
Name: John Matthew P. Embrado

Degree: Bachelor of Secondary Education major in

Mathematics

Subjects Handled: Grade 7-9, General

Mathematics, Grade 12 C Adviser

Contact Info: 09505670520

Hi there! I will be your Mathematics Teacher; I am

pleased to hear that you are one of my students. I will do
my best to make sure that you will learn a lot of things
despite of this pandemic. Please stay at home and take
care always.

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 Math 102
Statistics and
Probability

General Directions: Please prepare a Math notebook and write your answer in each activity
at your mathematics notebook.
Write your answers in the assessment and evaluation on the separate
booklet provided.

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LESSON 1: The Concept of Random Variables

A random variable may also be used to quantify unquantifiable processes. For example, in
the random variable 𝑌 = sex of college student applicants.
Possible outcomes: male or female
Characteristic: categorical (non-numerical)
It would be very difficult to perform mathematical operations on such kinds of data so
we have to find a way to convert these data into numbers. We could assign the value 0 for
male and 1 for female.
Note: The values “0 and 1” are just models/examples. You may use other values like 10, 500,
and even 2,020. Still, the values 0 and 1 are most commonly used in statistics.

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Assessment
Directions: Classify the following random variables as DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS.
Write your answers on your Answer Sheets.

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LESSON 2: Probability Distribution of Discrete Random Variables
The purpose of using random variable is so that we could measure observations and
process data to make a conclusion about the population. So, what are the possible values of a
random variable, you might ask? Below are some random variables with their corresponding
possible values.

Example 1. Suppose you are to test three random eggplants from a harvest to see if there are
worms in it. You want to find out the number of eggplants attacked by worms. Use W to
represent if there is a worm attack in an eggplant and N if there is none.

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Example 2. Suppose that four coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable representing the
number of heads that occur. Complete the table below to find the possible values of Y.

The possible values of the random variable Y are 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Now that we already have the possible values of the random variable, we can now
construct the probability distribution. Looking back at example 1, the random variable X
represents the number of damaged eggplants in a harvest. We have defined the sample space
and their corresponding values in the table below.

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There is a total of 8 possible outcomes with 4 distinct possible values of X. We now assign
the probability values of each.

The table shown is what we call the probability distribution or probability mass function of
the random variable 𝑌. We can graph the distribution in the form of a histogram as presented
below.

What is a histogram?

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A histogram is like a bar graph but has no spaces in between the bars. Investigate the heights
of the bars and compare it with the probabilities written in the table above. What have you
noticed?

Based on the distribution above, the table below shows some more probabilities. Can you
explain how these values were obtained?

In example 2, the random variable Y represents the number of heads that occur when tossing
four coins. We have defined the sample space and their corresponding values as shown in the
table below.

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There are 5 distinct possible values of 𝑌 which are 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. We now assign the
probability values of each, as shown below.

Directions: Consider the Histogram above. Answer the following questions on your Activity
Notebook.
1. What is the probability of getting more than 3 heads?
2. What is the probability of getting less than 2 heads?
3. What is the probability of getting at least 3 heads?
4. What is the probability of getting at most 1 head?
5. What is the probability of getting 2 or 3 heads?
6. What is the probability of getting pure heads?
7. What is the probability of getting no heads?

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Assessment
Directions: A. Construct the probability distribution of a particular experiment by following
the instructions given to you. Copy and Fill in the tables on your Answer Sheets.
1. A dog gave birth to a litter of six puppies. Three of them are male while the rest are
female. If you are to be given three of these puppies at random, list all the elements of
the sample space using the letters M and F for male puppies and female puppies,
respectively. Then assign a value x of the random variable X representing the number
of male puppies you receive.

There are four values for the random variable. Assign probability values P(X) to each then
construct the histogram by drawing on the graph below. Copy the Histogram on your
Answers Sheets.

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Directions: B. Consider the histogram you just made, try to answer the questions below.
Write your answers on your Answer Sheets.
1. What is the probability of getting more than 2 males? __________
2. What is the probability of getting less than 2 males? __________
3. What is the probability of getting at least 2 males? __________
4. What is the probability of getting at most 2 males? __________
5. What is the probability of getting 1 or 2 males? __________
6. What is the probability of getting no males? __________
7. What is the probability of getting all males? __________

LESSON 3: Solving for the Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation of Discrete
Probability Distributions.

The mean is the average of all possible outcomes. It is otherwise referred to as the
“expected value” of a probability distribution. When we say expected value, it means that if
we repeat any given experiment infinite times, the theoretical mean would be the “expected
value”. For instance, the mean of rolling a die is theoretically 3.5. You will never roll a 3.5 no
matter how many times you roll the die because there’s only 3 and 4. However, if you take
the average of all outcomes, you should get 3.5 or at least close to that value. You will have a
better understanding about this concept with more examples given underneath.

As a point of reference, if the values of all the outcomes in an experiment are all the same,
the variance and standard deviation are both 0. But of course, this rarely happens in real life
application.

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 To solve this problem, all you we have to do is arrange the given entries which are the
random variable values and their corresponding probabilities in the first two columns of a
three column table. So in this particular example, our random variable which we are going to
call X is the number of mistakes a student gets in a 5-item quiz. You may use your calculator
in solving for the unknown values.

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 Therefore, the mean or expected value on the number of mistakes a student may have
in a 5-item quiz is 1.85. Again, we emphasize that none of the students actually got 1.85
mistakes. However, if we are to take the average of the total mistakes done by each one of the
students, we should get an average value of 1.85.
Now that we have found the mean of the discrete probability distribution, we can now
try and solve for the variance. You cannot solve for the variance without finding first the
mean. To solve for the variance, you need to add more columns in the table made a while
ago.
The table below shall discuss how you can solve the variance of a discrete probability
distribution. A sample value was used for demonstration purposes. A brief explanation is
shown below each entry for your guidance.

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15
16
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Assessment
Directions: A. Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the following probability
distribution by completing the tables below.

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Summary:

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20
Assessment
Directions: A. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on your Answer
Sheets.

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B. Identify weather the given variable is discrete or continuous. Write your answer on your
Answer Sheets.
__________________ 1. number of cars in a parking lot
__________________ 2. time it takes to finish a bowl of noodles
__________________ 3. number of visitors in a resort each day
__________________ 4. temperature needed to melt a metal
__________________ 5. weight of one whole watermelon

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LESSON 3: Understanding the Normal Curve Distribution
We will start understanding the concept of the normal curve distribution by sketching the frequency
polygon of each of the following frequency distributions.
The following frequency distributions show the score of students in a
Mathematics quiz.
Table 1 Table 2 Table 3

3. If we will continue to increase the number of students, what do you think will the
shape of the graph be?
Answers:
1. The frequency polygon of each frequency distribution.

Graph 1 Graph 2 Graph 3

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 2. Computing for the mean, median and mode of each given distributions, we will realize that the
resulting values are equal. Since these measures are equal, they all lie at one point. That is, at
the center of the graph.
3. If we will continue to increase the number of students then in the long run, we can approximate
the graph to the shape of a bell.

In reality, if a distribution contains a very large number of cases with equal measures of central
tendency values, then the distribution is symmetrical* and the skewness* is 0. In statistics, it is called
normal distribution or normal curve (Rene, et al. 2015).In specific sense, it is called a normal
probability distribution whenever the frequencies are converted to probabilities.

Let us learn more about the properties of a normal probability distribution.

1. The curve of the distribution is a bell-shaped.
2. The curve is symmetrical about the mean.
This means if we will cut the curve about the mean, we will have balanced
proportions of the halves. Specifically we say that
one is a reflection of the other. Meaning, the
qualities exhibited by one are the same qualities
exhibited by the other.

3. The mean, median and mode are of equal values and when sketched, they coincide at the center
of the graph.

This means that the mean, median and mode of

the given distribution are located at exactly one
point since their values are equal, and they are
located at the center of
Mean = Median = Mode the graph which indicates the highest peak of
the curve.

4. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of the distribution.
The curve considered at the left side defines a
standard normal curve. A standard normal
curve is a normal probability distribution that has
mean value equal to 0 and standard deviation
equal to 1.

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 width of the curve

This property explains that the standard normal

curve is used as a guide for distributions which
has
mean value not equal to 0 and standard deviation
86 89 92 95 98 101 104
not equal to 1.
For instance, in a given distribution with mean equals 95 and standard deviation equals 3, the width
of the curve will be 3 numbers away from each other, which is determined from the given standard
deviation.
5. The curve extends indefinitely approaching the x-axis but never touching it. Thus, the curve is
asymptotic to the line.
6. The area of the region under the curve is 1. It represents the probability or percentage or
proportion associated with the specific sets of measurement values.

This means that for every specific

measurement value, there corresponds
exactly one
probability/percentage/proportion
value which describes a particular area of the region under the normal curve.

A specific proportion of the area of the region under the curve can be calculated
manually using the formula

where
Y represents the height of the curve at a particular value of X
X represents any score in the distribution
σ represents the standard deviation of the population
μ represents the population mean
π = 3.1416
𝑒 = 2.7183

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 However, this formula is now rarely used because of the readily available z-
Table which displays all the area of the region under the curve given a z-value.

Table of Areas under the Normal Curve

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Steps in finding the area under the normal curve given a z-value
1. Express the given z-value into a three-digit number.
2. Using the z-Table, find the first 2 digits on the first column.
3. Find the third digit on the first row on the right.
4. Read the area for probability at the intersection of the row (first 2 digit number) and column
(third digit number). The value observed at the intersection indicates the area of the given z-
value.
Illustration.
1. Find the area that corresponds to z =2.
Finding the area that corresponds to z = 2 is the same as finding the area between z=0 and z =
2.

Steps Solution

a. Express the given z-value to a z = 2 becomes z = 2.00

3 digit number

b. In the table, find the first two digit (2.0)

number on the first column

c. Find the third digit on the first row (.00)

d. Read the probability at the intersection The area at the intersection is 0.4772.
of row 2.0 and column .00

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2. Find the area that corresponds to z=1.45.
Finding the area that corresponds to z = 1.45 is the same as finding the area between z = 0
and z = 1.45.

Steps Solution

a. Express the given z-value to a z = 1.45

3 digit number (it is already expressed to a 3 digit number, so
just copy the given)

b. In the table, find the first two digit (1.4)

number on the first column

c. Find the third digit on the first row (.05)

d. Read the probability at the intersection The area at the intersection is 0.4265.
of row 1.4 and column .05

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3. Find the area that corresponds to z= – 2.5

The negative in the given z-value as z = – 2.5 indicates the location of where that area is in
the curve. Since it is a negative, meaning the measurement X that corresponds to z = – 2.5 is
located at the left side of the curve. Since the normal curve is symmetrical about the mean,
therefore finding the area of z = – 2.5 is the same as finding the area of z = 2.5.

Steps Solution

a. Express the given z-value to a z = 2.5 becomes z = 2.50

3 digit number

b. In the table, find the first two digit (2.5)

number on the first column

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 c. Find the third digit on the first row (.00)

d. Read the probability at the intersection The area at the intersection is 0.4938.
of row 2.5 and column .00

Exercise 1. Directions: Match the z-value given in column A to its corresponding area in column B.
Write your answers on Your answer Sheets.

Column A Column B
1. z = 0.04 L. 0.3554
2. z = 1.06 V. 0.4817

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 3. z = 2.8 M. 0.4987
4. z = 2.09 T. 0.3531
5. z = 0.49 C. 0.4999
6. z = 3.02 S. 0.0517
7. z = – 0.03 I. 0.0160
8. z = – 1.05 A. 0.0120
9. z = – 2.22 E. 0.1879
10. z = – 3.78 O. 0.4974
11. z = – 0.13 H. 0.4868

LESSON 4: Identifying regions of Areas Under the Normal Curve

Learning Concept

This point in time, it is expected that you already have mastered the skill in determining the
area under the normal curve that corresponds to a given z-value using the z-Table.

The area you just learned also indicates the probability/percentage/proportion of the given
distribution between any two specific z-values under the curve.
This time, you will try to find the area of the regions between any two specific z-values
under the normal curve.

Illustration
1. Find the area of the region between z= 1 and z = 3.
Solution:
The area of the region described by the point z = 1
indicates the area from z = 0 to z = 1. Using the z-
Table, it has corresponding area of 0.3413.

So with z = 3, it describes the area of the region from

z = 0 to z = 3, with corresponding area of 0.4987
(using the zTable).

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 The problem states that we need to find the area of the region between the
given two z-values (red line).

In doing so, we need to subtract the area that corresponds to z = 3 to the area that corresponds
to z = 1. Thus, we have

0.4987 – 0.3413 = 0.1574

Therefore, the area between z = 1 and z = 3 is 0.1574.

2. Find the area of the region between z = 1 and

z =-1.
Solution:
The area of the region described by the point z = 1
indicates the area from z = 0 to z = 1. Using the z-
Table, it has corresponding area of 0.3413.

So with z = -1, it describes the area of the region

from z = 0 to z = -1, with corresponding area of
0.3413 (using the zTable).
z = 1 has the same area with z= -1 since the
curve is symmetrical about the mean. Therefore,
finding the area of z = 1 is the same as finding the area of z = -1. The negative sign indicates
only the location of the z-value under the curve. Because it is a negative, it is located at the
left side of the curve.

The problem states that we need to find the area of the region between the
given two z-values (red line).

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 In doing so, we need to add the area that corresponds to z = 1 to the area that corresponds to z
= -1. Thus, we have

0.3413 + 0.3413 = 0.6826

Therefore, the area between z = 1 and z = -1 is 0.6826.

3. Find the area of the region between z = 2 and z = -

1.5.
Solution:
The area of the region described by the
point z = 2 indicates the area from z = 0 to z = 2. Using the z-
Table, it has corresponding area of 0.4772.
So with z = -1.5, it describes the area of the region from z =
0 to z = -1.5, with corresponding area of 0.4332(using the z-
Table).
z = 1.5 has the same area with z= -1.5 since the curve is
symmetrical about the mean. Therefore,
finding the area of z = -1.5 is the same as finding the area of z = 1.5. The negative sign
indicates only the location of the z-value under the curve.
Because it is a negative, it is located at the left side of the curve.

The problem states that we need to find the area of the region between the
given two z-values (red line).

In doing so, we need to add the area that corresponds to z = 2 to the area that corresponds to z
= -1.5. Thus, we have

0.4772 + 0.4332= 0.9104

Therefore, the area between z = 2 and z = -1.5 is 0.9104.

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 Directions: Find the area of the region under the curve that corresponds between the
given z-values. Write your answers on your Answer sheets.

1. z = 3 and z = -1
2. z = 0.5 and z = 2
3. z = 1.5 and z = -1
4. z = 2 and z = -2.25
5. z = 2.5 and z = -0.5

LESSON 5: Determining Probabilities

Mathematicians are not fond of lengthy expressions. They use denotations, notations or symbols
instead.
Probability notations are commonly used to express a lengthy idea into symbols concerning the
normal curve.
The following are the most common probability notations used in studying concepts on the normal
curve.

P(a < z < b) this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z-
value is between a and b
P(z> a) this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z-value
is above a
P(z< a)this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z-value
is below a
where a and b are z-score values.
P(z = a) = 0this notation represents the idea stating the probability that the z-
value is equal to a is 0. This notation indicates that a z-value is equal to
exactly one point on the curve. With that single point, a line can be drawn
signifying the probability can be below or above it. That is why, for a z-value
to be exactly equal to a value its probability is equal to 0.

Let us familiarize some of the terms involved in using notations.

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 Negative P(z < a) Positive P(z > a)

“less than z” “greater than z”

“to the left of z” “to the right of z”
“below z” “above z”

“lower than” “more than z”

“under z” “at least z”

With all these in mind, you are now ready to solve for the proportion of the area specified z-
score value.

Illustration.
1. Find the proportion of the area between z = 2 and z = 3.
Steps Solution

Draw a normal curve.

Locate the required z-values.
Shade the required region.

Locate from the z-Table the corresponding z = 2 has a corresponding area of

areas of the given zvalues.
0.4772
z = 3 has a corresponding area of
0.4987

With the graph, decide on what operation With the given graph, the operation to be
will be used to identify the proportion of the used is subtraction.
area of the region. Use probability notation
to avoid lengthy expressions.
P(2 < z <3) = 0.4987 – 0.4772 =
0.0215

Make a concluding statement. The required area between z = 2 and z = 3 is

0.0215.

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2. Find the proportion of the area below z = 1.
Steps
Draw a normal curve.
Locate the required z-value.
Shade the required region.
Locate from the z-Table the corresponding
areas of the given z value.
With the graph, decide on what operation
will be used to identify the proportion of the
area of the region. Use probability notation
to avoid lengthy expressions.
Make a concluding statement.
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Solution
z = 1 has a corresponding area of
0.3413.
This area signifies only from z = 0 to z = 1.
With the given graph, the operation to be
used is addition.
P(z < 1) = 0.5000+ 0.3413 = 0.8413
This is so because the area of the region
from z = 0 to its left is 0.5 since it represents
half of the normal curve. With the property
that the curve has area equal to 1, therefore
half of its area signifies 0.5000 or 0.5.
The required area below z = 1 is 0.8413.
 3. Find the area that the z-value is exactly equal to 1.
Steps Solution

Draw a normal curve.

Locate the required z-value.
Shade the required region.

With the graph, decide on what operation
will be used to identify the proportion of the
area of the region. Use probability notation
to avoid lengthy expressions.
With the given graph, there is no need to
decide on what operation to be used since as
defined, if a z-value is equal to exactly one
number then its probability or the proportion
of the area of the region is automatically 0.

P(z = 1) = 0

Make a concluding statement. The required area at z = 1 is 0.

Directions: Solve for the proportion of the area of the following probability notations. Then, sketch
the normal curve shading the required region of each given notation. Write your answers on your
Answer sheets.

1. P(-2 < z <1)

2. P(z > 3)

3. P(z < -2)

4. P(z >-1.5)

5. P(z = -1)

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LESSON 6: Understanding the Z – Scores
Let us begin understanding the z-scores by acknowledging that for a given distribution, it is more
preferred to have a larger set of data in order to make good generalizations. However at times in a
given distribution, raw scores may be composed of large values and large values cannot be
accommodated at the baseline of the normal curve. Thus, the raw scores have to be transformed into
z-scores in order to get meaningful decisions relative to the concepts of finding the equivalent
percentage and probability of the given measure of value from the mean.

For any population, the mean and the standard deviation are fixed. This gives the way to understand
that for every raw score X, there corresponds an exactly one zscore value, and vice versa. Therefore,
if we wish to find the percentage associated with X, we must find its matched z-value using the z
formula.

Steps in finding the z-score given the mean (Ẍ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜇𝜇) , standard deviation (𝜎𝜎) and the
measurement (X)

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Illustration.
1. In Mrs. Shirley’s science class, a student gained a score of 46. What is the zvalue of his score
if test result has population mean 45 with standard deviation of 2?

0.5

39 41 43 45 46 47 49 51

Mean

2. Leslie got a score of 68 in an examination she participated. What is the corresponding z-value
of her score if the result has 𝜇𝜇 = 75 and 𝜎𝜎 = 5.

39
 3. Mrs. Bastillada conducted a test survey about determining the current level of students’
learning on Geometry. After checking the test questionnaires, she was amazed that a student
attained 50 correct answers. What is the corresponding z-value of the student’s score if the
sample mean of the test results was 45 and standard deviation is 6?

27 33 39 45 50 51 57 63

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Directions: Answer the problem. Write your answer on your Answer sheet.

1. Given 𝜇𝜇 = 110 and 𝜎𝜎 = 10 in a college entrance examination, find the corresponding z-

value of the scores gained by the following students.
Show all your solutions and sketch its graph.

1. X = 98
2. X = 65
3. X = 120
4. X = 74
5. X = 135

LESSON 7: Locating Percentiles Under the Normal Curve

Learning Concept

A percentile is a measure used in statistics indicating the value below which a given percentage of
observations in a group of observations fall. It is a measure of relative standing as it measures the
relationship of a measurement of the rest of the data.

For instance, you were told by your teacher that your Mathematics grade for the quarter is 92 and
your grade is at the 88th percentile. This means 88% of your classmates scored lower than 92 and
21% scored more than 92 in the subject. This explains that 88th percentile is located at a point such
that 88% of the total population lies below that point and 12% lies above.

At this point, we are given with the area or the proportion of the area of the region under the normal
curve. We wish to identify the corresponding z-value of the given area. With this, we need the z-
Table to find the z-value required corresponding to the given area and if not found, we take the
nearest value. The number that corresponds to the first column and first row of the intersection
attained from the locating the given area is the required z-value.

Illustration.

1. Find the 86th percentile of the normal curve.

By definition, the P86 means locating an area before or below the point. We want to know
what the z-value is at this point.

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 Steps Solution
a. Draw the appropriate normal curve.

b. Express the given percentage 86% is the same as 0.8600

as probability

c. Split 0.8600 into 0.5000 and 0.8600 = 0.5000 + 0.3600

.3600

d. Shade 0.5000 on the sketched normal

curve

e. Refer to the table of areas under the The area is not found in the table. It is
normal curve. between the values of 0.3599 and 0.3621,
Locate the area of 0.3600 with corresponding z-
value of 1.08 and 1.09
respectively.

f. Locate the nearest value of The nearest value of 0.3600 is 0.3599

0.3600 from the values which corresponds to the zvalue of 1.08.
0.3599 and 0.3621 Therefore the z-score by which the
relative comparison starts at 1.08.

g. Locate 1.08 on the curve and draw a

line through under the curve

h. Shade the region to the left of 1.08.

i. Describe the shaded region The shaded region is the 86% percentile
of the distribution. Meaning, 86% of the
distribution lies below the z-value 1.08.

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2. Find the 95th percentile of the normal curve.
By definition, the P95 means locating an area before or below the point. We want to know
what the z-value is at this point.
Steps Solution

a. Draw the appropriate normal curve.

b. Express the given percentage 95% is the same as 0.9500

as probability

c. Split 0.9500 into 0.5000 and 0.9500 = 0.5000 + 0.4500

.4500

d. Shade 0.5000 on the sketched normal

curve

e. Refer to the table of areas under the The area is not found in the table. It is
normal curve. between the values of 0.4495 and 0.4505,
Locate the area of 0.4500 with corresponding z-
value of 1.64 and 1.65
respectively.

f. Locate the nearest value of Since both values display the same
amount of distance away from 0.4500,
0.4500 from the values
we cannot just easily pick a number from
0.4495 and 0.4505 the values 0.4495 and 0.4505 and find it
the nearest of 0.4500. Thus, we need to
do the interpolation.

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 g. Do the interpolation.
1.64+1.65
z= = 1.645
2

In doing so, Locate the Therefore, the corresponding zvalue of

corresponding z-values of 0.4495 0.4500 is 1.645.

and 0.4505.
Then, find the average of the two z-
values.

h. Locate the z-value 1.645 and draw a

line through under the curve

i. Shade the region to the left of

1.645

j. Describe the shaded region The shaded region is the 95% percentile
of the distribution. Meaning, 95% of the
distribution lies below the z-value 1.645.

3. Find the 32nd percentile of the normal curve.

By definition, the P32 means locating an area before or below the point. We want to know
what the z-value is at this point.
Steps Solution

a. Draw the appropriate normal curve.

b. Express the given percentage 32% is the same as 0.3200

as probability

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c. Refer to the table of areas under the
normal curve.
Locate the area of 0.3200
d. Locate the nearest value of
0.3200 from the values which corresponds to the zvalue of 0.92.
0.3186 and 0.3212
e. Locate the z-value 0.92 and draw a
line through under the curve
f. Shade the region to the left of
0.92
g. Describe the shaded region
45
The area is not found in the table. It is
between the values of 0.3186 and 0.3212,
with corresponding z-
value of 0.91 and 0.92
respectively.
The nearest value of 0.3200 is 0.3212
Therefore the z-score by which the
relative comparison starts at 0.92.
32% is located at the left side of the
curve since the value does not reach
50%(half of the curve) or above. Thus,
the z-value 0.92 should be located at the
left side of the curve.
Since 0.92 must be located at the left side
of the curve, it must contain a negative
sign indicating to where it should be
located.
Thus, the shaded region is the 32%
percentile of the distribution. Meaning,
32% of the distribution lies below the z-
value -0.92.
 Directions: Solve for the percentile of the following numbers. Then sketch its graph. Write your
answers on your Answer Sheet.

1. 30th
2. 52nd
3. 15th
4. 88th
5. 97th

What I Have Learned

▪ A standard normal curve is a normal probability distribution has mean equal to 0 and standard
deviation equal to 1.
▪ The normal probability distribution has the following properties:
1. The curve of the distribution is a bell-shaped.
2. The curve is symmetrical about the mean.
3. The mean, median and mode are of equal values and when sketched, they coincide at the
center of the graph.
4. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of the distribution.
5. The curve extends indefinitely approaching the x-axis but never touching it. Thus, the
curve is asymptotic to the line.
6. The area of the region under the curve is 1. It represents the probability or percentage
or proportion associated with the specific sets of measurement values.

▪ Formula for computing the z-value.

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Assessment

Directions: Read and analyze the statements below. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write
your Answers on your Answer sheets.
1. Which of the following is the area under the normal curve?
c. 0 c. 2
d. 1 d. 3
2. The curve is symmetrical to which of the following?
c. mean c. Standard deviation
d. variance d. Area
3. If the z-value is 0.42, what is the area?
c. 0.0800 c. 0.1628
d. 0.0279 d. 0.3129
4. Find the area if the value of z = -0.13.
c. 0.0248 c. 0.1398
d. 0.0517 d. 0.2467
5. If the area is 0.4977, what is the z-value?
c. 1.63 c. 2.01
d. 1.97 d. 2.83
6. Find the area between z=-1 and z=3.
c. 0.8300 c. 0.8400
d. 0.8350 d. 0.8450
7. Find the area between z= -1.5 and z=-1.3.
c. 0.0100 c. 0.0300
d. 0.0200 d. 0.0400
8. If the area is 0.8351, what are the two values of z.
c. z=0.24 and z=0.31 c. z=-0.13 and z=-1.3
d. z=1.6 and z=2.1 d. z=-2.5 and z=1
9. Find the area of the proportion in the probability notation P(1<z<3).
c. 0.1573 c. 0.1575
d. 0.1524 d. 0.1576

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10. Solve for the proportion of the area of the probability notation P(z>1).
c. 0.1585 c. 0.1587
d. 0.1586 d. 0.1588
11. Find the area of the proportion in the probability notation P(z>-2.5).
c. 0.9937 c. 0.9936
d. 0.9934 d. 0.9938
12. Given =180 and = 15 in a college entrance examination, find the corresponding z-value
of the score by the following students if X = 150.
c. 2 c. 2.5
d. -2 d. -2.5
13. From the given in number 12, what is the z-value if X = 200?
c. 1.33 c. 1.99
d. 1.66 d. 2.22
14. What is the value of 70th percentile?
c. 0.13 c. 0.52
d. 0.23 d. 0.71
15. What is the value of 82nd percentile?
c. 0.92 c. 0.53
d. 0.83 d. 0.23
16. Which of the following is the area under the normal curve?
c. 0 c. 2
d. 1 d. 3
17. The curve is symmetrical to which of the following?
c. mean c. Standard deviation
d. variance d. Area
18. If the z-value is 0.42, what is the area?
c. 0.0800 c. 0.1628
d. 0.0279 d. 0.3129
19. Find the area if the value of z = -0.13.
c. 0.0248 c. 0.1398
d. 0.0517 d. 0.2467
20. If the area is 0.4977, what is the z-value?
c. 1.63 c. 2.01

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 d. 1.97 d. 2.83
21. Find the area between z=-1 and z=3.
c. 0.8300 c. 0.8400
d. 0.8350 d. 0.8450
22. Find the area between z= -1.5 and z=-1.3.
c. 0.0100 c. 0.0300
d. 0.0200 d. 0.0400
23. If the area is 0.8351, what are the two values of z.
c. z=0.24 and z=0.31 c. z=-0.13 and z=-1.3
d. z=1.6 and z=2.1 d. z=-2.5 and z=1
24. Find the area of the proportion in the probability notation P(1<z<3).
c. 0.1573 c. 0.1575
d. 0.1524 d. 0.1576
25. Solve for the proportion of the area of the probability notation P(z>1).
c. 0.1585 c. 0.1587
d. 0.1586 d. 0.1588
26. Find the area of the proportion in the probability notation P(z>-2.5).
c. 0.9937 c. 0.9936
d. 0.9934 d. 0.9938
27. Given =180 and = 15 in a college entrance examination, find the corresponding zvalue of
the score by the following students if X = 150.
c. 2 c. 2.5
d. -2 d. -2.5
28. From the given in number 12, what is the z-value if X = 200?
c. 1.33 c. 1.99
d. 1.66 d. 2.22
29. What is the value of 70th percentile?
c. 0.13 c. 0.52
d. 0.23 d. 0.71
30. What is the value of 82nd percentile?
c. 0.92 c. 0.53
d. 0.83 d. 0.23

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JOHN MATTHEW P. EMBRADO

Mathematics Instructor

Mobile no: 09505670520

Facebook Name: John Matthew Embrado
E-mail Address: embradojohnmatthew@gmail.com

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