G.H.

PATEL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, VIDYANAGAR

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

LABORATORY MANUAL FOR

1611X2: AUDIO VIDEO ENGINEERING

ID NO:

NAME:

CLASS:

ACADEMIC YEAR:

SEMESTER:

Audio Video Engineering

 This is to certify that the practical/term work
carried out in the subject of --------------------------------and
recorded in this journal is the bonafied work of
Mr./Ms-----------------------------bearing roll no
-----------------&identity no--------------------of B.E year/semester
in the branch of--------during the academic year 200------200
-------.

Faculty incharge Date Head of the department

Audio Video Engineering

 INDEX

Page Date Initials of

Sr. TITLE Staff
No. From To
TO STUDY WORKING PRINCIPLE,
1. CONSTRUCTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
VARIOUS MICROPHONES
TO STUDY WORKING PRINCIPLE,
2. CONSTRUCTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
VARIOUS LOUDSPEAKERS
TO DESIGN PUBLIC ADDRESSING (PA) SYSTEM
3. FOR AUDITORIUM OF GCET

TO STUDY BLOCK DIAGRAM AND CIRUIT

4. DIAGRAM OF COLOUR TV.

TO STUDY DETAILED CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION OF

5. RF TUNER SECTION AND ITS FUCTIONS.

TO STUDY DETAILED CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION OF

6. SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY (SMPS).

TO STUDY DETAILED CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

7. OF VIDEO & CHROMA SECTION.

TO STUDY DETAILED CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION OF

8. HORIZONTAL OSCILLATOR AND HORIZENTAL
SECTION.

TO STUDY DETAILED CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION OF

9. VERTICAL OSCILLATOR AND VERTICAL
SECTION.
TO STUDY DETAIL CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION OF
10. SOUND SECTION.

Prepared by: Nirav Desai

Audio Video Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO : 1 Date :

 AIM: TO STUDY WORKING PRINCIPLE, CONSTRUCTION AND CHARACTERISTICS

OF VARIOUS MICROPHONES
 APPARATUS :

 Microphones

 THEORY :

(1) Moving Coil Microphone

The moving coil microphone (also called dynamic microphone) uses the principle
of electromagnetic induction. When a sound pressure variations move a coil placed in a
magnetic field, there is a change of magnetic flux passing through the coil. An e.m.f. is,
therefore, induced in the coil this e.m.f. forms output of the microphone.

 Construction

The main components of a moving coil microphone are magnet, diaphragm and coil.
These are shown in Fig.

Fig. Moving Coil Microphone

The magnet is a permanent magnet of POT type with a central pole piece (South pole)
and the peripheral pole piece (North pole). This type of a magnet gives uniform magnetic
field in the gap between the pole pieces.

Audio Video Engineering

Diaphragm is a circular sheet of nonmagnetic material and is of light weight, is slightly
domed for extra rigidity and is fixed to the body of magnet with the help of springs. The
springs provide compliance to the motion of diaphragm.

Coil is wound on a cardboard cylinder which is attached to the diaphragm. The coil is
single layered thin enameled wire.

A protective cover (a metal grill) is used to save the delicate diaphragm and the coil
assembly from being mishandled. A silk cloth partition is used to separate the upper
chamber from the lower chamber. A small tube is used in lower chamber to give access
to the free atmosphere.

The mass of the diaphragm restricts the high audio frequency output and the stiffness
caused by the springs compliance, restricts the low frequency output. Electrical
equivalent circuit for a microphone is shown in fig.

Fig. Electrical Equivalent of moving coil microphone

 Functioning

When sound waves strike the diaphragm, it moves and hence, coil moves in and out in
the magnetic field. This motion changes the flux through the coil which results in e.m.f.
being induced in the coil due to electromagnetic induction. The value of the e.m.f
depends on the rate of change of flux and hence the motion of the coil. The displacement
of the coil depends on the pressure of the sound waves on the diaphragm. Thus it is a
pressure microphone.

 Characteristics of the moving coil microphone (typical values)

Audio Video Engineering

(1) Sensitivity: 30 micro volts (or 90 dB below 1 volt) for sound pressure level of 0.1 Pa.
A step up transformer is used to match the cable impedance of about 200 ohm. The
output across the secondary is about 90 Micro volt.

(2) Signal to noise ratio: 30 dB.

Frequency response: 60 Hz to 8000 Hz for ±1 dB. Low frequency response is improved

up to 40 Hz by using a small tube in the lower chamber of the microphone to give access
to the free atmosphere). It has natural resonance between 3 to 4 KHz. Therefore it is more
prone to noise and feedback.

(3) Distortion: Less than 5%.

(4) Directivity: The moving coil microphone is basically Omnidirectional as it is a

pressure microphone. By using ribbon microphone in series with it, the heart shaped
cardioid pattern is obtained. This pattern gives half power points directivity angle of 900
in the front.

(5) Output impedance: Its output impedance is quite low and is about 25 ohm. Hence to
match a line of 200 ohm, a step up transformer of about 3:1 turns ratio is built in the
microphone case. This increases output voltage to about 90µV.

 Applications

Moving coil microphone is widely used. It is suitable for use in public address systems
and broadcast studios. When it is coupled with ribbon microphone in series, its cardioid
pattern makes it useful for dramas and concerts.

(2) Ribbon Microphone

In moving coil microphone, high frequency response is poor because of the mass of
diaphragm (including coil assembly). Mechanical mass is equivalent to electrical
inductance, and this attenuates the higher frequencies. Hence to increase the frequency
response for high audio frequencies, very light aluminum ribbon in place of diaphragm
and coil assembly. The ribbon acts as conductor as well as diaphragm.

 Construction

The main parts of ribbon microphone as shown in fig. are 1.permanent magnet and
2.ribbon conductor.

Audio Video Engineering

 Fig. Ribbon Microphone

The permanent magnet is specially designed horse-shoe magnet with extended pole
pieces. It provides strong magnetic field.

The ribbon is light aluminum foil. It corrugated right angles to its length to provide
greater surface area. The main feature is lightness of ribbon, which is only about 0.2 mg
in weight, a few microns thick and about 3 mm wide.

The whole unit is enclosed in a circular or rectangular baffle. The shape of baffle is not
purely circular or rectangular, but rather irregular and depends on the structure of magnet.

 Working principle

When the ribbon, placed in magnetic field, is made to move at right angles to the
magnetic field by the force of sound pressure, there is a change of magnetic flux through
the ribbon conductor. Due to change of magnetic flux, an e.m.f. is induced across the
ribbon. This e.m.f. is proportional to change of flux.

It is also called ‘Pressure Gradient’ microphone or ‘Velocity’ microphone because

the driving mechanical force is proportional to the difference of pressure acting on two
sides of ribbon.

 Characteristics of ribbon microphone

Frequency response: In a microphone, high frequency signal is attenuated due to

inductive effect of mass of moving system, and low frequency signal is attenuated to low
compliance or high stiffness. The mass of the moving system is very small (0.2 mg) and
hence mechanical inductance (M) is low resulting in good response for high frequencies
up to 12000 Hz. The overall frequency response is 20 to 12000 Hz for ±1 dB.

Audio Video Engineering

(1) Directivity: As force of sound can be applied to the ribbon from the front as well as
from rear side, this type of microphone is bi-directional and its polar pattern is figure of
eight as shown in fig. Patterns inside the circle are of ribbon microphone, and outside
circles represent omni-direction of pressure type microphone.

(2) Impedance: Impedance is only fraction of an ohm (about 0.23 ohm). It has built-in
step up transformer with secondary to primary turns ratio about 30:1 to match cable
impedance of 200 ohm.

(3) Sensitivity: Sensitivity is less than that of moving coil because length of ribbon is
less than length of coil wire of moving coil microphone. It is about 3µV or 110 dB below
1V for a sound pressure of 0.1 Pa. Although low, this output is across very low
impedance.

(4) Signal to noise ratio: Due to directional properties, the ribbon microphone has much
less background noise than the moving coil type. Hence signal to noise ratio is higher
than the moving coil microphone.

(5) Distortion: Low (about 1%).

 Applications

It is very suitable for dramas. Its figure of eight polar diagram allows actors to talk face to
face which is more natural than standing side by side. Further the two dead sides in a
ribbon microphone give an impression of large space because voice of a person standing
in the dead area, even quite close to the microphone, will not be picked up directly, but
will reach the microphone through reflections from the side walls and hence will sound
distant.

(3) Cardioids Microphones

When a ribbon microphone and a moving coil microphone both are mounted in
the same housing, connecting them in series, a cardioid (or heart shaped) pattern results.
This is shown in fig. Such microphones are suitable for orchestras and court scenes in
dramas where a large number of persons are present. Due to practically weightless
ribbon, it gives the best result with ensembles and orchestras because the light ribbon can
respond instantaneously to the minute changes in the complicated waveform of such
music.

(4) Crystal microphone

Audio Video Engineering

A crystal microphone is based on the principle of ‘Piezo Electric Effect’, which is
defined as:

“Difference of potential between the opposite faces of some crystal is produced

when these are subjected to mechanical pressure”.

The crystals which show this effect are quartz, tourmaline, Rochelle salt and ceramic.
Rochelle salt has high piezo electric effect but is susceptible to moisture. Also, it can not
withstand high temperature of 500C met in outdoor use. Quartz and tourmaline have low
piezo electric effect. Ceramic is most suitable for crystal microphone as it is not
susceptible to moisture and can also withstand high temperature up to 1000C.

 Construction

A typical Crystal microphone is shown in fig.

Fig. Crystal Microphone

The crystal is cut along certain planes to form a slice. Metallic coil electrodes are
attached to the two surfaces to carry the potential difference to the output terminals.

Two thin crystal slices suitably cut are placed in insulating holder with an air
space between them. A large number of such elements are combined to increase the
e.m.f. A diaphragm, made of aluminum is attached to the crystal surface through a push
rod. The whole unit is encased in a protective case. There is a protective cover (mesh)
over the diaphragm.

Audio Video Engineering

 Functioning

When there is a sound wave of compression, it compresses the crystal. In case of

refraction, converse takes place and crystal is extended and is under tension. Due to this
compression and extension, a varying potential difference is generated which is
proportional to the mechanical pressure applied to the crystal by the sound waves. (It is
therefore, ‘pressure microphone’).

 Characteristics of a crystal microphone

(1) Sensitivity: Crystal microphone has good sensitivity, about 50 mV (or 26 dB below 1
volt) for 0.1 Pa.

(2) Signal to noise ratio: It is not prone to pick up background noise. Generation of
white noise inside the microphone is also low. Hence Signal to noise ratio is high, about
40 dB.

(3) Frequency response: 100 to 8000 Hz for ±1 dB

(4) Distortion: low about 1%.

(5) Directivity: Omnidirectional

(6) Output impedance: High about 1 Mohm.

 Applications

It is used for the following purposes

1. Home recording systems
2. Amateur communication
3. Mobile communication

However due to variation of the acoustic characteristic, this type of microphone is not
used in broadcasting and recording studios.

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(5) CAPACITOR (OR CONDENSER) MICROPHONE:-

 Principle :-

When capacitance of a capacitor changes, the charge on the capacitor tends to remain the
same, and hence the voltage changes in accordance.
Diaphragm of the microphone acts as one plate of the capacitor, the other plate called
back plate, is fixed. When the sound pressure moves the diaphragm in, the capacitance
increases and vice-versa. The change in capacitance results in change in the voltage. The
capacitor microphone is the pressure microphone, as sound waves coming from all sides
strike the diaphragm on the front side only.

 Construction:-

A capacitor microphone consists of a lightweight metal diaphragm (generally

aluminium) which is suspended above a fixed metal back plate.

Fig. Capacitor Microphone

The fixed DC voltage of about 50 to 100 volt is applied between the back plate and the
movable plate. The two plates are insulated from each other. The capacitance of the
microphone is about 30 pF.

 FUNCTIONING:-
When the sound waves strike the diaphragm, it moves. Compression increases
capacitance, and refraction decreases it. Variation in output voltage depends on the

Audio Video Engineering

change in the distance between the plates, which, in turn, depends on the pressure
variations due to sound waves.

 CHARACTERISTICS:-

(1) Sensitivity: The output is very low and an amplifier is built-in inside the microphone
case. The amplifier output is about 3 mV (about 50 dB below 1V) at spend pressure
of 0.1 Pa or 1 µbar.
(2) SNR: High, about 40 dB.

(3) Frequency Response: Excellent, 40 Hz to 15 KHz for ± 1dB. Its natural

resonant frequency is about 6000 Hz.

(1) Distortion: Low, about 1%.

(2) Directivity: Omnidirectional.

(3) Output Impedance: High, about 100 Ohms.

 APPLICATIONS:-

i. Used as standard microphone for calibrating other microphones.

ii. Used in sound level meters.
iii. Used in professional high fidelity recording.

(4) Electret Microphone:

Audio Video Engineering

External DC bias in capacitor microphone makes it costly and unsuitable for fieldwork.
In electrets microphone, external DC bias is dispensed with.

Fig. Electret Microphone

The electrets microphone is also a capacitor microphone, but it has built-in charge.
Insulating material used is Teflon. The thin Teflon layer is charged negatively at the time
of manufacturing, which remains for the long period. The negative charge induces
positive charge on the diaphragm. The positive charge on the diaphragm and negative
charge on the Teflon establish an electric field across the gap of the capacitor plates,
which results in the terminal voltage, the sound pressure changes the terminal voltage.
It has the same characteristic as capacitor microphone except that it does not need
external bias supply and is less costly. It is also sensitive to temperature and humidity,
which causes leakage of charge.

As this microphone is cheap, has good frequency response, is rugged and does not need
bias supply, it is also used in small PAS for clubs and small halls to keep the cost low. It
is being very light, is also used as tie clip microphone for lecturers and as radio (wireless)
microphone in sports meets.

(5) Carbon Microphone:

 Principle:-
When fine carbon enclosed in a case are subjected to variations of pressure, the resistance
of granules changes. When such devices of carbon granules are connected in series with a
load through a DC supply, the current through the load will vary in accordance with
pressure variations on the carbon granules.

 Construction:-
The construction of a carbon microphone is shown in the following figure.

Audio Video Engineering

 Fig. Carbon Microphone

Fine carbon granules are enclosed between two metal plates. The upper plate is attached
to a movable metal diaphragm through a metal piston of plunger. The lower metal plate is
fixed and is insulated from the diaphragm. A protective cover with holes is used to
protect the unit.
A battery is connected between two metal plates. When load is connected, current flows
through the carbon granules and the load. Final output is obtained through s transformer
to eliminate DC content of the microphone.

 Functioning:-
When sound waves strike the diaphragm, it moves to and fro. During the compression
condition, it presses the carbon granules and during rarefaction, it loosens them. When
carbon granules are pressed, the resistance decreases and hence the current through the
circuit increases. When carbon granules loosen, resistance increases. In the absence of
sound, a steady current flows. The sound waves superimpose a varying current, or audio
current on the steady state DC current.
The change in the current and hence change in the voltage across the load is proportional
to the change in resistance of carbon granules.

 Characteristics:

Audio Video Engineering

 (1)Sensitivity: Very high, the output of the microphone is about 20 dB below 1V
(i.e. about 100 mV).

(2)SNR: Poor, random variations of resistance of carbon granules generate a

continuous hiss.

(3)Frequency Response: Carbon microphones have a frequency response of 200 to

5000 Hz, thus unsuitable for Hi-fi work. The resonant peak is at 2000 Hz and
overall frequency bandwidth is usually upto 5 KHz

(4)Directivity: It is substantially Omnidirectional. However, high frequency

response over 300 Hz falls beyond an angle of 40˚ from the front of the
microphone.

(5)Distortion: High, the content is rich in harmonics unless variation in resistance

made is very small percentage of steady resistance. Distortion is of the order 10%.
In addition, carbon granules have a tendency to stick to each other, which further
increases the distortion.

(6)Output Impedance: It is about 100Ω.

 Application:
Due to limited frequency range, it is useful in telephones. It is also sometimes used in
portable radio communication sets.

 Conclusion:
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Audio Video Engineering

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EXPERIMENT NO : 2 Date :

 AIM: Study of different types of Loudspeakers.

 APPARATUS :

 Loudspeakers.

 THEORY :

Audio Video Engineering

(1) Moving Coil Cone Type Loudspeaker

 Principle

The moving coil loudspeaker works on principle of interaction between magnetic

field and current in the same way as an a.c. motor works.

A coil called voice coil, is placed in a uniform magnetic field. When audio current
passes through the voice coil, resulting in a force working on the movable coil. This force
is proportional to the audio current and hence causes vibratory motion in the coil, which
makes a conical paper diaphragm to vibrate and produce pressure variations in air,
resulting in sound waves.

 Construction

Construction of a cone type moving coil loudspeaker is shown in fig.

The moving coil loudspeaker consists of a voice coil (single layer winding of fine
enameled wire), wound on a cardboard or fiber cylinder. Audio current is fed to it
through two terminals. The coil is placed in magnetic field.
The magnet is a POT type magnet which has a central pole (South Pole) and a peripheral
pole (North Pole). The magnet is so shaped as to give strong radial magnetic field in the
annular space between the central and peripheral poles. The voice coil is free to move in
the annular space having strong and uniform magnetic field. Because of the use of the
permanent magnet, it is also called ‘permanent magnet type speaker’.

The coil is attached to a conical diaphragm, made paper or parchment. It is called ‘Paper
Cone’. The cone is corrugated having circular corrugations. The spider springs are used
to support the complete diaphragm and also provide required stiffness to restrain the
motion. The spiders also keep the coil centered, so that the cone moves forward and
backwards only.

Audio Video Engineering

 Fig. Moving Coil (cone type) Loud Speaker

 Functioning

When audio current flows through the voice coil placed in a magnetic field, a force equal
to Bli Newton acts on the coil and move it to and fro. The paper cone attached to the coil
also moves and causes compression and rarefaction cycles in the air. Thus audio current
is finally converted in to sound waves. The equivalent circuit of the cone speaker is
shown in fig.

Fig. Electrical Equivalent of Moving Coil (cone type) Loud Speaker

There are two transformers: One is electromechanical and the other is mechano-
acoustical. The electromechanical transfer, represented by transformer Tm, transfers force
(produced by the source current in inductance Ls, of the voice coil and associated
resistance Rs) to the movable mechanical parts (voice coil, diaphragm, springs and cone).
Mass, compliance and friction of the moving parts are represented by Lm, Cm and Rm
The mechanic-acoustical transfer represented by the transformer Ta transfers motion
(forward and backward vibration of the cone) to the air mass, which is its mass,
compliance and viscosity, acts as load and represented by Rl. At low audio frequencies,
Lm is negligible and the output depends on the compliance, Cm. At high audio
frequencies, Cm is negligible and the output depends on Lm. So, high frequency speakers
(tweeters) are of low mass, and the low frequency speakers (woofers) are of high
compliance.

Audio Video Engineering

  Characteristic of the cone type moving coil loudspeaker

(1) Efficiency: The efficiency is quite low, about 5% only.

(2) Signal to noise ratio: It is 30 dB or better.

(3) Frequency response: It is restricted to mid frequencies only. Frequency response

drops at low and high audio frequencies for typical loudspeaker. Frequency response of
typical loudspeaker is 200 Hz to 5000 Hz. Woofers with baffles will give Frequency
response up to 40 Hz and Tweeters will give Frequency response to 10 kHz or even
higher.

(4) Distortion: Non-linear distortion due to non-uniformity in the magnetic flux density
causes severe distortion up to about 10%.

(5) Directivity: Basically the loudspeaker is Omnidirectional. But baffles and enclosures
modify the directivity so that the most of power is in the front.

(6) Impedance: The effective impedance taking in to account the mechanical and
acoustical load varies from 2 ohm to 32 ohm. The common impedances in commercial
speakers are 4, 8 or 16 ohm.

(7) Power handling capacity: Power range of speaker lies between a few mill watts (for
2 cm speaker) to about 25 watt for large size speakers.

Audio Video Engineering

(2) Electrodynamics Loudspeaker
To provide very strong magnetic field for high wattage speakers, electrodynamics magnet
is used instead of permanent magnet. The working principle is same as that of permanent
magnet type. Its construction is shown in fig.
Loudspeakers of more than 25 watt and up to a few hundred watts are of electrodynamics
type.

The strong and steady magnetic field is produced by a large field coil wrapped around a
core. The shape of the magnet is POT type with South Pole in the centre and North Pole
in the periphery.

The voice coil is wound on fiber or aluminum. It is placed in the annular gap. The audio
signal from amplifier’s output is applied to the voice coil. This signal causes varying
magnetic field. The interaction between the two magnetic fields produces mechanical
vibrations in the coil assembly, which corresponds to the audio signals.

Fig. Electrodynamics Loud Speaker

The vibrations of the coil are transmitted to the attached cone which create sound waves
in the air in listener’s area, and hence radiates sound energy directly.

Advantages and disadvantages of electrodynamics loudspeaker

 Advantages

1. Higher power can be obtained.

2. Frequency response is better.

Audio Video Engineering

  Disadvantages

1. Power supply is needed for field coils.

2. Heavier in weight for the same amount of magnetic field.
3. Costlier.

(3) Horn Type Loudspeaker

 Principle

This type of loudspeaker uses a moving coil placed in a magnetic field, but instead of
radiating acousting power directly in open space of listener’s area, the power is first
delivered to the air trapped in fixed non-vibrating tapered or flared horn, and from there
to the air in the listener’s area. Thus, it radiates sound power to the air in space not
directly from the diaphragm but indirectly through the horn. This is the reason why the
horn type loudspeaker is called “Indirect Radiating Loudspeaker”. The horn does
acoustically what the cone does mechanically. The horn acts as acoustic transformer. This
allows better impedance match between low impedance of free air and high impedance of
the vibrating voice coil assembly. This results in increased efficiency. This efficiency is
30-50% as against only 5% efficiency of cone type speaker.

 Construction

The horn is tapered enclosure whose diameter increases from a small value at one end
(called ‘THROAT’) to a large value at other end, (called ‘MOUTH’). There is an air
chamber is lined with sound absorbing material like loose felt. The driver unit is similar
to direct radiating type except that the paper cone is not present. A basic horn type
speaker is shown in Fig.

Fig. Horn Type Loud Speaker

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 The exponential horn is a straight circular tube whose cross sectional area increases
logarithmically along its length from the throat onwards.

At high frequencies, distances of different points on the diaphragm from the horn will not
be equal; causes phase difference and hence resultant cancellation. To overcome this
difficulty, special chambers have been developed as illustrated in fig.
To improve low frequency response, we need horn of large type. The length of horn may
be as big as 2 m and diameter oh mouth 1 m. A low frequency horn for Hi-Fi system is
shown in fig. It contains a cone loud speaker with a horn. The front of cone faces away
from the audience, but the enclosure of the cone and exponential horn are so placed that
the output is directed towards the listeners.

 Characteristics of horn type speaker

(1) Efficiency: High, 30-50%.

(2) Signal to noise ratio: It is 40 dB.

(3) Frequency response: 30 Hz to 5000 Hz.

(4) Distortion: Low, less than 5%.

(5) Directivity: Angle between half power points around the horn axis is about 900.
However, the directivity differs from low audio frequencies to high audio frequencies.

(7) Impedance: 16 ohms.

Conclusion:
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Audio Video Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO : 3 Date :

 AIM: To Design Public Addressing (PA) System for Auditorium of GCET

 Features of PA installation plan Auditorium of GCET

Audio Video Engineering

Public Addressing Installation for Auditorium of GCET

Audio Video Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO : 4 Date:

 AIM : To Study the Block Diagram of Colour Television Receiver.

 THEORY :

The color receiver consists of following main three sections.

 Sound section
 Picture section
 Chroma section

The importance of each section is given below.

1) VHF-UHF tuner:
They are used for selection of various channels which are received by the antenna.
There are two types of tuner namely electronic tuner & mechanical tuner. Modern
receiver employs electronic tuners where channel tuning is done by varactor diodes
and band selection by switching diodes. Varactor diode is a special silicon diode, the
junction capacitance of which is used for tuning.

2) IF pre-amplifier:
It is used for amplification of IF frequency, which is generated by VHF tuner.

3) AFT circuit:
AFT stands for Automatic Fine Tuning Circuit. The local oscillator frequency in the
RF tuner is set to provide exact IF frequency. The fine tuning control is adjusted to
get sharp picture.

4) SAW filter:
The operation of SAW filter is based on the phenomenon of Surface Acoustic Waves.
It is a non-electromagnetic wave that travels along the surface of a piezo-electric
substrate. It consists of input and output transducer arrays separated by a multistrip
coupler which prevents distortion of surface wave transmission caused by reflection
of energy from bottom to top of the substrate.

5) IF amplifier:
Output of SAW filter is given to IF amplifier. It amplifies the IF frequency. Output of
this amplifier is given to AFT ckt.

6) Sound blocks:
It consists of various blocks like 5.5MHz sound IF detector, trap ckt., sound IF
amplifier & FM detector and audio amplifier. This section provides 5.5MHz sound.

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM:-

Audio Video Engineering

7) AGC circuit:
It provides automatic gain control. The output of AGC ckt.( which is AGC bias) is
given to the IF amplifier. AGC delay is used to provide necessary delay to the tuner
ckt.

8) Video blocks:
It consists of video detector, 5.5MHz rejection filter and video buffer amplifier.
Video detector detects the video signal received from IF amplifier section. 5.5MHz
rejection filter prevents any SIF signal insert into video buffer amplifier and the
output of this block is composite color video signal, which is given to the Y-channel.

9) Y-channel:
It has four blocks:

(i) First video amplifier: It is used to amplify CVD signal. Output of this block is
given to 4.43MHz reject filter.

(ii) 4.43MHz rejection filter: To suppress the interference, a notch filter is tuned
to reject 4.43MHz, which is generally inserted into Y-amplifier chain.

(iii) Delay line: The luminance and chrominance signals take separate paths after
the video detector and later rejoin in matrixing section. The Y-signal needs to
be delayed so that brightness and color information are reproduced at the same
time for any element of the picture.

(iv) Second video amplifier: It is used to amplify the video signal. It also provides
brightness and contrast control.

10) PAL-D decoder:

It is used for generation of U & V signals. The use of PAL delay line is to average
and separate U &V signal before demodulation. Other blocks of decoder are
reference oscillator to generate CW output at the sub-carrier frequency, burst gate
and discriminator ckt for frequency control, burst ident ckt and color killer ckt to
block the chroma channel during B&W receptions.

11) Raster circuits:

CVD signal is given to sync separator ckt which is used to separate horizontal and
vertical sync.
The vertical deflection section consists of integrating ckt, vertical oscillator and
vertical deflection ckt. It generates 50HZs vertical frequency.

Audio Video Engineering

 The horizontal deflection section consists of high pass filter, AFC ckt, horizontal
oscillator and H (line) output. It generates 15625HZs horizontal signal. It also
generates EHT of 15 to 18 KV and it is given to the picture tube. It also generates DC
low voltages for various ckts of receiver.

12) Matrix circuit:

The output of Y-channel and PAL-D decoder is given to Matrix ckt to recombine Y
and U&V signals and it generates R, G and B signals which are given to separate
drive amplifier. These drive amplifiers generate R, G and B voltages and these
voltages are given to color picture tube from which we seen the picture on TV.

 CONCLUSION :
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Audio Video Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO : 5 Date :

 AIM : Study of Circuit Description of RF Tuner Section.

 APPARATUS :

 Trainer kit ST2651

 Patch cords
 Multimeter
 DSO

 THEORY:
This section consists of RF amplifier, mixer and local oscillator and is normally
mounted on a separate sub-chassis, called the ‘Front End’ or ‘RF Tuner’. The purpose
of tuner unit is to amplify both sound and picture signals picked up by the antenna and
to convert the carrier frequencies and their associated side bands into intermediate
frequencies and their sidebands. The receiver uses superhetrodyne principle as used in
radio. The signal voltage or information from various stations modulated over different
carrier frequencies is heterodyne in the mixer with the output from a local oscillator to
transfer original information on a common fixed carrier frequencies called intermediate
frequencies (IF). The sitting of the local oscillator frequency enables selection of
desired station. The standard intermediate frequencies for the 625-B system are:

Picture IF = 38.9 MHz, Sound IF = 33.4 MHz.

In principle an RF amplifier is not necessary and signal could be fed directly to the
tuned input circuit of the mixer. However, the problems of (I) a relatively weak input
signal with low signal to noise ratio, (II) local oscillator radiation and (III)image
rejection are such ,that a stage of amplification ahead of the mixer is desirable. The
tuning or different channels are carried out with a channel selector switch which
changes resonant frequencies of associated tuned circuits by varying either inductance
or capacitance of these circuits.

Audio Video Engineering

 BLOCK DIAGRAM:-

Audio Video Engineering

Audio Video Engineering
 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:-

The RF-section is mainly consisting of RF Tuner. This tuner has RF amplifier, a mixer
and a local oscillator. The antenna receives the radio frequency (RF) waves from the
atmosphere and converts them into corresponding signal variations. These RF
variations are fed to RF tuner. The input impedance of RF Tuner is 75 ohms. The
antenna system and co-axial cable should be properly matched. If a co-axial cable of 75
ohms impedance is employed, there is no need of any extra matching device between
cable and antenna socket at the receiver. But in case if a feeder wire of 300 ohms is
employed then an impedance matching transformer (300-750hms) is added between
feeder and antenna socket at the receiver. There is also a need of impedance matching
between output terminals of antenna and co-axial cable or feeder wire. The RF tuner
selects the signal of the desired channel, amplifies it and converts in to Intermediate
frequencies (IF).The video IF is at 38.9 MHz and sound IF is at 33.4 MHz.

Tuner section has +12V approximately supply voltage at TP14 (MB). This voltage is
used for all the operations. In this section +12V is provided from horizontal output
section. Transistors QA02, QA03, QA04 (BC558) are used for selecting the desired
band from tuner section. To switch on these transistors approximately 10.8 V is
provided at their base. Output is obtained at IF terminal (TP20). AGC voltage (2.8V
approximately) is obtained from pin 11 of IC7680 (IC101). This voltage is used for
automatic gain controlling purpose. AFT voltage is provided from pin 13 of IC7680. It
is available at TP16. Tuning pulse output from system control IC is fed in to the base of
transistor Q903 (BC547). Which switches on the transistor and so tuning voltage of 0-
33V approximately is obtained at terminal (TP19).

Audio Video Engineering

  PROCEDURE:

TP21 Blue: (Pin3)

10.8 V is obtained at pin No. 3 on selecting the UHF band of system controlled IC.

TP19 Blue: (Pin33)

When we select pin no. 33 of System control IC it provides the tuning pulse o/p to TV
terminal through transistor Q903.

TP18 Blue:
On selecting VHF3 band of system control IC 10.8 V obtained at pin No. 2 & for other
band selection 0V.

TP20 Blue:
Tuner section 6.8 V (AGC) adjustable Voltage is used for automatic gain control.

TP17 Blue:
On selecting VL band system control IC, we obtain 10.8 V at pin No. 1.

TP16 Blue:
5.7 V is obtained for pin No. 13 of 7680 for the purpose of automatic fine tuning.

TP14 Blue:
Tuner section (MB) supply for section is 11 V. It is obtained from Horizontal Output
Section.

TP15 Red:
Tuner section (IF) Tuner output signals according to band selection.

Audio Video Engineering

 CONCLUSION :
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Audio Video Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO : 6 Date:

 AIM : STUDY OF DETAIL CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION OF SWITCHED

MODE POWER SUPPLY (SMPS).

 APPARATUS :

 Digital IC trainer kit

 Patch cords
 DSO
 Multimeter

 THEORY :

The switched mode power supply is essentially dc to dc converter where energy

transfer is controlled to obtain output voltage regulation. The block diagram of such
system is suitable for T.V. is shown in the figure. The single ended switching converter
chops unregulated dc(V1) at very fast rate in the form of current pulses that flow
through primary winding of SMPS transformer T1.The transfer of energy is by
electromagnetic induction from primary to secondary side and thus there is complete
isolation between the regulated and unregulated dc supplies. The error voltage induce in
the sensing winding is used to control the ON-OFF periods of converter to regulate
transfer of energy from V1 side to load circuit and this results in regulation of output
voltages. The voltage overload circuit is designed to block the converter in case the
output voltages tend to overshoot for any reasons. Unlike the pass-transistor in the series
regulator, the device in the converter is switched ON. For periods depending on load side
demands and this makes the SMPS highly efficient. In addition, the SMPS transformer is
of much smaller size because the frequency of current pulses is chosen to be quite high.

ENERGY TRANSFER CONTROL

The energy transfer control or voltage regulation is obtained by controlling the

duty cycle of switching transistor Q1. It can be shown that :

V0 = n x V1 x TON
TON + TOFF

Where,
V0 = DC Output Voltage
n = Turns ratio between primary and corresponding secondary.
V1 = Input DC Voltage
TON= The ‘ON’ time of switching transistor
TOFF= The ‘OFF’ time period.

Audio Video Engineering

 The control mechanism is based on varying ‘ON’ time of the oscillator and hence
its frequency in a somewhat different way. The control is affected by cutting-off or
reducing base drive by periodically by passing the feedback voltage. Any variation in
output voltages due to load current changes or rise and fall of Vi are continuously
sampled through the voltage induced in the error sensing winding. This is compared with
a reference voltage and an error signal obtained. This error signal is used to control the
biasing of a control transistor which conducts to bypass energy in the feedback winding
thus controlling the drive and hence the conduction periods of switching transistor.

When due to any fault condition the output voltages or say energy stored in the
primary winding increase beyond a predetermined limit, the error signal becomes so
strong that an SCR in the over voltage protection circuit is switched on. This is connected
to provide a complete short across the feedback winding and hence the oscillator is
disabled. It is restored to normal operation only when the fault condition is removed.

 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:-

The trainer has SMPS power supply. It outputs are +110V and +22V mainly. AC
mains supply is fed to input of line filter L1210 through ‘On-Off’ switch. The main
function of line filter is to prevent the spikes present in 50 Hz AC supply for the purpose
of safety of trainer kit. Output of line filter is connected with degaussing coil through
PTC R 802 is connected around the picture tube. When switching ON the TV trainer the
degaussing coil gets the supply and demagnetize the picture tube. Bridge rectifier (D806,
D807, D808, D809 all are IN4007) is connected with output of line filter. A filter
capacitor C815 (100µf. 450V) is connected between positive and negative terminal of
bridge which rectifies the DC properly. Negative end of bridge is connected with ground
by a resistance R805 (2.2Ω/1W) is called floating ground. The floating ground is
connected with main chassis ground by a resistance R829 (10M / 0.5 W). There is 150V
DC on floating ground with respect to main ground. In the same way there is
approximately 300 V DC at positive point of bridge with respect to floating ground. Due
to this there is 450V DC voltage at positive of bridge with respect to chassis- ground. So
while testing SMPS section we have to always connect negative of multi-meter with
floating ground and for testing of the other circuits main ground is used.

The power supply section uses 4 transistors in the circuit.

Transistor Q801 (C1815) Error Detector
Transistor Q802 (2SA1015) Error Driver - 1
Transistor Q803 (C1815Y) Error Driver - 2
Transistor Q804 (BD508AF) Switching Transistor

Q802 and Q803 are used to control the duty cycle of Q804. Both these transistors are
working as complimentary transistors and get the required supply from pin no. 8 of
SMPS transformer for functioning. According to output voltage at secondary of SMPS
transformer Q801 is used to change the duty cycle. Zener diode D811 (8.2 V) is used to

Audio Video Engineering

 BLOCK DIAGRAM :

Audio Video Engineering

stabilize the voltage of emitter when input voltage is varying or fluctuating the base
voltage of Q801 is also changing so that its collector voltage is changing which changes
the base voltage of Q802 and Q803.Emitter voltage of Q801 changes the condition of
Q804 and makes the output voltage constant. Positive voltage from bridge is supplied at
collector of Q804 through the winding connected at pin no. 1 & 5 of SMPS transformer.
The winding connected at pin no. 7-8 and 9-10 gets the feedback voltage pin no 4 of
SMPS transformer is connected at pin 4 & 2 of SMPS transformer is rectified diode D810
(BY 159). Output of diode +22 V is available which is connected with other circuitry
sections in the following manner.

• Pin no.1 of IC TDA2611 is connected with it by a resistance R601 (6.1Ω/1W).

• Input of IC102 (LM7805) is connected with it by a resistance R980 (150Ω/1W).

• Relay (+12V) gets this supply by a resistance R610A (68Ω/1W).

• When we switch ON the power switch +22 V supplies produced without using the
power switch of remote. Pulses produced at pin no. 3 & 4 of SM transformer are
connected with R610 (1Ω/1W) and R610B (100K).R610B is grounded and other
end is connected with N/O (normally open end) of +12V relay when we switch ON
the power, relays pole is connected with no terminal end pulses are the rectified by
D602 (BY159) AND FILTERED BY C810A (100µ/160V)+110V is used in other
circuitry part in following manner.

• At +110 V line a resistance, RA02 (15K) is, connected its other end is connected
with DA13 (Z33V) zener diode. This +33V supply is filtered by CA04 (1µf/63V).It
is used for T.V. terminal at tuner.

• +110V is supplied to primary of T401 of horizontal driver transformer by R416A

(2K2).

• Horizontal hold resistance gets this supply by a resistance R451 (10K). Also base
biasing is given to horizontal driver transistor Q402 by resistance R408 (1.8V),
R411 (33Ω).

• Pin no 33 of IC 501(CP7698) (Horizontal oscillator section) gets +110V supply by

a resistanceR416 (6K8 5W).

Audio Video Engineering

 CONCLUSION :

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_____

Audio Video Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO : 7 Date:

 AIM : Study of detail circuit description of Video & CHROMA section.

 APPARATUS :

 Digital IC trainer kit

 Patch cords
 DSO
 Multimeter

 THEORY :

 Chroma Amplifier:
Input: Composite video signal
Output: Amplified chroma signal
Remarks: The input filter selects chroma signal from CVS.
Saturation control is in the 2nd chroma amplifier.
1st chroma amplifier is AGC controlled.

 Color killer detector:

The second output from the burst phase identification network is fed to the ' colour
killer ' circuit.
This is no more than a half-wave rectifier circuit which produces a steady dc potential
from the succession of burst pulses.
Input: 7.8 KHz output from phase ident circuit.
Output: DC bias voltage for second chroma amplifier.
Remarks: Its absence makes the amplifier inoperative
during monochrome receptions.

 Matrix:

There are two stage matrixing:- first to extract (G-Y) from U and Y signals and second
to obtain R,G and B signals for feeding corresponding guns in the picture tube. The
two possible methods are:

Audio Video Engineering

Audio Video Engineering
 (1): Matrixing of U and V to obtain (G-Y) and use the tube electrodes for getting R, G,
B drives.
(2): Matrixing of obtain R,G,B directly before feeding the picture tube.

 Deweighting of U and V Video signals:

A chroma signal compression is introduced at the transmitter to prevent over-

modulation. It is 0.493 for the U and 0.877 for the V components.
Thus in order to restore colour difference signals to their original values.(B-Y) must be
raised by a factor of 2.03 and (R-Y) by 1.14.
When put in another way the total (B-Y) gain should be 0.877/0.493=1.78 times the (R-
Y) gain. This is taken care of while designing amplifiers provided after the
demodulator.

 (G-Y) Matrix:

As shown in fig (G-Y) = -0.51 (R-Y)- 0.186 (B-Y). Thus (G-Y) can be obtained by
choosing above proportions of deweighted (R-Y) and (B-Y) signals.
Since the magnitudes are less than unity, resistance matrix circuits can be set up tp
obtain (G-Y). It is necessary to choose correct polarities of (B-Y) and (R-Y). For
obtaining + (G-Y), both (B-Y) and (R-Y) and (R-Y) should be negative. If outputs from
demodulators are positive, an inverter is used after the (G-Y) matrix to obtain (G-Y)
from-(G-Y).

 RGB Matrix:

In this matrix arrangement the colour difference signals are combined with Y in the
driver amplifier in such a way that outputs are R,G, and B video signals.
These are negative going and of sufficient amplitude to drive cathodes of picture tube
directly.
In other words, the picture tube is not used as the second matrix.
In the latest chroma ICs all functions including matrixing and preamplification of R, G
and B signals are done within the integrated module.
The drive amplifiers simply amplify these signals for feeding to the cathodes of colour
guns.

 Luminance Signal:
Luminance is a measure of light intensity as perceived by the eye.
However, different colours look more or less bright even when equally illuminated.
This is due to difference in the response of eye to different colours as depicted in fig by
the relative luminosity curve. Notice that sensitivity of the human eye is greatest for
green and decreases towards red and blue ends of the visible spectrum of light.

Audio Video Engineering

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Audio Video Engineering

 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION :

Scientech color TV trainer ST2651 uses IC CD7698 for video & chroma section.
Vital part of the IC is used for chroma section .for chroma section pin no.1-23 and pin
no.38-42 are used, other pins are used for video section.

VIF section IC101 pin no.15 supplies the composite colour video signal to the
inverter pin no.39 of ic501 by ckt made up of 105 R958, trap 5.5 MHz and l201.in
inverter this signal is amplified as well as detected, After detection Y signal goes to Y
amp. Which is in built IC, Remaining amplified composite colour and sink signal are
obtained at pin no.40 of the IC, then fed to pin no.5 of this IC through R501,C560and
C502.pin no.5 is band pass amplifier pin. Signal goes to band pass amplifier by this pin
and amplifierd here. Amplified signal obtained at pin no.8.
From pin no.8 the signal fed to pin no.19 of this IC by passing through chroma trap ckt.
This trap ckt. consists of VR551,C507,C508,C502,X502,L551,R510,C509.from pin no.8
this signal is also fed to pin no.17in the form of colour sink signalby resistance
R509,C510 pin no.17 is of matrix section. pin no.41 is contrast control pin. pin no.38 of
IC901 supplies the brightness control signals at the pin through R941.R956,R212.pin
no.20 IC501 is output pin of green colour signal. in the same way red colour signal
obtained at pin no.21 of this IC and then fed to base of red colour output transistor
Q507.Blue colour signal obtained at pin no.22 of this IC and then fed to transistor
Q509.R-Y signals & B-Y signals. Y signals from pin no.42are fed to pin no.3 of this Ic
through R203,R210 and C204.Luminance signals are out from pin no.23 of this Ic and
fed to base of luminance amplifier transistor.

Q202 this transistor amplifies the signal and out the signal by its emitter, which is
then fed to all three emitters of three colour output transistors.

Pin no.30 to 37 of Ic501 works for horizontal oscillator AFC and syncseprator sections.

Audio Video Engineering

 PROCEDURE:

1. In the Video & Chroma Section, +12V(Approximately) given to the TP26 Blue
2. In the Video & Chroma Section, at the TP28 Blue we get Colour Composite
Video Signal in the CRO.
3. In the Video & Chroma Section, we get Inverted Colour Composite Video Signal
at the TP29 Blue.
4. In the Video & Chroma Section, we get Luminance Signal at the TP31 Red.
5. In the Video & Chroma Section, +10V (Approximately) given to the TP34 Blue.
6. In the Video & Chroma Section, 4.43 MHz sub carrier frequency given to the
TP37 Blue.
7. In the Video & Chroma Section, +12V (Approximately) given to the TP38 Blue.
8. In the Video & Chroma Section, for Colour adjustment to the TP39 Red.
9. To Observe colour burst signal at pin no5 of IC 501,connect pattern generator at
antenna socket.

Observation:-

TP26 Blue Video & Chroma section + 12V (approximately)

TP28 Blue Video & Chroma section Color composite video

Signal

TP29 Red Video & Chroma section Inverted Color Composite

Video signal
TP31 Red Video & Chroma section Luminance signal

TP34 Blue Video & Chroma section +10V (approximately)

TP37 Blue Video & Chroma section 4.43 MHz Sub carrier
Frequency
TP38 Blue Video & Chroma section +12V (approximately)

TP39 Red Video & Chroma section for color adjustment

Audio Video Engineering

 CONCLUSION :
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Audio Video Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO : 8 Date :

 AIM : To study of detailed circuit description of Horizontal

Oscillator Section and Horizontal Output sections

 APPARATUS :

 DSO
 Multimeter
 Trainer kit

 THEORY :

 HORIZONTAL OSCILATOR: -

The interval between horizontal scanning lines is indicated by H. Out of

the total line period of 64 µs, the line blanking period is 12 µs. During this interval a line
synchronizing pulse is inserted. The pulses corresponding to the differentiated leading
edge of the sync pulses are actually used to synchronize the horizontal scanning
oscillator.

Horizontal sync pulses continue to occur exactly at 64µs intervals (except

during the vertical sync pulse periods) through out the scanning period from frame to
frame and the apparent shift of 32 µs is only due to the alignment of vertical sync. The
horizontal sync information is extracted from the sync pulse train by differentiation i.e.
by passing the pulse train through the high pass filter. Indeed pulses corresponding to be
differentiated leading edges of sync pulse are used to synchronize the horizontal scanning
oscillator.

Receivers often use monostable multivibrators to generate horizontal scan,

and so a pulse is required to initiate each and every side of horizontal oscillator in the
receiver.

The horizontal sync pulse are available both during the active and the
blanked line periods but there are no sync pulse (leading edges) available during the 2.5
line vertical sync period. Thus the horizontal sweep oscillator operates at 15625 hertz,
would tend to step out of during each vertical sync period. In the horizontal oscillator
section generate 15,625 Hz frequency to synchronies to make invisible horizontal retrace
at every line.

Audio Video Engineering

 BLOCK DIAGRAM: -

Audio Video Engineering

 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:-

 Horizontal Oscillator:

Pin no 40 of IC501 (CD7698) supplies the composite sync signal to pin no. 37(Sync
separator) of this IC through the circuit of R301, R302, and cap. C301, C302, C303,
R513 and diode D301.Sync separator section separate the horizontal sync and the vertical
sync. Horizontal sync signals are supplied to AFC section in built in IC from sync
separator section. This Horizontal section produces the signal of freq 15,625 Hz. These
signals are fed to burst gate inside the IC and also phase detector section at pin no.35

At pin 35 fly back pulses are supplied from pin 10 of EHT through resistance .The
phase detector section compare the phase and frequency of horizontal sync pulses and fly
back pulses and difference control voltage is produce. This control voltage is responsible
for constant frequency 15625 Hz of Horizontal Oscillator for controlling the frequency of
horizontal Oscillator horizontal hold circuit is used which is R410,R406,C405 and
VR451.This tuned circuit is connected with pin 34 of IC 7698. On is varying the
horizontal hold preset the voltage at pin 34 is varying which affect the frequency produce
by horizontal Oscillator .For working of horizontal Oscillator section positive supply is
given at pin 33 of IC7698 .Here voltage is supplied from +110V supply by resistance
R416.When horizontal output section is working then 12Vsupply is converted in to DC
by R448, D408 and pass through R30 and diode d1 and obtain at pin 33 of this IC. Pin 30
and pin 31 are the negative supply pins which are grounded

 Horizontal Driver:

IC 501 gives the horizontal drive signals at pin 32.These signals are fed to the base of
horizontal driver transistor T402 trough coil L407,and resistance R411.At collector,
amplified signals are fed to the horizontal driver transformer .From secondary of this
transformer signals are fed to the base of horizontal output transformer primary coil ,
+110V is supplied by resistance R416 which reach up to the collector of horizontal driver
,transistor through the other end of primary emitter of horizontal driver transistor is
directly ground.

 Horizontal Output Section:

This section includes one transistor and EHT transformer. From secondary of
horizontal driver transformer signals are fed to the base of horizontal output transistor
Q404 .Its collector gets the positive supply from primary winding pin1 and 5of EHT
transformer and R410A.Its emitter is directly grounded when q404 get the signal of
frequency 15625 Hz then it work as a switch when it is on then current is flowing through
pin 1 and 5of EHT transformer and for “off” there is no current .In this way this transistor
work as a current supplier for limited time for the time gaps. Because of this time gaps
current pulses are also produced. the frequency of these pulses is also 15,625 Hz. EHT

Audio Video Engineering

work on these current pulses. This include current in primary produce voltage in the
secondary coil this signal is fed to the horizontal yoke coil .The function of yoke coil is
electron beam spreading in the left and right direction on picture tube screen

 Test points :-

TP5 Red Horizontal output section +110V (approximately)

TP6 Red Horizontal output section +12V (approximately)

for VIF Section

TP7 Red Horizontal output section +185V (approximately)

For R-G-B-video output
Section (CRT base PCB)

TP27 Red Horizontal Oscillator part of Indent (sync) signal

Video & Chroma IC501

TP30 Red Horizontal Oscillator part of Hori. Driver signal

Video & Chroma IC501

TP35 Red Horizontal Oscillator part of Fly back pulse

Video & Chroma IC501

TP36 Red Horizontal Oscillator part of Input for Sync.

Video & Chroma IC501 separator

TP40 Red Horizontal output Hori. Blanking Pulse

 CONCLUSION:
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Audio Video Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO : 9 Date :

 AIM : STUDY OF VERTICAL OSCILATTOR AND VERTICAL O/P

SECTION.

 APPARATUS :

 Trainer kit ST2651

 Patch cords
 Multimeter

 THEORY:
The oscillators commonly used in discrete deflection circuits of earlier receivers
are:

Blocking oscillator
Multivibrator
Complementary pair relaxation oscillator

 Blocking Oscillator: - This oscillator may be thought of as a tuned collector

configuration that is designed to produce an extreme case of intermittent oscillators.
The feedback transformer is polarized to produce such a large amount of feedback
that the cumulative action is almost instantaneous. The feedback is so strong that
the transistor is switched between saturation and cut-off at a rate that is controlled
by the choice of time-constant input circuit of the oscillator. This repetition rate or
oscillator frequency is chosen to be 50 Hz for vertical and 15625 Hz for line
deflections.

 Multivibrator :-A Multivibrator is another type of relaxation oscillator which

employs two amplifier stages, where the output of one is coupled to the input of the
other. This results in overall positive feedback and the circuit operates such that
when one stage conducts, it forces the other to cut-off. Soon the stage that cuts-off
returns to conduction to force the first stage to cut-off. This sequence repeats to
generate square or rectangular output with the frequency that is controlled by the
coupling networks between the two amplifier stages.

Audio Video Engineering

 Complementary Symmetry Relaxation Oscillator: - A complementary symmetry
relaxation oscillator, design to drive the vertical reflection output circuit. Transistor
Q1 (p-n-p) and Q2 (n-p-n) which are directly coupled, constitute the oscillator pair,
while Q3 is the wave shaping transistor. Resistor R1and R2 form a potential divider
across VCC supply through the decoupling network R3 , C6 to provide positive
voltage at the base of Q1 and the collector of Q2. The voltage at the emitter of Q1 is
developed by capacitor C1 when it charges towards VCC (+20V), through
resistance R4 and potentiometer R5 connected in series.

Audio Video Engineering

  CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:-

 Vertical Oscillator:

Vertical oscillator is also built in IC501 (CD7698) & pin no.24, 25,
26,27,28,29 are its connection pins. As we have already studied that the vertical sync
signal is present at pin no.36 after sync separation. The vertical sync signal from pin
no.36 passes from circuit network of R304 (10K), R330 (3K), R305 (2.4K) and
capacitor C310 (.47uF) and obtained at pin no.28.

 Vertical Output:
Vertical driver signal is given to the vertical output section. In
vertical output section two push-pull transistors are used. One is NPN transistor Q306
(C2073) and another one is PNP transistor Q307 (A940).Vertical signal from the
collector of vertical driver transistor Q303 (C2229) are fed to the base of both vertical
output transistors Q306 and Q307.Pin no. 8 of EHT transformer provides the positive
supply to vertical output section. There is approximately 36V AC at pin no. 8 of EHT
transformer.

 Vertical Height Control:

At pin no.27 of IC501 (CD7698) vertical height control is
connected. VR225 (47K) is vertical height adjustment preset and from its center point
vertical linearity preset is connected which is VR316 (10K).

 PROCEDURE:-

1. Connect TP11 Red at V Yoke for vertical output.

2. Connect TP12 Red at V Yoke for vertical output.
3. Connect TP32 Red at Vertical feedback for part of Video & Chroma IC.
4. Connect TP33 Blue at Vertical driver for part of Video & Chroma IC.
5. Connect TP41 Red at +17V (approximately) for Vertical output section.
6. Observe all the outputs on CRO.

Audio Video Engineering

 BLOCK DIAGRAM:-

Audio Video Engineering

  OBSERVATION:-

TP11 Red Vertical O/P V Yoke

TP12 Red Vertical O/P V Yoke
TP32 Red Vertical Oscillator Part of video Vertical
And Chroma IC Feedback

TP33 Blue Vertical Oscillator Part of video Vertical driver

And Chroma IC

TP41 Red Vertical O/P section +17V (approx.)

Audio Video Engineering

 CONCLUSION :
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_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________

Audio Video Engineering

EXPERIMENT NO : 10 Date :

 AIM: Study of detail circuit description of sound output section.

 APPARATUS :

 TV trainer ST2651
 Patch cords
 Multimeter
 DSO

 THEORY :

 RECEIVER SOUND SYSTEM

All modem receivers, both B&W and colour have a single end section IC that accepts SIF
signal and feeds audio output direct to the speaker. Thus trouble shooting procedure in
the sound section of a 1V receiver will end on the type of circuitry employed in the
receiver. In general some comments and their causes are as under.

 No Sound. Picture Normal

In receivers that employ discrete AF amplifier begin with touching centre terminal the
volume control with a screw driver and if a click/hum is heard in the speaker, audio
output stage is operating. Next proceed to check sound IC as in the next paragraph.
However, if no click is heard check for (i) no or low dc supply to amplifier, (ii) open coil
of the loudspeaker (iii) open volume control potentiometer or associated connections, (iv)
defective power transistors (v) improper base and collector voltages of the devices and
(vi) defective coupling or by-pass capacitors. If an audio output transformer is in use,
check its windings for open circuit.
In receivers employing an IC for the complete sound channel check for dc supply the IC,
voltages at various pins of the IC, in particular at AF amplifier output pin, Impedance
control connection pin, and SIF input pins. Also check loudspeaker coil. It is associated
circuitry, tuning coil to the demodulator and windings of the input circuits for open/short.
Lastly replace IC which may be defective. Also check VIFIC to find if it is delivering SIF
signal to the input circuit of the sound IC.

 Low Sound Output

If dc supply to the sub-system is normal. Low sound output could be due to improper
alignment of detector coil and coils of the coupling transformer. Re-align these coils to
restore sound output. A defective speaker can also cause low sound output.

Audio Video Engineering

  Buzzing and Random Noise in Sound
Assuming proper alignment of RF and IF stages, buzzing may be due to improper
alignment of detector and input coils. Re-align these coils following the procedure define
by the manufacture.

 Distortion in Sound
This can be due to improper alignment of tuning coils around the sound system, defective
IC or loudspeaker. Re-align coils, check IC and loudspeaker by lacing them.

 Sound Bars on the Picture

This is not a fault of the sound system as such. Due to faulty alignment of trap fau1ts that
prevent passage of audio signal in the video channel, the sound signal also check the
picture tube input to cause such bars. Re-align such trap circuits at the output of VIFIC
and input to the chroma section in colour receivers. Also ensure that traps are aligned
properly. The fine tuning control should also be checked for setting of the incoming
channel signal.

TBA120U and audio IC TDA 2611A combination came into use in 51 cm colour
receivers. The IC lA120U has IF amplifier-limiter with a symmetrical FM demodulator
and an AF amplifier with adjustable output voltage. The AF amplifier is also provided
with an output for volume control and an input for VCR operation. The TDA2611A is a
monolithic IC in a 9-lead single-in-line (SIL) plastic package with a high supply voltage
audio amplifier. It is easier to mount because of' S-I-L' package and needs very few
components.

 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:-

Scientech color TV trainer ST2651 uses most commonly used sound amplifier
ICTDA 2611. In our circuit it is IC601. As we have already studied that audio signals are
available at pin no. 3 of ICI01 (CD7680)-which is supplied to base of audio amplifier
transistor Q601 (2SA 1015) by capacitor C608 (10!-tF/63V) Resistance RS1 (10K), R102
(2.2K). Collector of transistor Q601 (25A1015) gives amplified signals. This amplified
signal is fed to pin no. 7 of sound output by resistance R605A (4. 7K) and C605 (.1
µF).Audio signals are amplified up to the sufficient level by this IC and obtained at pin
no. 2 of this IC.

It is provided to speaker by a capacitor C601 (470!-tF, 16V), pin no. 1 of IC601 is

positive supply pin. SMPS transformer in power supply section provides AC voltage
from pin no. 2 which is rectified by diode D81 0 (BY159) 22Vapproximately voltages are
obtained which is given to pin no. 1 ofIC1601 (TDA2611):'Pin no. 4 of IC601 is
grounded. Other pins 3, 5 and 9 are no contact pins or not connected pins.

Audio Video Engineering

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Audio Video Engineering

 • OBSERVATION 1

Fault: There is no sound from speaker.

Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2& 3 and place it between 1 & 2 of
jumper J9.
Fault Section: Sound Section.

 PROCEDURE:

1. Check power supply +20V at pin no.1 ofIC601 (IC2611) if it is OK then,

2. Check audio input signal at pin no. 7 of IC601 it should be low gain audio signal.
If it is OK then,
3. Check audio output signal at pin no. 2 of IC601 it should be amplified audio
signal. If it is OK then,
4. If it is not then IC may be faulty.
5. Check this amplified audio signal at speaker pin (connected with speaker)
6. If it is not then track may be open between IC601 (pin no. 2) and speaker pin, if it
is OK then speaker may be faulty.
7. Remove the shorting shunt from pin 1 & 2 and place it between 2 & 3 of jumper
J9.
8. Result: Now you should get (sound) audio signal from speaker.

• OBSERVATION 2

Fault: No sound but good picture.

Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and place it between 1 & 2 of
jumper J10
Fault Section: Sound section.

 PROCEDURE:

1. First check the speaker, if it is OK then,

2. Check the voltage of IC601 at Pin no. 1 it should be 20V approximately, if it is
not present then,
3. Check the voltage of D810 it should be 20V approximately If it is OK then,
4. Check the continuity of track between D810 & IC601 at pin no. 1 if no continuity
present then,
5. Remove the shorting shunt between 1 & 2 connect it 2 & 3 of jumper J1O.

6. Result: Now you should get sound.

Audio Video Engineering

 • OBSERVATION 3

Fault: Very low sound. But picture OK.

Fault Insertion: Remove the shorting shunt from pin 2 & 3 and place it between
1 & 2 of jumper J8.
Fault Section: Sound section.

 PROCEDURE:

1. First check the audio at the base of Q601 by touching any metallic thing like
screw driver.
2. Check the SIF signal ofIC101 at Pin no. 3, if it is OK, then
3. Check SIF signal at Base of transistor Q601, if it is not then
4. Transistor may be faulty or track may be open between Pin no. 3 of IC1Ol and
Base of Transistor Q601
5. Remove the shorting shunt between 1 & 2 and connect it 2 & 3 jumper J8

6. Result: Now you should get volume variation.

 CONCLUSION:-
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Audio Video Engineering