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CONTENTS
PAGE

1-INTRODUCTION
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2-AMD PHENOM II X6 DESCRIPTION

4-5

3- WORKING
6-8

4-ARCHITECTURES
9-11

5-LATEST HEXACORE MODELS

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6-CONCLUSION
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AMD Phenom II X6 hexacore

processor

INTRODUCTION:
One constant in computing is that the world’s hunger for faster
performance is
never satisfied. Every new performance advance in processors leads
to another level
of greater performance demands from businesses and consumers.
Today these
performance demands are not just for speed, but also for smaller,
more powerful
mobile devices, longer battery life, quieter desktop PCs, and in the
enterprise better
price/performance per watt and lower cooling costs. People want
improvements in
productivity, security, multitasking (running multiple applications
simultaneously on
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your computer), data protection, game performance, and many other

capabilities.
There’s also a growing demand for more convenient form factors for
the home,
office, data center, and on the go.

Through advances in silicon technology, microarchitecture, software,

and platform
technologies, Intel is on a fast-paced trajectory to continuously
deliver new generations
of multi-core processors with the superior performance and energy-
efficiency necessary
to meet these demands for years to come.
Multi-core processors take advantage of a fundamental
relationship between power and frequency. By incorporating
multiple cores, each core is able to run at a lower
frequency,dividing among them the power normally given to a
singlecore. The result is a big performance increase over a
single coreprocessor. The following illustration based on our
labexperiments with commonly used workloads illustrates

Increasing clock frequency by 20 percent to

a single core delivers a 13 percent performance gain, but
requires 73 percent greater power. Conversely, decreasing
clock frequency by 20 percent reduces power usage by 49
percent, but results in just a 13 percent performance loss.
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AMD Phenom II X6:

A
MD has made a mark for itself in the hex-core processor sector
with the 1090T, and the latest six-core Phenom II X6 1100T
Black Edition processor offers even better performance at an
affordable price.
Those of you that carry out heavily threaded tasks such as intensive 3D work,
video encoding, or Excel modeling would have marked down March 2010 as
this was when Intel released their first desktop hexa-core processor.
Furthermore, by reducing the design process to 32nm, these extra cores and the
extra performance come at no additional power expense.

Today’s announcement from AMD is meant to follow the same

trend as with recent Phenom CPU releases. AMD is hoping to
offer a more attractive six-core processor by providing their
Phenom II X6 1090T Black Edition and Phenom II X6 1055T
models at far more realistic prices. The Phenom II X6 1090T BE
is expected to hit shelves at just under $300, making it three
times more affordable than the Core i7 980X. At this price
point, this 3.2GHz hexa-core AMD processor will be sitting
alongside the Core i7 930 and Core i7 860 from Intel.

Let me remind you that this is a fully unlocked Black Edition

chip that depending on how it overclocks could be a real
bargain for those of you willing to tweak your hardware a bit.
Those looking for something even cheaper, today's AMD
announcement will not disappoint. The Phenom II X6 1055T will
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be sold for just $220, a mere $20 more than the Core i5 750.
This should make for an interesting shoot out.

AMD is certainly making the necessary moves to provide Intel

with some harsh competition. Our recent CPU round-up that
looked at processors in the $100-$200 range saw AMD gaining
ground in the value and mainstream targets, while lacking
horsepower as we moved toward the higher-end models. If
things fall into the right places, AMD could finally have an
answer for the Core i5 750 and possibly processors beyond
that mark.

Like all Phenom II processors, these new hexa-core versions

are designed to work with DDR3 memory on the AM3 platform,
but can also be coupled with older AM2/AM2+ motherboards
using DDR2 memory. No doubt, an upgrader's dream come true
considering the older platform is almost 4 years old.

Intel is not the only chip maker in the world and it’s certainly
not the only one present at CES 2011. AMD is also in La Vegas
and the company decided to unveil its own processors line for
netbooks: the AMD Fusion chipsets.
AMD says that this is the biggest advance in technology since
the X86 micro-architecture has been revealed decades ago,
although AMD Fusion chips are not something that new in this
industry. The AMD Fusion chipsets are a combination of CPUs
and GPUs which are both clocked at higher speeds and which
support DirectX11 as well as 1080p full HD videos.

That’s great news and if people will see what AMD did here,
then the netbooks will be saved. The AMD Fusion chipsets
mean that we can finally do more with a netbook, and not only
check our emails or make video conferences. No, we can play
and we can use them as multimedia devices – all of these in a
smaller form factor, prettier, and cheaper.
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AMD Phenom II Chips

WORKING:
• Core is actually that part of processor which is
involved in the execution of the data now ,as we
know that the hexacore processor has 6 cores so
processor work is divided among different cores.
• Now as we have observed that in normal computers
as they starts they are little bit slow afterwards
they regain their normal speed the reason is that
processor is engaged in the execution of necessary
operating system instructions.
• As we know that when we make our mind to buy a pc
our main criteria is speed so we wish to buy that
processor with a maximum clock speed like 4GHZ or
5GHZ and so on but by increasing processor speed
synchronization will be the big mess so instead of
increasing the speed it may depreciate and also fast
processors demand a fast and compact instruction
set also.
• So a good approach is to divide the workload among
different cores of processor .
• A hexacore processor has 6 L2 CACHES to provide
them recently and frequently used data so instead
of picking necessary instructions for data execution
from main memory processor picks them from L2
cache enabling the processor speed to be more fast .
• Also there is L3 cache introduced in hexacore
processor which is shared with these 6 L2 caches.
Level 3 or L3 cache is specialized memory that works
hand-in-hand with L1 and L2 cache to improve
computer performance.
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• Cross bar switch is also used in this processor. To

maximize the performance of the system it uses
high-speed interconnection technology developed
for supercomputers for its high-speed, wide-band
crossbar switch. The CPU, memory, I/O, and system
boards are linked with these crossbar switches,
allowing direct connection of multiple CPUs and
memory. The result is broad bandwidth, low latency,
high-speed data transfer. It is further divided to

a) L1 cross bar switch

b) L2 cross bar switch

L1 crossbar switch: For high-speed data transfer

between CPU and memory

The L1 crossbar switch links CPUs, memory, and I/O directly in

one-to-one relationships that control data transfers between
the CPU and memory. This permits multiple CPUs to access
memory at the same time, significantly increasing data
transfer efficiency.
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L2 crossbar switch: For high-speed data transfer

between system boards

Two-layered crossbar switch connections are used within

models with multiple system boards. The CPU, memory, and I/O
on each system board are connected by L1 crossbar switches,
while the system boards themselves are interconnected by L2
crossbar switches.

Such two-layered crossbar switch connections permit any CPU

to access any memory in the same way, no matter where the
respective memory is mounted. Minimized distances between
system boards, reduced latency, and cable-less connections all
mean high performance and availability.

The PRIMEPOWER 2500. for example, is configured with two

pairs of L2 crossbar switches, each providing transfer rates of
66.6 GB/s. Should one of the crossbar switch pairs fail, the
defective crossbar switch is isolated when the server is
restarted, allowing the server to continue operating.
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HyperTransport (HT): formerly known as Lightning Data

Transport (LDT), is a technology for interconnection of
computer processors. It is a bidirectional serial/parallel high-
bandwidth, low-latency point-to-point link HyperTransport
Consortium is in charge of promoting and developing
HyperTransport technology.

HyperTransport comes in four speed versions 1.x, 2.0, 3.0, and

3.1 which run from 200 MHz to 3.2 GHz. It is also a DDR or
"Double Data Rate" connection, meaning it sends data on both
the rising and falling edges of the clock signal. This allows for a
maximum data rate of 6400 MT/s when running at 3.2 GHz. The
operating frequency is auto-negotiated.

HyperTransport supports an auto-negotiated bit width, ranging

from two- to 32-link interconnects. The full-width, full
bandwidth, 32-bit interconnect has a transfer rate of 25.6 GB/s
(3.2 GHz/link × 2 bits/Hz × 32 links × 1 Byte ÷ 8 bits) per
direction, or 51.2 GB/s aggregated bandwidth per link, making
it faster than any existing bus standard for PC workstations
and servers (such as Intel sponsored PCI Express) as well as
making it faster than most bus standards for high-performance
computing and networking. Links of various widths can be
mixed together in a single system (for example, one 16-link
interconnect to another CPU and one 8-link interconnect to a
peripheral device), which allows for a wider interconnect
between CPUs, and a lower bandwidth interconnect to
peripherals as appropriate. It also supports link splitting,
where a single 16-link interconnect can be divided into two 8-
link interconnects. The technology also typically has lower
latency than other solutions due to its lower overhead.
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ARCHITECTURES:

As it is evident from the figure that the hexacore processor has

six cores making it more faster actually by increasing cores
cores the processor can perform multiple executions more
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fastly the detailed architecture is discussed below

Description

• AMD Phenom II X6 1100T Black Edition Six-Core

• 3.3GHz (Base) and 3.7GHz (Turbo)
• 200MHz Front Side Bus
• 2000MHz HyperTransport Link
• 45nm Socket AM3 938-Pin
• 6MB (Shared) L3 Cache
• 9MB Total Cache (L2+L3)
• 125 Watts

Every core has an L2 .cache L2 cache is a set of memory

circuits designed to speed access to important and frequently
used data.Early L2 cache designs involved fast static RAM
memory chips placed near the CPU. Modern L2 caches involve
RAM built directly into the CPU.Their duty is to provide
recently and frequently used data to cpu.

Level 3 or L3 cache is specialized memory that works hand-in-

hand with L1 and L2 cache to improve computer performance.
L1, L2 and L3 cache are computer processing unit (CPU)
caches, verses other types of caches in the system such as
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hard disk cache. CPU cache caters to the needs of the

microprocessor by anticipating data requests so that
processing instructions are provided without delay. CPU cache
is faster than random access memory (RAM), and is designed
to prevent bottlenecks in performance.

LATEST HEXACORE MODELS :

L2 L3
Model Frequency Turbo Cores TDP Price
Cache Cache
AMD Phenom II X6 3.7 125
3.3 GHz 6 3 MB 6 MB $265
1100T BE GHz W
AMD Phenom II X6 1090T 3.6 125
3.2 GHz 6 3 MB 6 MB $229
BE GHz W
3.5 125
AMD Phenom II X6 1075T 3.0 GHz 6 3 MB 6MB $200
GHz W
3.3 125
AMD Phenom II X6 1055T 2.8 GHz 6 3 MB 6 MB $179
GHz W
AMD Phenom II X4 970 125
3.5 GHz - 4 2 MB 6 MB $186
BE W
AMD Phenom II X4 965 125
3.4 GHz - 4 2 MB 6 MB $160
BE W
AMD Athlon II X3 455 3.3 GHz - 3 1.5 MB - 95 W $87
AMD Athlon II X3 450 3.2 GHz - 3 1.5 MB - 95 W $82
AMD Phenom II X2 565
3.4 GHz - 2 1 MB 6 MB 80 W $115
BE
AMD Phenom II X2 560
3.3 GHz - 2 1 MB 6 MB 80 W $100
BE
AMD Phenom II X2 555
3.2 GHz - 2 1 MB 6 MB 80 W $90
BE

CONCLUSION:

“Hexacore processor is a good choice if cost

is not an issue. It provides more fast and smooth performance
speed. Those of you that carry out heavily threaded tasks such
as intensive 3D work, video encoding, or Excel
modeling hexacore processor is best for you”
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