ASP Report

Blekinge Institute of Technology
Department of Telecommunication and Signal Processing
Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 1

Group Members
Adnan Saleem
E-mail:electropall@hotmail.com
Student Personal No: 810524-P510
Syed Majid Ali Shah

E-mail:syedmaji@hotmail.com
Student Personal No: 800321-1714
Syed Hassan Shaheed

E-mail:hassey22@yahoo.com
Arif Ullah Khan

E-mail:arifullahkhan1@hotmail.com

Table of Contents
Assignment 1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
Assignment 1.1------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
Assignment 1.2------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
Assignment 1.3------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
Assignment 1.4------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
Assignment 1.5------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
Assignment 1.6------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
Assignment 1.7------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23
Assignment 1.8------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26
Assignment 1.9------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28
Assignment 1.10 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
Assignment 1.11 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32
Assignment 1.12 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------34
Assignment 1.13 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36
Assignment 1.14 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37
Assignment 1.15 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40
Assignment 1.16 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43
Assignment 1.17 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44
Assignment 1.18 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46
Assignment 1.19 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48
Assignment 2 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49
Assignment 2.1------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50
Assignment 2.2------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------52
Assignment 2.3------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------54
Assignment 2.4------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------56
Assignment 2.5------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------60
Assignment 2.6------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------62
Assignment 2.7------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------64
Assignment 2.8------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------68
Assignment 2.9------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------70
Assignment 2.10 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------72
Assignment 2.11 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------74
Assignment 2.12 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------75
Assignment 3 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------76
Assignment 3.1------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------77
Assignment 3.2------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------78
Assignment 3.3------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------80
Assignment 3.4------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------83
Assignment 3.5------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------85
Assignment 3.6------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------86
Assignment 3.7------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------92
Assignment 4 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------94
Assignment 4.1------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------95

Assignment 4.2------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------97
Assignment 4.3------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------99
Assignment 4.4---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 102
Assignment 4.5---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 104
Assignment 4.6---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 108
Assignment 5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 112
Assignment 5.1---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 113
Assignment 5.2---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 115
Assignment for Grade 4------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 117
Assignment Grade 4.1-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 118
Assignment Grade 4.10 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 157

Assignment 1

Assignment 1.1
Matlab Code
clear all; close all; clc;
t=0:99;
delta=zeros(1,100);
delta(1,1)=1;
plot(t,delta,'*b')
title('Unit Impulse function');
figure(2)
UnitS=ones(1,100);
plot(t,UnitS,'*r')
title('Unit Step function');
figure(3)
stem(t,delta)
title('Unit Impulse Function')
figure(4)
stem(t,UnitS)
title('Unit Step function');

Figures


Assignment 1.2
Matlab Code
n=0:99;
a=input('Enter value of a ')
UnitS=ones(1,100);
func= a.^n.*UnitS;
S_matlab=sum(func)
Geom_sum= (1 - a^100) /( 1 - a )
plot(n,func)
title('Exponentially Decaying function')
Results
Time vector = 0:99
a=0.5
Sum by Matlab= 2
Geometric sum = 2
a=0.9
Sum by Matlab= 9.9997

Geometric sum =9.9997
a=1
Sum by Matlab= 100

Geometric sum = 100
a=1.1
Sum by Matlab= 1.3780e+005

Geometric sum = 1.3780e+005

a=2
Sum by Matlab= 1.2677e+030

Geometric sum = 1.2677e+030
Figures



Assignment 1.3
Matlab Code
fs=2;
n=0:1/fs:(8192-1)/fs;
f=[0 1/16 1/8 1/4 0.5 1/sqrt(5)];
for k=1:6
x(:,k)=cos(2*pi*f(k)*n);
figure(k)
plot(n,x(:,k))
end
sound(x(:,1))
pause
sound(x(:,2))
pause
sound(x(:,3))
pause
sound(x(:,4))
pause
sound(x(:,5))
pause
sound(x(:,6))
Figures




Assignment 1.4
Matlab Code
fs=2;
n=0:1/fs:(8192-1)/fs;
f1= 1/8 - 1/8192;
f2= 1/8 + 1/8192;
x1=cos(2*pi*f1*n);
x2=cos(2*pi*f2*n);
x=x1 + x2;
sound(x)
pause
sound(x1)
pause
f1 = 0.5 - 1/8192;
x1= cos(2*pi*f1*n);
sound(x1)
Results
Summation of two signals gives beat only first signal with one frequency doesn’t have any beat.

Assignment 1.5
Matlab Code
fs=512;
n=0:1/fs:(8192-1)/fs;
f= [1/8 7/8 9/8];
for k=1:3
x(:,k)=cos(2*pi*f(k)*n);
figure(k)
if k==1
plot(n,x(:,k),'b')
gtext('Signal frequency is 1/8 Hz','fontsize',12)
title(' Cosine Signal ','fontsize',14)
end
if k==2
plot(n,x(:,k),'r')
end
if k==3
plot(n,x(:,k),'g')
end

end
Figures


Assignment 1.6
Matlab Code
fs=512;
n=0:1/fs:(8192-1)/fs;
a=3;
f0=5;
x = exp(log(a)*n + sqrt(-1)*2*pi*f0*n);
plot(n,x);
hold on;
plot(n,abs(x),'r');
plot(n,real(x),'g');
plot(n,imag(x),'m')
legend( 'pure signal','absolute of signal','real part of signal','imaginary part of signal',2)
title(' Exponential Signal ', 'fontsize',14)
sound(x);
pause
sound(abs(x));
pause
sound(real(x))
pause
sound(imag(x))
Figures


Assignment 1.7
Matlab Code
fs=1024;
t1=0:1/fs:(16384*5-1)/fs;
y=chirp(t1,0,1,100); % chirp signal
figure(1)
plot(y,'r');
title('Chirp signal','fontsize',14)
fs=2;
t=0:1/fs:(8192-1)/fs;
x1=cos(2*pi*(0.5-(1/(8192)))*t);
x2=cos(2*pi*((1/2)+(1/(8192)))*t);
x3 = x2 + x1;
sound(x3)
figure(2)
plot(t,x3,'b')
title('Beating effect, Signal with sum of adjacent frequencies')
gtext('f0 is 0.5, f1 is 1/8192')
delay = 2;
[y,ty] = rcosflt(y,1,2,'fir',.3,delay);
sound(y)
figure(4)
plot(ty,y)

title(' Vibration effect by using Delay in chirp signal')
Figures


Assignment 1.8
Matlab Code
fs=8;
n=0:1/fs:(8192*8-1)/fs;
f1=20;
f2=10;
y=cos(2*pi*f1*n);
x=cos(2*pi*f2*n);
xy=[x y x y x y x y];
n=[n n n n n n n n]
sound(xy)
plot(n,xy)
title('Alteration of two frequencies','fontsize',14)
gtext('f1 = 20; f2 = 10')

Figures

Assignment 1.9
Matlab Code
n=linspace(0,8191,8192);
x=1+cos(2*pi*0.0625*n);
figure(1)
plot(n(1:200),x(1:200),'b')
title('Signal, 1+cos(2*pi*0.0625*n)','fontsize',14)
y(:,1)=x(1);
for k=2:500
y(:,k)=x(k)-x(k-1);
end
figure(2)
plot(n(1:length(y)),y,'r')
title('Impulse Response','fontsize',14)

Figures

Assignment 1.10
Matlab Code
n = 0:1:255;
x = 1 + cos(2*pi*0.0625*n);
yy=zeros(256,256);
YY=[];
for k=1:256
yy(1:k,k)=(x(1,1:k));
YY=sum(yy);
End
plot(n,YY)
title('Filter calculating Cumulative sum','fontsize',14)
gtext(' 1 + cos(2*pi*0.0625*n)')

Figures

Assignment 1.11
Matlab Code
clear all; clc; close all
n=1:100;
nn=length(n);
x=zeros(1,nn);
x(1,1)=1;
y(1,1)=x(1,1);
y(1,2)=x(1,1)+x(1,2);
y(1,3)=x(1,1)+x(1,2)+x(1,3);
y(1,4)=x(1,1)+x(1,2)+x(1,3)+x(1,4);
for m=5:100,
y(1,m)=x(1,(m-4))+x(1,(m-3))+x(1,(m-2))+x(1,(m-1))+x(1,m);
end
stem(y,'r');
title('Impulse response','fontsize',14)

Figures

Assignment 1.12
Matlab Code
n=linspace(-20,8171,8192);
f0=0.025;
x=1 + cos(2*pi*f0*n);
p=1;
y=zeros(1,8192);
yy=zeros(1,8192);
for t=-20:1:79
if t==-20
y(1,p)=10;
end
if t==-10
yy(1,p)=10;
end
p=p+1;
end
X=y-yy+x;
for m=-17:8171
k=m+21;
yy=[X(1,k) X(1,k-1) X(1,k-2) X(1,k-3)];
Y(1,k-3)=median(yy);
End

figure(1)
plot(n(1:length(Y)),Y)
title('GLIDING MEAN OF 10?(n ? 10) ? 10?(n ? 20) + x(n) = 1+cos(2*pi*f0*n)' );
Figures

Assignment 1.13
Matlab Code
x=[1 2 3 4 5];
y=[1 3 2];
Conv_xy= conv(x,y)
Cross_corr=xcorr(x,y)
Results
Conv_xy = 1 5 11 17 23 23 10
Cross_corr = 0.0000 0 2.0000 7.0000 13.0000 19.0000 25.0000 19.0000 5.0000

Assignment 1.14
Matlab Code
load assign1_9
conv1_9=conv(x,y);
figure(1)
stem(conv1_9(1:50))
title('Impulse response of assignment 1.9 using CONV ')
load assign1_10
conv1_10=conv(x,y);
figure(2)
stem(conv1_10(1:50))
load assign1_11
conv1_11=conv(x,y);
figure(3)
stem(conv1_11(1:50))

Figures


Assignment 1.15
Matlab Code
close all; clear all; clc;
load assign1_9
filt1_9=filter(x,1,y);
figure(1)
stem(filt1_9(1:50))
title('Impulse response of assignment 1.9 using FILT ')
load assign1_10
figure(2)
stem(filt1_10(1:50))
load assign1_11
figure(3)
stem(filt1_11(1:50))

Figures


Assignment 1.16
Matlab Code
load handel;
yy=y;
N=25;
n=zeros(1,N);
p1=n;
p1(1,1)=1;
load assign1_9 %% loading assignment 1.9 data
conv1_9=conv(x,y);
p2=[1];
y1=filter(conv1_9,p2,yy);
sound(y1)
pause; %% Press any key to listen sound of using filter in assignment 11
load assign1_11 %% loading assignment 1.11 data
conv1_11=conv(x,y);
y2=filter(conv1_11,p2,yy);
sound(y2)

Assignment 1.17
Matlab Code
n=1:1:50;
y=((0.5).^n).*cos(pi*n/6);
x=ones(1,50);
[r h]=deconv(y,x);
h=h+r;
plot(h);
hold on
stem(y,'r')
title('IMPULSE RESPONSE AND STEP RESPONSE');
legend('Impluse response','Step response')

Figures

Assignment 1.18
Matlab Code
n=1:1:50;
h=((0.5).^n).*cos(pi*n/6);
x=ones(1,50);
y =conv(h,x);
plot(h);
hold on
stem(y(1:length(h)),'r')
title('IMPULSE RESPONSE AND STEP RESPONSE');
legend('Impulse response','Step response')
[h r]= deconv(y,x);
figure
plot(h)
title('Regained Impulse response from deconvultion')

Figures

Assignment 1.19
Matlab Code
t=0:1/8:(16384*2-1)/8;
f=13;
for k=6:15
p=k-5;
y(:,p)=sin(2*pi*k*f*t);
end
yy=sum(y(:,1:10)'); %% summation of all the harmonics
sound(yy)
yyy=yy';
Y=yyy-y(:,1); %% Removal of 1st harmonic
sound(Y)

Assignment 2

Assignment 2.1
Matlab Code
b=[1 -0.5 0];
a=[1 -1 0.5];
Poles=roots(a)
Zeros=roots(b)
n=100; %% no. of samples to be used in impulse response
[h,t] = impz(b,a,n);
plot(t,h)
xlabel('Time')
hold on
n=0:99;
H= (1/sqrt(2)).^n .* cos(pi*n./4);
stem(t,H,'or')
legend('Impz function','Theoretical Calculation')

Figures

Assignment 2.2
Matlab Code
b=[1 0 0 0];
a=[1 -1 -1 1];
Poles=roots(a)
Zeros=roots(b)
figure(1)
grid on
plot(Poles,'*r');
hold on
grid on
plot(Zeros,'ob');
legend('Poles','Zeros')
figure(2)
stem(t,h,'ob')
xlabel('Time')
hold on
n=1:200;
[r p k]=residue(b,a)
H=r(1)*(-1).^n + r(2) + r(3)*n - k;

plot(t,H,'*r')
legend('Impz function','Theoritical calculations',2)
Figures

Assignment 2.3
Matlab Code
b=[1 zeros(1,14) -1];
a=[1 -1 zeros(1,14)];
Poles=roots(a)
Zeros=roots(b)
figure(1)
grid on
plot(Poles,'*r');
hold on
grid on
plot(Zeros,'ob');
legend('Poles','Zeros')
figure(2)
stem(t,h,'b')
xlabel('Time')
hold on
u=[ones(1,100)];
U=[zeros(1,15) ones(1,length(u)-15)];
uu=u-U;

plot(t,uu,'*r')
legend('Impz function','Easy Realization of same system',1)
Figures

Assignment 2.4
Matlab Code
load ecg
figure(1)
plot(ecg)
title('ECG Signal','fontsize',14)
b=[0.2 0];
a=[1 -0.8];
Y=filter(b,a,ecg);
Yf=filter(b,a,Y);
figure(2)
plot(Yf,'b')
hold on
Yff=flipud(ecg);
hold on
plot(Yff,'r')
Yfff=filtfilt(b,a,ecg);
plot(Yfff,'g')
legend('Twice filtered signal','Filtered Signal using flipud','Filtered signal using filtfilt')
title('Filtered Signal using different Functions','fontsize',14)
[h,t] = impz(b,a,length(ecg));
figure(3)
plot(t,h)

y = conv(ecg,h);
figure(4)
plot(y,'b')
hold on
yf=conv(Yf,h);
hold on
plot(yf,'r')
hold on
yff=conv(Yff,h);
plot(yff,'g')
hold on
yfff=conv(Yfff,h);
plot(yfff,'k')
title('Output Signal Filtered by different Matlab functions','fontsize',14)
legend('Twice using filter','flipud','filtfilt')
axis([0 4500 -225 800])

Figures


Assignment 2.5
Matlab Code
b = [0.2 0]; %% Numerator coefficient
a = [1 -0.8]; %% Denominator coefficient
[Hr,w] = zerophase(b,a);
HR=abs(Hr.*Hr);
plot((HR))
title('Amplitude function of H(z)')
figure(2)
phi = angle(Hr);
plot(phi)
title('Phase function of H(z)')

Figures

Assignment 2.6
Matlab Code
a = [1 -0.8];
[h,t]=impz(b,a);
[H,W]=freqz(h);
figure(1)
semilogy(W,abs(H),'b')
hold on
H_th=(0.2)./((sqrt(1 + 0.8^2 - 2*0.8*cos(W))));
semilogy(W,abs(H_th),'--r')
legend('freqz function','Hand calculation')
title('Frequency Function Comparison')
figure(2)
y = angle(H);
plot(y)
title('Phase function')

Figures

Assignment 2.7
Matlab Code
a = [1 -0.8];
%% using 4 points
[H,W]=impz(b,a,4);
figure(1)
stem(W,abs(H))
title('Impulse response using 4 points')
%% using 8 points
[H,W]=impz(b,a,8);
figure(2)
stem(W,abs(H))
%% using 16 points
[H,W]=impz(b,a,16);
figure(3)
stem(W,abs(H))
%% using 32 points
[H,W]=impz(b,a,32);
figure(4)
stem(W,abs(H))

%% Untruncated filter
[H,W]=impz(b,a);
figure(5)
stem(W,abs(H))
title('Impulse response using untruncated filter')
Figures



Assignment 2.8
Matlab Code
a = [1 -0.8];
[h,t]=impz(b,a);
h=h';
k=1:44;
n=0:43;
for k=0:43
E = h(1:44).*exp(i*2*pi*k*n/44);
EE = sum(E);
H(:,k+1) = EE;
end
plot(abs(H),'*b')
hold on
HH = fft(h);
HHH = abs(HH);
plot(HHH,'g')
title(' Discrete fourier transform ')
legend(' Matrix multiplication ',' Using FFT function')

Figures

Assignment 2.9
Matlab Code
format long
tic
a = [1 -0.8];
[h,W]=impz(b,a,4);
H = fft(h,512);
plot(abs(H),'k');
hold on
[h,W]=impz(b,a,8);
H = fft(h,512);
plot(abs(H),'g');
hold on
[h,W]=impz(b,a,16);
H = fft(h,512);
plot(abs(H),'r');
hold on
[h,W]=impz(b,a,32);
H = fft(h,512);
plot(abs(H),'b');
toc
title('Fourier Transform of Impulse')

legend('4 points','8 points','16 points','32 points',4)
Figures

Assignment 2.10
According to the email reply, flops function is obsolete in Matlab now. So it is not included in
the code.
Matlab Code
format long
tic
a = [1 -0.8];
[h,W]=impz(b,a,3);
H = fft(h,512);
plot(abs(H),'k');
hold on
[h,W]=impz(b,a,7);
H = fft(h,512);
plot(abs(H),'g');
hold on
[h,W]=impz(b,a,15);
H = fft(h,512);
plot(abs(H),'r');
hold on
[h,W]=impz(b,a,31);
H = fft(h,512);
plot(abs(H),'b');
toc

title('Fourier Transform of Impulse')
legend('4 points','8 points','16 points','32 points',4)
Figures

Assignment 2.11
Matlab Code
a = [ 1 -1 ]; b = [ 1 0.5 0.25 0.125 ];
A = fft(a,4);
B = fft(b,4);
AB = A .* B;
ab_4 = real(ifft(AB)) %% IDFT of 4 point fft
ab_conv = conv(a,b) %% Convolution
A = fft(a,8);
B = fft(b,8);
AB = A .* B;
ab_8 = real(ifft(AB)) %% IDFT of 8 points fft
Results
ab_4 = 0.8750 -0.5000 -0.2500 -0.1250
ab_conv = 1.0000 -0.5000 -0.2500 -0.1250 -0.1250
ab_8 = 1.0000 -0.5000 -0.2500 -0.1250 -0.1250 0 0 0.0000

Assignment 2.12
Matlab Code
load handel
b=[0.2 0];
a = [1 -0.8];
[h , t] = impz(b,a,73113);
H = fft(h,8192);
X = fft(y,8192);
yy = real(ifft(X.*H));
sound(yy)

Assignment 3

Assignment 3.1
Matlab Code
A = 1;
N = 256;
k = 50;
x = A * sin(2*pi*k/N*(0:255));
plot(x)
title('Sinusoid with k=50')
Figures

Assignment 3.2
Matlab Code
A = 1;
N = 256;
k = 63;
x = A * sin(2*pi*(k)/N*(0:255));
X = fft(x);
XX = 1/N*abs(X).^2;
figure(1)
plot(10*log10(XX),'r')
title(' PSD using fft in db scale ')
gtext('k=5 for signal')
figure(2)
[Pxx,w] = periodogram(x);
periodogram(x)

Figures

Assignment 3.3
Matlab Code
We have to repeat the same code for k=5

A = 1;
N = 256;
fs=128;
t = 0:1/fs:(255)/fs;
f=20;
x = A * sin(2*pi*f*t);
w = flattopwin(N);
wx = x.*w';
X = fft(wx);
f=0:fs/N:(fs-1)/2;
sf = 2*(1/sum(w))^2;
XX =2*sf*abs(X).^2;
xx = sqrt(XX);
figure(1)
plot(f,abs(xx(1:length(f))),'r')
title(' PSD scaled to Amplitude using fft ')
figure(2)
[Pxx,f] = periodogram(x,w,256,fs);
Pxx = sqrt(2*2*abs(Pxx));
plot(f,(Pxx))

title('PSD scaled to Amplitude using periodogram')
Figures


Assignment 3.4
Details
Here we have to compare the peak values by using different Matlab commands. One command is
periodogram to compute PSD and the other is pwelch which use Welch periodogram method.
Comparison between peaks is done in dB scale. So the spectrum which we obtain from Welch
periodogram, we convert it into dB. Also the Welch periodogram needs to be scaled so we multiply
it with N/k.
Maximum amplitude value from Welch periodogram = 20.6785
Maximum amplitude value from periodogram (Matlab function) = 20.3718
% Magnitude error = 1.48%
Here in the sinusoidal signal there is no leakage. If we encounter leakage in the signal then we have
to use window i.e. time signal should be multiplied with time window. Leakage produces
magnitude error in the signal in the frequency domain.
Matlab Code
A = 1;
N = 256;
k = 63;
x = A * sin(2*pi*(k)/N*(0:255));
[Pxx,w] = pwelch(x);
figure(1)
plot(w/pi,abs(Pxx))
figure(2)
T=periodogram(x)
periodogram(x)
db_max=max(T)
%% Conversion in to dB scale
linear_max=N/63*10*log10(max(abs(Pxx)))
Figures


Assignment 3.5
To reduce magnitude error, we have to select window with large width of main lobe and peak side
lobe.
Different windows have different specifications.
Some of them give nice approximation of amplitude error which is reduced but on the other hand
they increase the frequency uncertainly. E.g., hanning window decrease the magnitude error to
16%. Similarly,
Window Main Lobe Width

Bartlett 0.039063
Hamming 0.039063
Hanning 0.042969
Blackman 0.050781
Matlab Code
N=64;
wvtool(bartlett(N));
wvtool(hamming(N));
wvtool(hanning(N));
wvtool(blackman(N));

Assignment 3.6
Matlab Code
N=[32 64];
for k=1:2
wvtool(bartlett(N(k)))
wvtool(blackman(N(k)))
wvtool(hamming(N(k)))
wvtool(hann(N(k)))
wvtool(flattopwin(N(k)))
end

Figures





Assignment 3.7
Matlab Code
A = 1;
N = 256;
fs=128;
t = 0:1/fs:(255)/fs;
f=20;
x = A * sin(2*pi*f*t);
w = flattopwin(N);
wx = x.*w';
X = fft(wx);
f=0:fs/N:(fs-1)/2;
sf = 2*(1/sum(w))^2;
XX =2*sf*abs(X).^2;
xx = sqrt(XX);
figure(1)
plot(f,abs(xx(1:length(f))),'r')
title(' PSD scaled to Amplitude using fft ')
figure(2)
[Pxx,f] = periodogram(x,w,256,fs);
Pxx = sqrt(2*2*abs(Pxx));
plot(f,(Pxx))
title('PSD scaled to Amplitude using periodogram')

Figures

Assignment 4

Assignment 4.1
Command Window
SNR [dB]: 2000
Antal koefficienter, M: 128
plot(h,'ob')
>> hold on
>> plot(hhat,'r')
>> legend('h','hhat')
>> Q
Results
Q = 0.1056
Figures


Assignment 4.2
Part A:
SNR [dB]: 25
>> Q
Results
Q = 7.2169e+097
>> plot(hhat,'r')
>> hold on
>> plot(h,'ob')
>> legend('hhat','h')
gtext('SNR = 25 and M=256')
Part B:
SNR [dB]: 25
>> Q
Results
Q = 6.9789e+045
>> plot(hhat,'b')
>> hold on
>> plot(h,'*r')
>> gtext('SNR=25 M=128')


Assignment 4.3
Part A: corr64
SNR [dB]: 1500
Results
Q = 0.0304
>> plot(hhat,'b')
>> hold on
>> plot(h,'*r')
>> gtext('SNR=1500 and M=256 Fft length=64')
Figures
Part B: corr128
SNR [dB]: 1500
Results
Q = 0.0148
>> plot(hhat,'b')
>> hold on
>> plot(h,'*r')
>> gtext('SNR=1500 M=256 FFt length= 128')
Result:

Part C: corr256
SNR [dB]: 1500
Results
Q = 0.0157
>> plot(hhat,'b')
>> hold on
>> plot(h,'*r')
>> gtext('SNR=1500 M=256 FFt length= 256')
Figures


Assignment 4.4
Part A: corr 64
SNR [dB]: 25
Results
Q = 0.0302
>> plot(hhat,'b')
>> hold on
>> plot(h,'*r')
>> gtext('SNR=25 M=256 FFT length=64')
Part B: corr 128

SNR [dB]: 25
Results
Q = 0.0160
>> plot(hhat,'b')
>> hold on
>> plot(h,'*r')
Figures

Part C: corr 256
SNR [dB]: 25
Results
Q = 0.0293
>> plot(hhat,'b')
>> hold on
>> plot(h,'*r')
Figures
Assignment 4.5

Part A: M=256
SNR [dB]: 1500
Results
Q = 0.0280
>> plot(hhat,'b')
>> hold on
>> plot(h,'*r')
>> gtext('SNR=25 M=256 ')
Figures
Part B:
M=128;

SNR [dB]: 1500
>> Q
Results
Q = 0.0024
>> plot(hhat,'b')
>> hold on
>> plot(h,'*r')
>> gtext('SNR=1500 M=128 ')
Part C:
M=64
SNR [dB]: 1500

>> Q
Results
Q = 0.0010
>> plot(hhat,'b')
>> hold on
>> plot(h,'*r')
>> gtext('SNR=1500 M=64 ')

Assignment 4.6
Part A:
M=256
SNR [dB]: 30
>> Q
Results
Q = 0.0031
>> plot(hhat,'b')
>> hold on
>> plot(h,'*r')
>> gtext('SNR=30 M=256 ')

Figures
Part B:
M=128
SNR [dB]: 30
>> Q
Results
Q = 8.7188e-004
>> plot(hhat,'b')
>> hold on
>> plot(h,'*r')
>> gtext('SNR=30 M=128 ')
Figures

Part C:
M=64
SNR [dB]: 30
>> Q
Results
Q = 0.0026
>> plot(hhat,'b')
>> hold on
>> plot(h,'*r')
>> gtext('SNR=30 M=64 ')
Result:


Assignment 5

Assignment 5.1
Matlab Code
N=512;
fs=512;
f=20;
t=0:1/fs:(N-1)/fs;
x=3*sin(2*pi*f*t);
X=xcorr(x);
noise=randn(1,N);
Nx=xcorr(x,noise);
fopt=X\Nx;
figure(1)
plot(fopt)
title('Optimal Filter')

Figures

Assignment 5.2
Matlab Code
clear all;close all; clc;
N=4096;
fs=512;
f=20;
t=0:1/fs:(N-1)/fs;
L=91; delay=25;
x=3*sin(2*pi*f*t);
d=randn(1,N);
meu_frac=0.35;
d=filter([zeros(1,delay) 1],1,d); % d= Desired Signal
w = zeros(L,1);
y = zeros(size(x)); %y = Output from the filter
e = zeros(size(x)); % e = Error Signal.
for n=L:length(x)
xn = x(n : -1 : n-L+1);
meu=meu_frac*(2/(((L+1) * mean(xn.*xn))));
y(n) = xn * w;
e(n) = d(n) - y(n);
w = w + meu * e(n)* xn';
end
plot(e)
title('Error Signal')

Figures

Assignment for
Grade 4

Assignment Grade 4.1

Matlab Code
m = [51 71 91];
for k=1:3
M=m(k);
w=boxcar(M); %% Rectangular window
wvtool(w)
w=bartlett(M); %% Bartlett window
wvtool(w)
w=hamming(M); %% Hamming window
wvtool(w)
w=hanning(M); %% Hanning window
wvtool(w)
w=blackman(M); %% Blackman window
wvtool(w)
end
Results
Magnitude of the 1st

Window M Main Lobe width
side lobe
Rectangular 51 0.03125 -13.3
Bartlett 51 0.050781 -26.4
Hamming 51 0.050781 -42.3
Hanning 51 0.054688 -31.5
Blackman 51 0.0625 -58.1
Rectangular 71 0.023438 -13.3
Bartlett 71 0.035156 -26.5
Hamming 71 0.035156 -42.5
Hanning 71 0.039063 -31.5

Blackman 71 0.046875 -58.1

Rectangular 91 0.017578 -13.3
Bartlett 91 0.027344 -26.5
Hamming 91 0.27344 -42.6
Hanning 91 0.03125 -31.5
Blackman 91 0.035150 -58.1









Matlab Code
L = 50;
B = 1;
w1 = kaiser(L,B);
plot(w1,'b')
hold on
L = 50;
B = 5;
w2 = kaiser(L,B);
plot(w2,'r')
hold on
L = 50;
B = 9;
w3 = kaiser(L,B);
plot(w3,'g')
title('Kaiser window Time domain')
legend('Beta=1','Beta=5','Beta=9')
xlabel('Samples')
ylabel('Amplitude')
%%% Kaiser window in frequency domain
[W1,f] = freqz(w1/sum(w1),1,512,2);
[W2,f] = freqz(w2/sum(w2),1,512,2);

[W3,f] = freqz(w3/sum(w3),1,512,2);
figure(2)
plot(f,20*log10(abs([W1 W2 W3])));
grid;
xlabel('Normalized Frequency')
ylabel('Magnitude (dB)')
title('Kaiser Window in frequency domain')
legend('Beta = 1','Beta = 5','Beta = 9',3)

Figures


Matlab Code
w = ones(1,51); %% Rectangular window
b = fir1(50,0.25,w);
freqz(b,1,512)
title('FIR1 Window Design Method For Rectangular window, M=51 and wc=0.25')
figure(2)
zplane(b)
title('Poles and Zeros, M=51 and wc=0.25')
figure(3)
impz(b)
title('Impulse Response, M=51 and wc=0.25')
b = fir1(50,0.5,w);
figure(4)
freqz(b,1,512)
figure(5)
zplane(b)
figure(6)
impz(b)
Figures





Matlab Code
b = fir1(50,0.25,w);
freqz(b,1,512)
m51 = ginput(2)
figure(2)
zplane(b)
figure(3)
impz(b)
%%% M = 71
b = fir1(70,0.25,w);
figure(4)
freqz(b,1,512)
m71 = ginput(2)
figure(5)
zplane(b)

figure(6)
impz(b)
%%% M = 91
b = fir1(90,0.25,w);
figure(7)
freqz(b,1,512)
m91 = ginput(2)
figure(8)
zplane(b)
figure(9)
impz(b)
Results
Transition Band Width (Normalize

M
frequency)
0.0389 51
0.0233 71
0.0169 91
Magnitude of 1st side lobe (dB) M

-20.2760 51
-21.6767 71
-20.7577 91
Figures







Matlab Code
wrect = boxcar(71);
b = fir1(70,0.25,wrect);
freqz(b,1,512)
rec = ginput(3)
wbart = bartlett(71);
b = fir1(70,0.25,wbart);
freqz(b,1,512)
bart = ginput(3)
whamm = hamming(71);
b = fir1(70,0.25,whamm);
freqz(b,1,512)
hamm = ginput(3)
whann = hanning(71);
b = fir1(70,0.25,whann);
freqz(b,1,512)
hann = ginput(3)
wblack= blackman(71);
b = fir1(70,0.25,wblack);
freqz(b,1,512)
blac = ginput(3)
%% Kaiser window

L = 71;
B = 1;
w1 = kaiser(L,B);
b = fir1(70,0.25,w1);
freqz(b,1,512)
w1k = ginput(3)
B = 5;
w1 = kaiser(L,B);
b = fir1(70,0.25,w1);
freqz(b,1,512)
w5k = ginput(3)
B = 9;
w1 = kaiser(L,B);
b = fir1(70,0.25,w1);
freqz(b,1,512)
w9k = ginput(3)
M = 71
Results
Window Stop band Attenuation (dB) Transition width

Rectangular -20.4348 0.0246
Bartlett -26.3913 0.0688
Hamming -52.1304 0.0688

Hanning -41.7391 0.0662

Blackman -73.3696 0.1051
Stopband Attenuation
Window Beta Transition width
dB
Kaiser 1 -22.9130 0.0272
Kaiser 5 -52.6957 0.0779
Kaiser 9 -87.5000 0.1025


Matlab Code
wp = 0.2;
ws = 0.3;
Rp = 0.25;
As = 50;
[N,wn] = buttord(wp,ws,Rp,As);
[B,A] = butter(N,wn);
w = 0:pi/255:pi;
H = freqz(B,A,w);
plot(w/pi,20*log10(abs(H)))
M = N+1;
disp(['Filter length is ',int2str(M)])
title('Low pass Butterworth filter')
ylabel('Magnitude dB')
figure(2)
zplane(H)
title('Poles and Zeros Plot')
poles = roots(B)
zeros = roots(A)
Results
Filter length is 17

poles =
-1.2204
-1.1956 + 0.0974i
-1.1956 - 0.0974i
-1.1300 + 0.1691i
-1.1300 - 0.1691i
-1.0443 + 0.2012i
-1.0443 - 0.2012i
-0.9597 + 0.1941i
-0.9597 - 0.1941i
-1.0139
-0.8906 + 0.1570i
-0.8906 - 0.1570i
-0.8432 + 0.1008i
-0.8432 - 0.1008i
-0.8195 + 0.0346i
-0.8195 - 0.0346i
zeros =
0.7303 + 0.5917i
0.7303 - 0.5917i
0.6554 + 0.5106i
0.6554 - 0.5106i
0.5977 + 0.4291i
0.5977 - 0.4291i
0.5538 + 0.3485i
0.5538 - 0.3485i
0.5212 + 0.2692i
0.5212 - 0.2692i
0.4982 + 0.1912i
0.4982 - 0.1912i
0.4835 + 0.1142i
0.4835 - 0.1142i
0.4763 + 0.0380i
0.4763 - 0.0380i
Figures



Matlab Code
wp = [0.35 0.65];
ws = [0.2 0.8];
Rp = 1;
As = 60;
[N,wn] = buttord(wp,ws,Rp,As);
[B,A] = butter(N,wn);
w = 0:pi/255:pi;
H = freqz(B,A,w);
plot(w/pi,20*log10(abs(H)))
M = N+1;
disp(['Filter length is ',int2str(M)])
title('Low pass Butterworth filter')
figure(2)
p = unwrap(angle(H));
plot(w/pi,p*180/pi)
title('Phase plot')
ylabel('Phase [Degrees]'), grid on
figure(3)
zplane(H)

title('Poles and Zeros Plot')
poles = roots(B)
zeros = roots(A)
Figures


Zoomed View


Matlab Code
wp=0.2;
ws=0.3;
rp=0.25;
As=50;
d1=(10^(rp/20)-1)/(10^(rp/20)+1);
d2=(1-d1)*(10^(-As/20));
wt=[d2/d1 1];
df=(ws-wp)/(2*pi);
M=ceil((-20*log10(sqrt(d1*d2))-13)/(14.6*df)+1);
h= firpm(M-1,[0 wp ws 1],[1 1 0 0],wt);
freqz(h,1,1024,2);
title('Magnitude for Equiripple Filter')
xlabel('Normalized frequency')
ylabel('Magnitude, dB')
figure(2)
zplane(h)
title('Plot for Poles and zeros ')
figure(3)
plot(h)
title('Impulse response of the filter');
Figures




Matlab Code
Rp=1;
As=60;
k=(10^(-Rp/20));
d1=(1-k)/(1+k);
k=(10^(-As/20));
d2=k*(1+d1);
M=ceil((-20*log10(sqrt(d1*d2))-13)/(14.6*(.15/2)));
N=M-1;
wt=[1 d2/d1 1];
h= firpm(N,[0 0.2 0.35 0.65 0.8 1],[0 0 1 1 0 0],wt);
freqz(h,1,512,2);
title('Magnitude and Phase response of Equiripple Filter');
figure(2)
zplane(h)
title('Poles and zeros of filer ');
figure(3)
stem(h)
title('Impulse response of filer');
Figures




Matlab Code
clear all; close all; clc
fs = 200;
N = 8192;
%generating a synosoidal signal
t = 0:1/fs:(N-1)/fs;
sinus=cos(pi/2*t);
%Generating the noise signal
noise=randn(1,N);
%Generating 200 samples of signal to be filtered
x=sinus+noise;
x=x(1:200);
t=t(1:200);
% signal=signal(1:200);
Rp=.1; %Passband ripple
As=30; %stopband attenuation
d1=(10^(Rp/20)-1)/(10^(Rp/20)+1);
d2=(1-d1)*(10^(-As/20));
wt=[1 d2/d1 1];
M=51;
freq_band=[0,(.5-.08),(.5-.01),(.5+.01),(.5+.08),1];
b=firpm(M-1,freq_band,[0 0 1 1 0 0],wt);
fx=filter(b,1,x);

%plotting the results
freqz(b,1,512,2);
title('Amplitude and Phase response of filter');
figure(2)
plot(t(100:200),x(100:200));
title('Input Signal');
figure(3)
plot(t(100:200),fx(100:200));
title('Filtered Signal');
Figures


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Blekinge Institute of Technology

Department of Telecommunication and Signal Processing

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 1

Syed Majid Ali Shah

Syed Hassan Shaheed

Arif Ullah Khan

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 2

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 3

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 4

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 5

clear all; close all; clc;

title('Unit Impulse function');

title('Unit Step function');

title('Unit Impulse Function')

title('Unit Step function');

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 6

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 7

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 8

clear all; close all; clc;

a=input('Enter value of a ')

title('Exponentially Decaying function')

Time vector = 0:99

Sum by Matlab= 9.9997

Sum by Matlab= 100

Sum by Matlab= 1.3780e+005

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 9

Sum by Matlab= 1.2677e+030

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 10

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 11

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 12

clear all; close all; clc;

f=[0 1/16 1/8 1/4 0.5 1/sqrt(5)];

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 13

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 14

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 15

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 16

clear all; close all; clc;

f1= 1/8 - 1/8192;

f2= 1/8 + 1/8192;

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 17

clear all; close all; clc;

f= [1/8 7/8 9/8];

gtext('Signal frequency is 1/8 Hz','fontsize',12)

title(' Cosine Signal ','fontsize',14)

gtext('Signal frequency is 7/8 Hz','fontsize',12)

title(' Cosine Signal ','fontsize',14)

gtext('Signal frequency is 9/8 Hz','fontsize',12)

title(' Cosine Signal ','fontsize',14)

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 18

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 19

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 20

clear all; close all; clc;

legend( 'pure signal','absolute of signal','real part of signal','imaginary part of signal',2)

title(' Exponential Signal ', 'fontsize',14)

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 21

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 22

clear all; close all; clc;

y=chirp(t1,0,1,100); % chirp signal

title('Beating effect, Signal with sum of adjacent frequencies')

gtext('f0 is 0.5, f1 is 1/8192')

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 23

title(' Vibration effect by using Delay in chirp signal')

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 24

Telecoder Group, Applied Signal Processing Assignment 25

title('GLIDING MEAN OF 10?(n ? 10) ? 10?(n ? 20) + x(n) = 1+cos(2pif0*n)' );

H=r(1)(-1).^n + r(2) + r(3)n - k;