Q6) IMO performance standard for BNWAS are as follows:

 
Operational modes
The BNWAS shall incorporate the following operational
modes:
 Automatic (Automatically brought into operation
whenever the ship’s heading or track control system is
activated and inhibited when this system is not activated)
NOT TO BE USED AS PER LATEST REGULATIONS
 Manual ON (In operation constantly)
 Manual OFF (Does not operate under any
circumstances)
 Operational sequence of indications and alarms
Dormant period
Once operational, the alarm system shall remain dormant for
a period of between 3 and 12 min (Td). At the end of this
dormant period, the alarm system shall initiate a visual
indication on the bridge.
 
 
First stage alarm
If not reset, the BNWAS shall additionally sound a first stage
audible alarm on the bridge 15 s after the visual indication is
initiated.

Second stage alarm

If not reset, the BNWAS shall additionally sound a second
stage remote audible alarm in the back-up officer’s and/or
Master’s location 15 s after the first stage audible alarm is
initiated.

Third stage alarm

If not reset, the BNWAS shall additionally sound a third stage
remote audible alarm at the locations of further crew
members capable of taking corrective actions 90 s after the
second stage remote audible alarm is initiated.
Alarm alternatives
In vessels other than passenger vessels, the second or third
stage remote audible alarms may sound in all the above
locations at the same time. If the second stage audible alarm
is sounded in this way, the third stage alarm may be omitted.
In larger vessels, the delay between the second and third
stage alarms may be set to a longer value on installation, up
to a maximum of 3 min, to allow sufficient time for the back-
up officer and/or Master to reach the bridge.
Facilities shall be provided to inhibit the third stage alarm
and to increase the delay between the second and third
stage alarms to 3 min.
Reset function
The reset function shall, by a single operator action, cancel
the visual indication and all audible alarms and initiate a
further dormant period. If the reset function is activated
before the end of the dormant period, the period shall be re-
initiated to run for its full duration from the time of the reset.
Initiation of reset function
To initiate the reset function, an input representing a single
operator action by the 00W is required. This input may be
generated by reset devices forming an integral part of the
BNWAS or by external inputs from other equipment capable
of registering physical activity and mental alertness of the
00W.
Continuous activation
A continuous activation of any reset device shall not prolong
the dormant period or cause a suppression of the sequence
of indications and alarms.
Emergency call facility
Means may be provided on the bridge to immediately
activate the second, and subsequently third, stage remote
audible alarms by means of an “Emergency Call” push
button or similar. Facilities shall be provided for an
“Emergency Call” system.
Accuracy
The alarm system shall be capable of achieving the timings
stated in above paragraph  with an accuracy of 5% or 5 s,
whichever is less, under all environmental conditions
Security
The means of selecting the Operational Mode and the
duration of the Dormant Period (Td) shall be security
protected so that access to these controls should be
restricted to the Master only.
Malfunctions, alarms and indications
If a malfunction of, or power supply failure to, the BNWAS is
detected, this shall be indicated. Means shall be provided to
allow the repeat of this indication on a central alarm panel if
fitted.

Q5) VARIOUS ERRORS OF ECHO SOUNDER:

1. Velocity Error – The velocity of sound increases when temperature,

pressure, and salinity increase. This change in velocity will cause correct
readings to be displayed. For example in the Red Sea due to which salinity
and temperature, displayed depths must be increases by 5%. 
2. Aeration – This is caused by air bubbles in the water under the transducers
usually while going astern. The air bubbles reflect the sound waves and
incorrect echoes will be received at the transducer. In such a case the
echoes from the sea bed may disappear altogether. Other causes for
aeration are: 
1. Turbulence by putting rudder hard over. 
2. Pitching heavily in light condition. 
3. Breaking water over shoals. 
4. Sailing through water where bed weather has left pockets of air
bubbles.  
Aeration 
 3. Multiple Echoes – In shallow waters, echoes may be received from first, second,
or third reflections of the sea bed. These will be displayed as second and third
echoes. In case of such an occurrence, the first echo is always the correct one.
The second and third echoes will usually be weaker. 
3. Pythagoras’ error – This occurs if the ship has two transducers, one acting as
transmitter and the other as receiver separated by some distance. In shallow
waters, the distance traveled by the pulse will be greater than the depth of the
sea bed below the plating. 
3. False bottom Echoes – This usually occurs in deep water when an echo may be
received after the stylus has completed one rotation and begun the next cycle.    
Echo Sounder 

Q8) PRINCIPLE OF WORKING OF GPS:

GPS:global positioning system and is a satellite based navigation system. It is works on the
principle of timing and ranging using that fact that signals transmitted by satellites travel at
known speed of 3x108 m/s.Time taken by signal to travel is measured to obtain distance of
satellite from the earh.
satellite measurement is taken by GPS receiver to account for receiver clock bias and thus
correct all satellite “pseudo ranges” to correct ranges and make the position free of errors. This
is needed because receiver clock is not very accurate like the expensive atomic clocks fitted on
satellites. It is more accurate than any other existing system, provides worldwide coverage and
is unaffected by weather conditions and man made or electrical interferences.

Navigational msg:
each satellite transmit navigational msg. of 30 sec.in50bits/sec. Each satellite transmits two
codes i.e. P (precision) code (gives 10 m accuracy) and C/A (coarse acquisition) code (gives 100
m accuracy). C/A code is for civilian users and P code reserved for US military and its allies.this
data divided 5 sub frame---1st:satellite clock correction,2nd &3rd:satellite empheris defining
position of satellite,4th:passes alphanumeric data to the user &5th:gives all the other satellite
which include health&identity code.The C/A code is made up of 0s and 1s called chip, having a
frequency of 1.023 MBits/sec .GPS signal is extremely resistant to conditions that disturb other
electronic navigation systems.
Position fixing:
INITILISATION OF GPS: Go to set up and feed:
1. Coordinate system for posn display ( UTM: Universal Transverse Mercator, Lat/Long etc. )
2. Elevation/Antenna Height: Select 2D or 3D mode. When in 2D mode, the receiver computes
position only and to maximize accuracy in this mode you should enter the elevation/antenna
height. In 3D, the receiver computes position and elevation.
3. Lat and Long of the vessel: Enter your approximate position. It will greatly shorten the time
to fix the first position otherwise it will take 20 min to give first fix.
4. Time : Select UTC or local time
5. Velocity Averaging: Velocity averaging can be used to minimize the effects of SA on velocity
output. The settings are off, 20 s, 60 s.
6. Compass Reference: Select magnetic or True north.
7. Chart Datum: Select the required datum , preferably WGS 84
8. Last Fix Interval: Sets the rate at which positions are automatically saved.Settings are: off, 10,
20, 30 min.
9. Plot Setup: Adjusts the track orientation and track history on the plot screen. For track select
0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 miles. For orientation choose between Head up and North Up.
10. Alarms: Select any or all of the following alarms: Anchor alarm; Arrival alarm; cross track
alarm.
11. Light intensity and contrast settings. 

SPACE SEGEMENT:

SPACE SEGMENT: It consists of 24 satellites evenly placed in 6 different orbits. They move at the
speed of 3.9 km/sec at a height of 20,200 km above earth’s surface. Each orbit is inclined at an
angle of 55 deg to the equinoctial and the angle between 2 successive orbits is 60 deg. The
satellites are arranged in such a manner that at any time signals can be received from at least 4
satellites having elevation of more than 9.5 degrees.
If any satellite emits erroneous data or is otherwise not operating properly, a ground station
marks it “unhealthy”. The affected satellite broadcasts its status to the GPS receiver, which is
programmed to ignore an unhealthy satellite and use the next best satellite.

Q10)RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RATE OF TURN AND SPEED OF THE VESSEL:

10 b) PERFORMANCE STANDARD OF ROTI:
Q9a) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VDR & SVDR
Q9b)REPORTING RATE IN THE VARIOUS AIS: