Think small.

Think really,
really small—
smaller than
anything you ever saw

through a microscope at school. Think atoms and molecules,

and now you’re there. You’re down at the nanoscale.

(nano.gov) 1

IMAGE taken from Insights

Care2

1https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101
2https://insightscare.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Nanotechnology-in-Medicine.jpg
 Think small. Think
really, really small—
smaller than anything
you ever saw through
a microscope at
school. Think atoms
and molecules, and
now you’re there.
You’re down at the
nanoscale.
(nano.gov) 1
IMAGE taken from Insights
Care2

1https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101
2https://insightscare.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Nanotechnology-in-Medicine.jpg
 THE
NANO
WORLD
3http://ojs.whioce.com/public/journals/25/journalThumbnail_en_US.png
IMAGE taken from
3
Nanosci Nanotechnoly 3
 CHAPTER 11: OVERVIEW

This chapter gives an overview on

nanotechnology; describing its
background, tools, products and
applications as well as the issues and
concern on its uses.
4
  Background
 Microscopy
 Carbon nanomaterials
 Applications, issues and
CHAPTER11: concern
TOPICS  Nanotechnology in the
Philippines
Nanotechnology against
COVID-19
5
 CHAPTER 11: SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

 Define and characterize

nanotechnology
 Compare the different microscopy
tools in nanotechnology
 Describe the use and application
of nanotechnology
6
 CHAPTER 11: SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Discuss the environmental and health

issues related to nanotechnology
Analyze the status of nanotechnology
in the Philippines
Discuss the potential of
nanotechnology against COVID-19
7
 BACKGROUND

IMAGE taken from World

BAKERS4

4https://www.worldbakers.com/wpcontent/uploads/2017/03/images_NanotechnologyBlog.jpg 8
 IMAGE taken from World
BAKERS4

4https://www.worldbakers.com/wpcontent/uploads/2017/03/images_NanotechnologyBlog.jpg 9
 study of
phenomena
and
manipulation
of material at
the nanoscale

• IMAGE taken from

Nanosci Nanotechnoly3 3http://ojs.whioce.com/public/journals/25/journalThumbnail_en_US.png
10
 more specific branch
that caters to
nanoparticles

understanding and control of matter at the atomic and

molecular levels in the range of approximately 1-100 nm
technology that involves the imaging, measuring, modeling,
and manipulating matter at this length and scale

• IMAGE taken from 11

3http://ojs.whioce.com/public/journals/25/journalThumbnail_en_US.png
Nanosci Nanotechnoly3
 Particle Electrical conductivity
Mechanical properties
Size Thermal conductivity
Nanoscale IMAGE taken from World
BAKERS4
Chemical reactivity
 Melting point
Flourescence
Magnetic Permeability

4https://www.worldbakers.com/wpcontent/uploads/2017/03/images_NanotechnologyBlog.jpg 12
 Figure 11.1:
Computer
simulation of
electron
motion within
a nanowire.
IMAGE
taken from
nano.gov5 5https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/special

13
 Figure 11.2 Size
comparison of
nanoparticle with
other larger-sized
materials (IMAGE
taken from Amin et. al.
2014)6
6DO - 10.1155/2014/825910
14
 Richard Feynman
 There’s Plenty of Room at the
Bottom (Dec 29, 1959, American Physical
Society Meeting, California Institute of
Technology)
 Speech that introduced the
idea of manipulating very small
particles
7https://cdn.britannica.com/s:800x450,c:crop/86/186486-138-BF2DA5D0/overview-life-work-Richard-Feynman.jpg
15
16
first official Federal gov’t
effort in nanotechnology
established by President
Clinton
funded for the first in 2000
IMAGES taken from nano.gov8

17
9https://www.nano.gov/sites/default/files/pub_resource/NNI%20brochure%20May%202017%20final.pdf
18
9https://www.nano.gov/sites/default/files/pub_resource/NNI%20brochure%20May%202017%20final.pdf
19
 According to
StatNano (2019), in
2018, China leads
the nanotechnology
research with 39%
share, followed
IMAGE taken
from
only by US with
DISRUPTION
HUB 10
15%.
10 https://disruptionhub.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/F0C0E23E-803B-45BF-9B9A-30B6076483DF-650x431.jpeg 20
2019's Most-innovative
Countries in Nanotechnology

11https://statnano.com/news/67294/2019's-Most-innovative-Countries-in-Nanotechnology 21
ACTIVITY 11.1 1. food and
agriculture
A. Compile at least 2
pictures of 2. health and
commercial medicine
products that use 3. energy and
nanotechnology semiconductor
on each of the ff. 4. environmental
specific
applications: protection
22
 ACTIVITY 11.1
B. Choose one product
that was compiled in the
previous activity. Identify
the use, properties,
benefits and potential
risks of this nanoparticle
IMAGE taken
from
in the product.
DISRUPTION
HUB 10
23
10 https://disruptionhub.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/F0C0E23E-803B-45BF-9B9A-30B6076483DF-650x431.jpeg
 MICROSCOPY

IMAGE taken from World

BAKERS4

4https://www.worldbakers.com/wpcontent/uploads/2017/03/images_NanotechnologyBlog.jpg 24
 Atomic Force Transmission Electron Scanning Electron
Microscope (AFM) Microscope (TEM) Microscope (SEM)

Figure 11.3 Comparison of silica

(Si2) nanoparticle images from AFM
(left), TEM (centre), and SEM (right)
(IMAGE taken from Eaton et. al., 2017)12
DOI:10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.07.001
25
12
Figure 11.4 Scanning Tunneling Microscope
image of a sample of nanoparticles
(IMAGE taken from Moglianetti et. al., 2014)13
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3SC52595C 26
13
Figure 11.5 Atomic
force microscopy (AFM)
imaging is done for size
and surface morphology
of the synthesized
nanoparticles.
AFM images of silver
nanoparticles
synthesized by
commercial plant
powders.
(IMAGE taken from NaumihNoah,
2019) 14

14https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102579-6.00006-X
27
Figure 11.6 Two-
dimensional and
three-
dimensional
atomic force
microscopic
phase diagram of
ZnO
nanoparticles
calcined at
200°C, 400°C and
500°C (IMAGE taken
from Haque et. al.,
2014)15

15DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2014.07.001
28
 CARBON
NANOMATERIALS

IMAGE taken from World

BAKERS4

4https://www.worldbakers.com/wpcontent/uploads/2017/03/images_NanotechnologyBlog.jpg 29
 1
Carbon-
based 2
nanomaterial Inorganic-
 fullerene based 3
 carbon nanomaterial Organic-
nanotube  Ag
 graphene nanoparticle
based 4
 gold nanomaterial Composite-
 dendrimer
nanoparticle based
 titanium  polymer
nanoparticle nanomaterial
dioxide  hybrid
nanofiber
 Metal-organic
Figure 11.7 Classes of framework
nanomaterials (Content taken
from Jeevanandam et. al. 2018)16
16https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.98 30
 Figure 11.8
Buckminster
fullerene
(IMAGE taken from
Berńe et. al. 2015)17

17https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282692466_30_years_of_cosmic_fullerenes

31
 Figure 11.9
Categories of
carbon nanotubes:
(a) armchair,
(b) zigzag, and
(c) chiral.
(IMAGE taken from
Chen et. al. 2007)18

18DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2007.308
32
Figure 11.10 Graphene sheet with carbons atoms in an
hexagonal lattice. (IMAGE taken from Armano et. al. 2019)19

19DOI:10.3390/c5040067
33
Figure 11.11
Silver Ag
nanoparticle
(IMAGE taken from
nanografi)20

20https://nanografi.com/blog/dispersion-of-silver-nanoparticles/

34
 Figure 11.12
Gold Au
nanoparticle
(IMAGE taken from
LaboratoryTalk)21

21http://laboratorytalk.com/files/img_cache/2152273/480_405gold_nanoparticles.jpg?1470906938

35
• Figure 11.13
Titanium dioxide
nanoparticle
(IMAGE taken from EC -
JRC, Nanobiosciences,
2016 )22

22https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/jrcsh/files/styles/normal-responsive/public/JRC-NBS-TiO2-Rutile_TEM-image_1.jpg?itok=nuttdHej
36
 Figure 11.14
General structure
of Dendrimers
(IMAGE taken from
Nanjwade et. al. 2009)23

23https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0928098709002152-gr1.jpg
20https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2009.07.008
37
 Figure 11.15 Polymer nanoparticle
(IMAGE taken from Drug Development and Delivery)24

24 https://d2akihtr51eb46.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/uploads/Public/Images/Nanoparticles2017/F1.jpg
24 https://drug-dev.com/nanoparticles-a-revolution-in-the-development-of-drug-delivery-vehicles/ 38
 Figure 11.16 Hybrid nanofiber
(IMAGE taken from Kolbuk et. al., 2020)25
25Kołbuk, D.; Heljak, M.; Choińska, E.; Urbanek, O. Novel 3D Hybrid Nanofiber Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration.
Polymers 2020, 12, 544 39
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12030544
 Figure 11.16
Metal-organic
framework
(IMAGE taken from nanowerk)26

26https://www.nanowerk.com/mof-metal-organic-framework.php

40
 APPLICATIONS,
ISSUES and
CONCERN
IMAGE taken from World
BAKERS4

4https://www.worldbakers.com/wpcontent/uploads/2017/03/images_NanotechnologyBlog.jpg 41
 Environmental Effects (Zhang et. al., 2019)

 Lower recovery and recycling rates

 Lack of trained engineers and workers causing
further concerns
 Environmental implications of other life cycle stages
not clear
 Dissemination of toxic, persistent nanosubstances
originating environmental harm
 High-energy requirements for synthesizing
nanoparticles causing high-energy demand
42
 Experimental
evidence of the
effect of
nanomaterials
to the
environment
27 https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1369702110700894-fx1.jpg 43
 C60 environmental concern
fullerenes behavioral and physiological changes
in water fleas associated with
increased risk of predation and
reproductive decline (Lovern et. al.,
2007)
application oxidative damage in largemouth bass
 cosmetics with same mechanism of action found
beneficial for their use in drug delivery
 medicines (Oberdorster, 2004)
Can travel to brain, bind to lipids, and
 batteries cause production of oxidative stress
 electronics compounds when fished exposed to 1
ppm concentration (Oberdorster, 2004)

44
application zinc oxide
 electronics
 gas sensors
nanoparticle
 sunscreens
 cosmetics environmental
 food concern
packaging toxic to algae and water
 paint fleas (Luo, 2007)
45
 aluminum environmental
nanoparticle concern
 high levels of
application exposure caused
growth delay in corn,
 cosmetics cucumber, soybean,
 sunscreens carrot and cabbage
 scratch- crops (Yang and
resistant coatings Watts, 2005)
46
 silver environmental
nanoparticle concern
severe deformities of
application exposed fish and
 antimicrobial larvae showed cardiac
coatings abnormalities, yolk
sac edema, and
 sensors
eye/head
 optical probes abnormalities (Liu,
 catalysts 2016)
47
 titanium environmental
dioxide concern
nanoform  can cause considerably
high percentage of death in
water fleas (Daphnea
application magna) which are used by
 sunscreens regulators as an ecological
indicator species (Lovern
 self-cleaning glass and Klaper, 2006)
 remediation  UV-illuminated TiO2
 small micro form proven to be toxic to algae
in foods and and water fleas (Hunde-
cosmetics Rinke and simon, 2006)
48
 Figure 11.17
Nanomedicine
refers to the area
of science that
combines
nanotechnology
with drugs or
diagnostic
molecules to
improve the
ability to target
specific cells or
tissues. (IMAGE taken
from VERDICT MEDICAL
28 https://www.medicaldevice-network.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2019/10/Nanotechnology-in-medicine.jpg
DEVICES)28
49
Experimental evidence of the toxic
effects of nanomaterials
Figure 11.18
In vivo
toxicity to
zebrafish
embryo
(IMAGE taken from
Mosselhy et. al.,
2016)29

29 https://scx1.b-cdn.net/csz/news/800/2018/2-silvernanopa.jpg

https://phys.org/news/2018-03-silver-nanoparticles-outand-threaten-human.html 50
Silver • can enter bloodstream and reach
nanoparticles all organs of the body, including
brain, heart, liver, kidney, spleen
• used as additive in and bone marrow (Friends of the
baby bottles, food
containers, Earth, 2011)
packaging, cutting • placental transfer and fetal uptake
boards, salad bowls,
cutlery, ice trays, cause zebrafish embryos to
filtration devices and develop with head abnormalities
collapsible coolers; and no eyes (Cheng, et. al., 2007)
• in agriculture, used in
poultry production • increase the problem of antibiotic
• agricultural and resistant superbugs (Friends of
aquacultural the Earth, 2011)
disinfectants
51
Titanium • damage DNA
dioxide • disrupt function of the
cells
• interfere with defense
activities of immune
•whitener cells
•brightener • provoke inflammation
• (Trouiller et. al., 2009)

52
zinc •toxic when ingested
oxide •found to cause
lesions in liver,
•Surface heart, stomach and
coatings pancreas
•(Wang et. al.,
2006)
53
nanohydroxyapatite
 potentially toxic
 can be absorbed
•food and enter cells
stabilizer  cited as inhalation
hazard in MSDS
(Merz NA Inc., 2015)
54
Carbon-based nanomaterials

•can be harmful as asbestos if inhaled in

sufficient quantities, can cause
mesothelioma (Maynard, et. al., 2006)
•can cross the blood-brain barrier and
alter cell functions
•(Jirasak et. al., 2008)
55
 Nanobots are expected c. How does
to be in clinical trials nanobots work?
by the 2020s. Conduct d. What are the
a research on the ff. nanobots
points: applications?
a. What are e. What are the
nanobots? possible ethical &
b. What are nanobots social implications of
made out of? nanobots?

IMAGE taken from

DISRUPTION HUB 10
ACTIVITY 11.2
56
10 https://disruptionhub.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/F0C0E23E-803B-45BF-9B9A-30B6076483DF-650x431.jpeg
 NANOTECHNOLOGY
in the
PHILIPPINES
IMAGE taken from World
BAKERS4

4https://www.worldbakers.com/wpcontent/uploads/2017/03/images_NanotechnologyBlog.jpg 57
Nanotechnology
in the
Philippines
• Nanostructured solar
devices
• Nanocomposite
materials
• Nanoparticle TiO2 in IMAGE
taken
commercial paints from
BOYSEN30
30http://www.knoxoutpaints.com/home2.do0
http://www.knoxoutpaints.com/images/pages/original/masthead2-1443154007785-
1443425119974.jpg
58
  nanostructured solar
Nanotechnology energy devices
in the  nanosensor technology
Philippines to food, agriculture
and the environment
•Nanostructured  environmental
solar devices remediation and water
•Nanotechnology  nanocomposite
Road Map of DOST
in 2008 (Dayrit, materials using local
2010) minerals and
biological resources
59
Nanotechnology DOST-ITDI
(Ronda, 2013)
in the  biodegradable,
Philippines environment friendly food
packaging material
 Protects food and extends
shelf-life

•Nanocomposite  organoclay (nanoclay)

from local bentonite with
materials thermoplastic starch
made from cornstarch

60
 Nanotechnology
in the
• Nanoparticle
TiO2 in Philippines
commercial
paints
• Boysen
KNOxOUTTM
IMAGE taken from
HAARETZ31
31 https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/impact-journalism-day-2018/cleaning-the-polluted-air-in-the-philippines-with-revolutionary-

paint-1.7156782
61
https://images.haarets.co.il/image/upload/v1555923703/1.7156797.793369536.jpg
Nanotechnology
in the
Philippines
(IMAGE taken from DOST-
Philippines 32)

32 https://www.facebook.com/DOSTph/posts/what-do-you-know-about-

nanotechnology-check-out-this-fire-buzzword-from-the-phil/1943428569012985/
 Nanotechnology
in the
Philippines
(IMAGE taken from DOST-
PCIERD 33)

33https://www.facebook.com/dostpcieerd/posts/call-for-papers-and-posters-for-the-

first-international-nanotechnology-conferenc/1394253750711704/

63
 ACTIVITY 11.3
1. Research on the latest study of DOST on
nanotechnology. Enumerate its potential
impact on the Philippine economy.
2. Prepare an essay on this topic: “With its
advantages, how can nanotechnology in
particular, and science in general, address
the problem of poverty in the Philippines?
IMAGE taken from
DISRUPTION HUB 10
64
10 https://disruptionhub.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/F0C0E23E-803B-45BF-9B9A-30B6076483DF-650x431.jpeg
 NANOTECHNOLOGY
against
COVID-19
IMAGE taken from World
BAKERS4

4https://www.worldbakers.com/wpcontent/uploads/2017/03/images_NanotechnologyBlog.jpg 65
 Figure 11.9
AGAINST
COVID-19
(IMAGE taken from
Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology34)

34http://ojs.whioce.com/index.php/nn/index

66
 https://statnano.com/nanotechnology-in-
battle-against-coronavirus

https://statnano.com/news/67703/Nano
particle-Vaccine-for-COVID-19-with-
Added-Value-and-Socio-economic-Benefits

https://statnano.com/news/67694/Stanf
ord-Researchers-Develop-a-Gene-
targeting-Antiviral-Agent-against-
Coronavirus
NANOTECHNOLOGY https://statnano.com/news/67632/Nanot
IN BATTLE AGAINST echnology-to-Save-Lives-from-Ravages-of-
COVID-19%E2%80%99s-
CORONAVIRUS %E2%80%98Cytokine-Storm%E2%80%99
(IMAGE taken from STATNANO35)

67
68
 Figure 11.19
Lipitoids, which self-
assemble with DNA
and RNA, can serve
as cellular delivery
systems for antiviral
therapies that could
prevent COVID-19
and other
coronavirus
infections.
(IMAGE taken from
STATNANO36)

36https://statnano.com/resource/news/files/others/5/1/main_eced57b17b874ccab0ff8ee53476bd3c.jpg
69
A new mice study looked at
how nanotechnology might
help humans fight off the
severe "cytokine storm"
that occurs in severe cases
of COVID-19 (HealthDay,
2020)
37https://statnano.com/resource/news/files/images/21/2/thumbnail_7581a4e0b15b07190bdc70172aefbbdd.jpg IMAGE taken
from STATNANO37
https://consumer.healthday.com/infectious-disease-information-21/coronavirus-1008/nanotechnology-might-help-fight-deadly-cytokine-storm-
of-covid-19-757148.html

70
71
 To watch
https://www.nist.gov/topics/nanotechnology

https://youtu.be/3GE55w1WxOY

IMAGE taken from World

BAKERS4
72
 THANK
YOU :D
Prepared by RVitancol
17https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282692466_30_years_of_cosmic_fullerenes

73
CHAPTER 11: Assignment

Write a 300-word essay about the advantages and disadvantages of

nanotechnology to society.

74
CHAPTER 11: Assessment

1. The prefix "nano" comes from what word?

A. French word meaning billion
B. Greek word meaning dwarf
C. Spanish word meaning particle
D. Latin word meaning invisible

2. What is the cut-off limit of human eye to see?

A. 2,000 nm
B. 5,000 nm
C. 10,000 nm
D. 50,000 nm

3. Which one of these statements is NOT true?

A. Gold at the nanoscale is red.
B. Copper at the nanoscale is transparent.
C. Silicon at the nanoscale is an insulator.
D. Aluminum at the nanoscale is highly combustible.
75
4. What might be a concern about the use of nanotechnology?
A. Nano-based materials could be toxic.
B. Nanoparticles may build up in the brain or liver.
C. Nanoparticles may not break down in the environment.
D. All of the above are legitimate concerns about nanotechnology.

5. What type of nanomaterial is used in the widest variety of nanotechnology products on the
market according to Consumer Products Inventory in October 2013?
A. carbon
B. silicon
C. silver
D. titanium dioxide

6. Which is the best known and most funded nanotechnology agency in the world?
A. European Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Association
B. lnteragency Working Group on Nanotechnology
C. Russian Nanotechnology Initiative
D. US Nanotechnology Initiative

76
7. Which of the following is true about nanotechnology?
A. It is the most important technology by 2018.
B. The products of nanotechnology are estimated to reach 4 Billion dollars.
C. Majority of the nanotechnology products belongs ·to the health and fitness category.
D. None of these

8. Which of the following is also equivalent to nanotechnology?

A. atomic engineering
B. carbon engineering
C. micro technology
D. small technology

9. Richard Feynman is often credited with predicting the emergence of nanotechnology. What was the title of his
famous speech given on December 29, 1959?
A. Things get nanoscopic at the bottom
B. There is plenty of room at the bottom
C. There is a tiny room at the bottom
D. What remains at the bottom

77
10. Who first used the term nanotechnology and when?
A. Richard Feynman, 1959
B. Norio Taniguchi, 1974
C. Eric Drexler, 1986
D. Sumio lijima, 1991

11. Which are POSSIBLE risks of nanotechnology today?

A. Waste nanomaterials may end up in groundwater, rivers, and lakes where they kill off fish and other wildlife.
B. Nanorobots could take pictures of secret documents and relay them to foreign agents.
C. Scattered nanoparticles may recombine in nature to form new elements and chemical compounds that are highly
reactive & toxic.
D. All of these.

12. Which of the following is correctly paired for the microscope

and inventor?
A. AFM - Gerd Binnig and Calvin Quote
B. STM - Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer
C. TEM - Ernst Ruska
D. All of these are correct.

78
13. If you were to measure the surface roughness of a sample on the nanoscale, what would give the best visual
representation of this characteristic?
A. Atomic Force Microscope
B. Scanning Electron Microscope
C. Scanning Tunneling Microscope
D. Any of these

14. Why is carbon a fundamental element in nanotechnology?

A. Carbon atoms are found in great abundance in most of the materials created by nature.
B. Materials containing carbon, exhibit a wide range of properties.
C. There is no other element except carbon which bonds as strongly to other carbon atoms and in as many ways as the
carbon atoms.
D. All of these

15. In the structure of fullerene, e ach carbon atom forms covalent bonds on how many carbon atoms?
A. one
B. two
C. three
D. four

79
16. What is the smallest and largest cluster of carbon atoms in Bucky balls known till today?
A. 60 only
B. 50-100
C. 50-500
D. 60-500

17. Because of its intricate preparation, which carbon nanomaterial is currently the most expensive?
A. carbon nanotube
B. fullerene
C. graphene
D. None of these

18. Which is known as the thinnest compound discovered, the lightest yet the strongest material known?
A. carbon nanotube
B. fullerene
C. graphene
D. All of these

80
19. Which of the following is the main nanoparticle component of sunscreens?
A. silver and iron oxide
B. lithium oxide and zinc oxide
C. zinc oxide and titanium oxide
D. titanium oxide and lithium oxide

20. What is the nanoparticle in paint that can transform airborne pollutants into safe residues in the presence of light?
A. hydroxyapatite
B. iron oxide
C. silver nanoparticle
D. titanium dioxide

81