Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

Bioresource Technology 99 (2008) 2881–2886

Rice straw pulp obtained by using various methods

a,*
Alejandro Rodrı́guez , Ana Moral a, Luis Serrano a, Jalel Labidi b, Luis Jiménez a

a
Chemical Engineering Department, Campus of Rabanales, C-3 University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
b
Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country, Basque Country, Spain

Received 14 March 2007; received in revised form 8 June 2007; accepted 11 June 2007
Available online 26 July 2007

Abstract

Rice straw was used as an alternative raw material to obtain cellulosics pulps. Pulping was done by using classics reagents as soda
(with anthraquinone and parabenzoquinone as aditives), potassium hydroxide and Kraft process.
The holocellulose, a-cellulose and lignin contents of rice straw (viz. 60.7, 41.2 and 21.9 wt%, respectively) are similar to those of some
woody raw materials such as pine and eucalyptus, and various non-wood materials including olive tree prunings, wheat straw and sun-
flower stalks.
Pulping tests were conducted by using soda, soda and anthraquinone at 1 wt%, soda and parabenzoquinone at 1 wt%, potassium
hydroxide and sodium sulphate (Kraft process) under two different sets of operating conditions, namely: (a) a 10 wt% reagent concen-
tration, 170 C and 60 min; and (b) 15 wt% reagent, 180 C and 90 min. The solid/liquid ratio was 6 in both cases. Paper sheets made
from pulp extracted by cooking with soda (15 wt%) and AQ (1 wt%) at 180 C and 90 min pulp exhibit the best drainage index, breaking
length, stretch and burst index (viz. 23SR, 3494 m, 3.34% and 2.51 kN/g, respectively).
 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Non-wood; Rice straw; Pulp; Kraft; Soda pulping

1. Introduction
Paper consumption in the world in 2004 amounted to an
average 52.45 kg per person per year and was 16.32% higher
than in 1991 (http://earthtrends.wri.org). The development
of Internet and so-called new information technologies since
the mid 1990s has led some to anticipate a substantial decline
in paper consumption as a result of the ability to transfer
information without the need for a paper support. Rather,
the world consumption of printing and writing paper rose
more than 10% from 1980 to 2000 (Peters, 2003); also,
30% of the amount of paper used at present is employed
for purposes associated to new information trends unknown
only ten years ago (http://www.paperless.com/indexe.html).
Formerly, paper was made from non-wood plant mate-
rials such as flax, cotton, mulberry, bamboo or cereal
straw. The increasing demand for paper and the invention
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 957 21 85 86; fax: +34 957 21 86 25.
E-mail address: q42ropaa@uco.es (A. Rodrı́guez).
of the printer raised the need for low-cost raw materials
such as wood species and also to develop automatic pro-
cesses in order to boost production. As a result, wood spe-
cies have accounted for 90–95% of all raw materials used to
obtain cellulose pulp for more than a century. The world
production of wood pulp in 2003 was estimated to be
170 358 000 tons; by contrast, that of non-wood pulp
amounted to only 18 695 000 tons (FAO Annual, 2005).
Despite such a large difference, the production of cellulose
pulp from wood species rose only about 4% from 1999 to
2003, whereas that of pulp from non-wood species
increased by 10% over the same period.
Such a marked increase has been the result of the use of
wood species as the main raw material leading to massive
deforestation and replantation, which has altered the eco-
logical balance and contributed to the climate change. This
has fostered research into the use of alternative, non-wood
raw materials in response to environmental and economic
pressure; in fact, non-wood raw materials constitute the sole
effective source of cellulose fibre in some world regions.

0960-8524/$ - see front matter  2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.06.003
2882 A. Rodrı́guez et al. / Bioresource Technology 99 (2008) 2881–2886
Based on the foregoing, we undertook a study aimed at
comparing the effectiveness of non-wood raw materials
including rice straw, paulownia, tagasaste and abaca for
pulp and paper manufacturing purposes (Navaee-Ardeh
et al., 2004; Roliadi et al., 2003; Peralta, 1996; López
et al., 2004; Jiménez et al., 2002, 2005a).
Using these materials can provide the following
advantages:
• It can help to reduce deforestation and replanting.
• It can reduce wood and cellulose fibre imports in coun-
tries with a shortage of wood raw materials, but abun-
dant non-wood materials such as agricultural residues
and alternative raw materials, which can boost their
economies.
• Users are increasingly demanding paper obtained using
clean technologies or made from recycled or non-wood
fibre.
Rice originated in Asia. Rice for human consumption is
of the Asian (Oryza sativa) or African variety (Oryza glab-
errima); the latter, however, is much less widely used than
the former and its production restricted to Niger and Sen-
egal (http://www.botanical-online.com).
The world production of rice grew from 200 million tons
in 1960 to 600 million in 2004. The greatest producers of
rice in 2004 were China (31% of the world production),
India (20%) and Indonesia (9%). The distribution of the
production is rather different, however; thus, only 6% is
sold at international markets. Thailand, Vietnam and
USA are the greatest rice importing countries, with 26%,
15% and 11%, respectively, of the world production, and
Indonesia, Bangladesh and Brazil are the greatest export-
ers, with 14%, 4% and 3%, respectively (http://faso-
tat.fao.org; http://www.irri.org).
In this work, rice straw was used as an alternative, non-
wood pulping raw material. Following the determination
of the contents in holocellulose, a-cellulose, lignin, hot
water solubles, 1% NaOH solubles, ethanol–benzene
extractables and ash of the material, rice straw was pulped
with classic reagents including soda, soda–antraquinone,
soda–parabenzoquinone, potassium hydroxide and Kraft
process (Huang et al., 2007; Khoo and Lee, 1991; Law
and Jiang, 2001; Wan Rosli et al., 2003; Sun et al., 1999;
Navaee-Ardeh et al., 2003). The resulting pulp was ana-
lysed for yield, viscosity, Kappa number and drainage
index, and paper sheets made from it for breaking length,
stretch, burst index, tear index and brightness.
2. Experimental
2.1. Conditioning of the raw material
The rice straw used in this work was O. sativa var. Senia
from the ‘‘Arroz de Valencia’’ designation of origin. The
straw was allowed to dry to constant moisture in the sun.
Straw samples were collected to determine their moisture
content, and the remainder mass was turned over to facil-
itate uniform drying, on a daily basis.
Once dry, the straw was ground in a hammer mill and
sieved to obtain (a) the 4–6 cm size fraction, free of impu-
rities such as stones, sand and dust; (b) the coarse fraction;
and (c) the fine fraction.
2.2. Characterization of the raw material
The chemical properties of rice straw was determined in
accordance with the respective Tappi standards for the dif-
ferent components, namely: T-222 for lignin, T-203 0S-61
for a-cellulose, T-257 for hot-water solubles, T-212 for
1% NaOH solubles, T-204 for ethanol–benzene extracta-
bles and T-211 for ash. Holocellulose was quantified using
the method of Wise et al. (1946).
2.3. Pulping
The raw material was cooked in a 15 L batch reactor
that was heated by an outer jacket containing electrical
wires. The reactor contents were stirred by rotating
the reaction vessel via a motor connected through a rot-
ary axle to a control unit including the required instru-
ments for measurement and control of pressure and
temperature.
Rice straw was placed in the reactor together with the
classic reagents (soda, soda–antraquinone, soda–parab-
enzoquinone, potassium hydroxide and Kraft process)
and pulped by using a reagent concentration, temperature,
cooking time and a liquid/solid ratio determined. Table 1
shows the operating conditions with a liquid/solid ratio
of 6 in all cases. Following pulping, the cooked material
was washed to remove residual cooking liquor and
fiberized in a disintegrator at 1200 rpm for 30 min, after
which the pulp was beaten in a Sprout–Bauer refiner and
the fiberized material passed through a screen of 0.16 mm
mesh size in order to remove uncooked particles.
Finally, the pulp was drained in a centrifuge and allowed
to dry to a moisture content of ca. 10% at room
temperature.
2.4. Characterization of pulp and paper sheets
The pulp samples obtained were analysed for yield
(gravimetrically), kappa number, viscosity and drainage
index (in a Shopper–Riegler apparatus) in accordance with
the respective UNE standards (57-034, 57-039 and 57-025).
Paper sheets were obtained by using an Enjo-F39.71
sheet former and analysed for breaking length, stretch,
burst index, tear index and brightness in accordance with
the respective UNE standards (57-054, 57-028, 57-058,
57-033 and 57-062).
 A. Rodrı́guez et al. / Bioresource Technology 99 (2008) 2881–2886 2883

Table 1 bagasse and cotton stalks; is higher than those of the

Operating conditions of rice straw pulping alternative raw materials, except for paulownia, and also
Pulp Reagent Temperature (C) Time (min) Concentration (%) higher than those of the pine and eculayptus wood.
P1 NaoH 170 60 10 • Based on its high content in 1% NaOH solubles
P2 NaoH 180 90 15 (57.7 wt%), rice straw can be expected to provide a med-
P3 NaoHa 180 90 15 ium–low pulp yield. Such a content is higher than those
P4 NaoHb 180 90 15
P5 Kraftc 170 60 10
of the agricultural residues and alternative raw materials
P6 Kraftd 180 90 15 studied, and also than those of pine and eucalyptus.
P7 KOH 170 60 10 • The content in ethanol–benzene extractables of rice
P8 KOH 180 90 15 straw is lower than those agricultural residues and alter-
a
With 1% of antraquinone. native raw materials studied, thus than those of the pine
b
With 1% of parabenzoquinone. and of the eucalyptus. Some substances including resins,
c
10% active alkali and 25% sulphidity. wax, fat and ethanol–benzene extractables can precipi-
d
15% active alkali and 20% sulphidity.
tate upon pulping and leave stains in the resulting paper
3. Results and discussion sheets. The low ethanol–benzene extractables of rice
straw (0.56 wt%) is suggestive of the presence of a low
3.1. Chemical characterization proportion of these compounds in the raw material.
• The ash content of rice straw is higher than those of the
Table 2 shows the results of the chemical analysis of rice agricultural residues, and much higher than those of
straw, various agricultural residues, various alternative raw pine and eucalyptus wood. Such a high ash content
materials, coniferous and leafy wood (Jiménez, 2005; Jimé- (9.2 wt%), deriving from the silica content of rice straw,
nez et al., 2006a, 1990, 1993; López et al., 2004, 2005; Dı́az can cause problems during refining and recovery of the
et al., 2007; Alonso, 1976). A comparison of the data for cooking liquor.
rice straw with those for the other raw materials reveals • The holocelluose content of rice straw is similar to that
the following: of olive prunings; and lower than those of the other agri-
cultural residues, raw materials and pine and eucalyptus
• Hot-soluble substances in the raw materials included studied.
starch and proteins, which could consume pulping • The a-cellulose content of rice straw is lower than those
reagents. The content in hot water solubles of rice straw of cotton stalks, Leucaena colinsi, Leucaena leucocep-
is lower than those of the agricultural residues except for hala, Chamaecytisus, Retama monosperma, pine and

Table 2
Chemical properties of various agricultural residues, alternative raw material, coniferous and leafy plants
Analysis (%) Hot water 1% soda Ethanol–benzene Ash Holocellulose a-cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin
solubles solubles extractables
Rice straw 7.3 57.7 0.56 9.2 60.70 41.20 21.9
Leucaena diversifolia (Dı́az et al., 2007) 3.24 17.38 4.44 77.88 40.1 19.09
Leucaina colinsii (Dı́az et al., 2007) 4.3 20.02 4.64 80.79 43.77 17.04
Leucaena leucocephala (Honduras) 5.01 20.26 6.05 74.11 41.21 19.39
(Dı́az et al., 2007)
Leucaena leucocephala (India) (Dı́az 3.98 18.44 4.64 75.92 44.43 21.43
et al., 2007)
Tagasaste (López et al., 2004) 9.9 21.6 3.8 0.9 80 39.5 17
Retama monosema (Jiménez, 2005) 3.84 16.93 5.03 71.76 42.75 21.50
Phragmites (Jiménez, 2005) 5.38 34.77 6.36 64.16 39.76 23.66
Arundo donax (Jiménez, 2005) 4.73 26.80 7.30 70.20 40.46 22.34
Prosopis julyflora (Jiménez, 2005) 6.49 22.56 5.30 62.77 36.55 20.60
Prosopis alba (Jiménez, 2005) 4.67 20.86 4.65 63.56 41.55 19.27
Paulownia fortuna (Jiménez, 2005) 9.6 31.5 5.50 70.70 37.40 22.4
Olive prunings (Jiménez et al., 1990) 8.16 30.04 10.36 1.36 61.47 35.67 25.80 19.71
Wheat straw (Jiménez et al., 1990) 12.27 43.58 4.01 6.49 76.20 39.72 36.48 17.28
Sunflower stalks (López et al., 2005) 21.1 50.4 4.07 7.9 66.90 37.6 10.8
Sorghum stalks (Jiménez et al., 1993) 21.7 45.58 7.99 4.85 65.93 41.5 24.43 15.64
Sugarcane bagasse (Jiménez, 2005) 4.4 33.92 1.73 2.1 80.20 19.8
Vine shoots (Jiménez et al., 2006b) 16.09 39.21 4.87 3.49 67.14 41.14 26 20.27
Cotton stalks (Jiménez et al., 2006b) 3.33 20.34 1.42 2.17 72.86 58.48 14.38 21.45
Pine pinaster (Alonso, 1976) 1.99 8 2.57 0.54 69.6 55.9 13.70 26.2
Eucalyptus globulus (Alonso, 1976) 2.84 12.4 1.15 0.57 80.5 52.8 27.70 20
2884 A. Rodrı́guez et al. / Bioresource Technology 99 (2008) 2881–2886

eucalyptus; higher than those of olive prunings, wheat
straw, phragmite, paulownia and Prosopis julyflora;
and similar to those of the other species studied.
Although the holocellulose content of rice straw is
low, the proportion of a-cellulose it contains can be
expected to result in pulp with good mechanical
properties.
• The lignin content of rice straw is similar to those of cot-
ton stalks, L. leucocephala and R. monosperma; lower
than those of phragmites, Arundo donax, paulownia
and pine; and higher than those of the other species
studied. Based on such a content, rice straw can be
expected to require no high reaction times or reagent
concentrations.
3.2. Pulping
Table 3 shows the yield, viscosity, kappa number and
drainage index of rice straw pulp obtained with the differ-
ent reagents used. As can be seen, the highest yield
(42.82%) was obtained by using 10 wt% hydroxide potas-
sium at 170 C for 60 min; the smallest kappa number
(15.8) with 15 wt% soda at 180 C for 90 min; the highest
viscosity (941 mL/g) with 15 wt% Kraft reagent at 180 C
for 90 min; and the highest drainage index (23SR) with
a 15 wt% concentration of soda and 1 wt% anthraquinone
at 180 C for 90 min.
Table 3 also shows the breaking length, stretch, burst
index, tear index and brightness of paper produced from
pulp previously obtained by using various reagents. As
can be seen, paper from pulp obtained by using a 15 wt%
concentration of Soda and 1 wt% anthraquinone at
180 C for 90 min was that exhibiting the best breaking
length (3493 m), stretch (3.34%) and burst index
(2.512 kN/g). On the other hand, paper obtained by using
15 wt% potassium hydroxide at 180 C for 90 min was the
best as regards brightness (54.1%) and that obtained with
15 wt% Kraft reagent at 180 C for 90 min the one exhibit-
ing the highest tear index (0.512 mN m2/g).
A comparison of the results obtained in this work with
others previously reported for agricultural residues (olive
prunings, cotton stalks and vine shoots), alternative raw
materials (tagasaste and leucaena) and wood (holm oak
and eucalyptus) reveals the following (see Table 3):
• The highest yield for rice straw pulp obtained with
potassium hydroxide (P7), 42.82 wt%, is higher than
the optimum yields for soda and Kraft pulp from vine
shoots (Jiménez et al., 2006b); similar to those for pulp
from bagasse, wheat straw and Eucalyptus tereticornis
(Xilin et al., 1997; Khristova et al., 2006; Deniz et al.,
2004); and lower than those for pulp from abaca, Euca-
lyptus citriodora and holm oak (Alaejos et al., 2006;
Khristova et al., 2006; Jiménez et al., 2005b). The yields

Table 3
Properties of pulp from rice straw and optimum values for pulp from various agricultural residues, alternative raw materials, holm oak and eucalyptus
YI, % KA VI, mL/g SR, SR BR, % BL, m ST, % BI, kN/g TI, mN m2/g
Rice straw (P1) Soda 33.85 24.47 835 15 46.3 2664 1.94 1.20 0.31
Rice straw (P2) Soda 35.32 15.83 915 19 47.2 2439 2.4 1.36 0.35
Rice straw (P3) Soda–Antraquinone 36.99 15.89 732 23 48 3494 3.34 2.51 0.33
Rice straw (P4) Soda–Parabenzoquinone 32.33 18.01 709 16 44.2 2377 2.48 1.38 0.36
Rice straw (P5) Kraft 42.05 21.05 923 17 49.6 2387 1.84 1.25 0.33
Rice straw (P6) Kraft 32.81 18.03 941 18 47.1 2399 2.74 1.60 0.51
Rice straw (P7) Potassium hydroxide 42.82 34.93 888 16 46.5 2551 1.77 1.45 0.33
Rice straw (P7) Potassium hydroxide 35.81 19.29 923 15 54.1 1769 2.36 0.96 0.35
Vine shoots Soda (Jiménez et al., 2006b) 32.12 21 659 1.89 1.01 0.90
Vine shoots Kraft (Jiménez et al., 2006b) 29.18 25 1316 4.72 1.63 1.59
Bagasses Soda–Aq (Xilin et al., 1997) 43.00 10.3 42.2 12850 9.17 7.26
Abaca Soda (Jiménez et al., 2005b) 90.67 10.6 1428 5588 5.12 19.03
Wheat straw Kraft (Deniz et al., 2004) 42.6 31–32 1114 9800 4.09 4.57
Eucalyptus citriodora Kraft (Khristova et al., 47.0 20.9 1129 15.5 22.3 1.4 1.9
2006)
Eucalyptus citriodora Kraft-Aq (Khristova 47.9 19.3 1047 16.0 21.9 1.5 2.8
et al., 2006)
Eucalyptus citriodora Soda–Aq (Khristova et al., 47.7 22.0 934 17.0 22.3 1.3 2.9
2006)
Eucalyptus tereticornis Kraft (Khristova et al., 43.3 31.9 1026 19 15.1 2.8 4.6
2006)
Eucalyptus tereticornis Kraft–Aq (Khristova et al., 43.3 27.1 986 19.5 15.4 3.2 7
2006)
Eucalyptus tereticornis Soda–Aq (Khristova et al., 43.3 31.9 929 20 15.4 2.5 5.4
2006)
Holm Soda–Aq (Alaejos et al., 2006) 55.0 23.7 1189 24.1 0.42
Holm kraft (Alaejos et al., 2006) 50.5 20 1390 25.6 0.53
YI: yield, KA: kappa index, VI: viscosity SR: drainage index, BR: brightness, BL: breaking length, ST: stretch, BI: burst index, TI: tear index.
 A. Rodrı́guez et al. / Bioresource Technology 99 (2008) 2881–2886
obtained are moderate and, while the kappa numbers
are consistent with a low proportion of residual lignin,
they can be assigned to the efficiency of its cellulose fibre
(largely as a-cellulose). The smallest kappa number for
rice straw pulp obtained with soda (P2), 15.8, is greater
than the optimum values for pulp from bagasse and
abaca (Xilin et al., 1997; Jiménez et al., 2005b), but
lower than those for pulp from all other raw materials
(Alaejos et al., 2006; Khristova et al., 2006; Deniz
et al., 2004). Based on its Kappa number, pulp from rice
straw should be easy to bleach by ussing less aggressive
processes – and hence with less deterioration of cellulose
fibres by virtue of the low content in residual lignin of
the raw material.
• The highest viscosity for Kraft pulp from rice straw
(P6), 941 mL/g, is lower than the optimum values for
holm oak, Kraft and Kraft-anthraquinone eucalyptus,
wheat straw and abaca pulp (Alaejos et al., 2006; Khrist-
ova et al., 2006; Deniz et al., 2004; Jiménez et al.,
2005b); and similar to those for soda–anthraquinone
eucalyptus pulp (Khristova et al., 2006). Such a viscosity
should allow the pulp to be easily bleached without
detracting from the properties of the resulting paper
sheets thanks to the fairly large size of the starting fibres.
• The highest drainage index for soda pulp from rice straw
(P3), 23SR, is lower than that for Kraft pulp from vine
shoots (Jiménez et al., 2006b), but higher than those for
soda pulp from eucalyptus and vine shoots (Khristova
et al., 2006; Jiménez et al., 2006b). Refining the pulp
would no doubt improve its physical properties and
result in an increased drainage index.
• The highest brightness for paper from rice straw pulp
obtained with potassium hydroxide (P8), 54.1%, is
higher than the optimum values for paper from bagasse,
holm oak and eucalyptus (Xilin et al., 1997; Alaejos
et al., 2006; Khristova et al., 2006). Such a brightness
level is high for unbleached pulp; also, the kappa num-
ber and viscosity should allow the pulp to be bleached
without significant losses in terms of cellulose fibre qual-
ity or length.
• The greatest breaking length for paper from rice straw
pulp obtained with soda (P3), 3494 m, is greater than
the values for paper from vine shoots (Jiménez et al.,
2006b) but lower than those for paper from bagasse
(Xilin et al., 1997), wheat straw (Deniz et al., 2004)
and abaca (Jiménez et al., 2005b).
• The highest stretch for paper from rice straw pulp
obtained with soda (P3), 3.34%, is lower than the values
for paper from Kraft pulp from vine shoots (Jiménez
et al., 2006b) or soda pulp from abaca (Jiménez et al.,
2005b), but higher than those for paper from soda pulp
obtained from vine shoots (Jiménez et al., 2006b).
• The highest burst index for paper from rice straw pulp
obtained with soda (P3), 2.512 kN/g), is lower than
the values for paper from bagasse (Xilin et al., 1997)
and wheat straw (Deniz et al., 2004); higher than those
for paper from holm oak (Alaejos et al., 2006), E. citri-
2885
odora (Khristova et al., 2006) and vine shoots (Jiménez
et al., 2006b); and similar to those for paper from E.
tereticornis (Khristova et al., 2006).
• The highest tear index for paper from rice straw pulp
obtained using the Kraft reagent (P6), 0.51 m Nm2/g,
is lower than the values for paper from all other raw
materials (Xilin et al., 1997; Khristova et al., 2006;
Deniz et al., 2004; Jiménez et al., 2005b, 2006b).
4. Conclusions
A comparison of the chemical properties of rice straw
and various agricultural residues (olive prunings, wheat
straw, sunflower stalks, sorghum stalks, sugarcane bagasse,
vine shoots and cotton stalks), alternative raw materials
(leucaena, tagasaste, bridal broom, Phragmites, giant reed,
Prosopis and pawlonia) and coniferous and leafy wood
(eucalyptus and pine) reveals that rice straw is an effective
alternative source of cellulose for producing pulp and
paper sheets.
Based on the experimental results for paper pulp obtained
by using soda, soda–anthraquinone, soda–parabenzoqui-
none, potassium hydroxide and sodium sulphate (i.e. the
Kraft reagent), the best properties are those provided by a
15 wt% concentration of NaOH and 1 wt% anthraquinone
reagent at 180 C for 90 min; in fact, such conditions give
paper with the best drainage index, breaking length, stretch
and burst index among all raw materials studied.
Soda–anthraquinone pulp from rice straw and its paper
exhibit better kappa number, brightness and drainage
index than doe Kraft pulp and paper from holm oak and
eucalyptus wood.
In any case, pulp refining can help improve the final
properties of the resulting paper sheets.
Rice straw therefore constitute an effective alternative
pulping raw material as long as they provide pulp and
paper sheets with acceptable properties and allow an agri-
cultural residue from a major economic activity (viz. rice
production) to be exploited.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge financial support from the
CICYT (Science and Technology Inter Ministerial Comis-
sion, Spanish Government), project number CTQ
2004-06564-C0404/PPQ. Dr Alejandro Rodrı́guez is a
researched hired by the Ramón y Cajal Program of the
Spanish Ministry of Education of Science.
References
Alaejos, J., López, F., Eugenio, M.E., Tapias, R., 2006. Soda–anthraqui-
none, Kraft and organosolv pulping of holm oak trimmings. Biore-
source Technology 97, 2110–2116.
Alonso, L., 1976. Análisis quı́mico de diferentes especies forestales. INIA
Ministerio de Agricultura, Madrid.
Deniz, I., Kirci, H., Ates, S., 2004. Optimization of wheat straw Triticum
drum Kraft pulping. Industrial Crops and Products 19 (3), 237–243.
2886 A. Rodrı́guez et al. / Bioresource Technology 99 (2008) 2881–2886
Dı́az, M.J., Garcı́a, M.M., Eugenio, M.E., Tapias, R., Fernández, M.,
López, F., 2007. Variations in fiber length and some pulp chemical
properties of Leucaena varieties. Industrial Crops and Products 26,
142–150.
FAO Annual, 2005.
http://earthtrends.wri.org. World Resources Institute.
http://fasotat.fao.org. Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la
agricultura y la alimentación.
http://www.botanical-online.com.
http://www.irri.org. International Rice Research Institute.
http://www.paperless.com/indexe.html.
Huang, G.X., Shi, J., Langrish, T., 2007. NH4OH-KOH pulping
mechanisms and kinetics of rice straw. Bioresource Technology 98,
1218–1223.
Jiménez, L., 2005. Pastas celulósicas de materias primas alternativas a las
convencionales. Ed Gráficas Sol, Écija, Sevilla, España.
Jiménez, L., Sánchez, I., López, F., 1990. Characterization of spanish
agricultural residues with a view to obtaining cellulose pulp. Tappi
Journal 73 (8), 173–176.
Jiménez, L., López, F., Martı́nez, C., 1993. Paper from sorghum stalks.
Holzforschung 47, 529–533.
Jiménez, L., Rodrı́guez, A., Eugenio, M.E., Alfaro, A., González-Duque,
J.A., 2002. Plant fibers as alternatives for papermaking: characteriza-
tion of tagasaste. Ingenierı́a Quı́mica 34 (389), 107–114.
Jiménez, L., Rodrı́guez, A., Ferrer, J.L., Pérez, A., Angulo, V., 2005a. La
Paulownia: una planta de rápido crecimiento como materia prima para
la fabricación de papel. Afinidad 62 (516), 100–105.
Jiménez, L., Ramos, E., Rodrı́guez, A., de la Torre, M.J., Ferrer, J.L.,
2005b. Optimization of pulping conditions of abaca. An alternative
raw material for producing cellulose pulp. Bioresource Technology 96,
977–983.
Jiménez, L., Pérez, A., de la Torre, M.J., Moral, A., Serrano, L., 2006a.
Characterization of vine shoots, cotton stalks, Leucaena leucocephala
and Chamaecytisus proliferus, and of their ethylenglycol pulps.
Bioresource Technology, in press, doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2006.11.009.
Jiménez, L., Angulo, V., Ramos, E., de la Torre, M.J., Ferrer, J.L., 2006b.
Comparison of various pulping processes for producing pulp from vine
shoots. Industrial Crops and Products 23, 122–130.
Khoo, K.C., Lee, T.W., 1991. Pulp and paper from the oil palm. Appita
Journal 44 (6), 385–388.
Khristova, P., Kordsachia, O., Patt, R., Dafaalla, S., 2006. Alkaline
pulping of some eucalypts from Sudan. Bioresource Technology 97,
535–544.
Law, K.N., Jiang, X., 2001. Comparative papermaking properties of oil-
palm empty fruit bunch. Tappi Journal 84 (1), 95.
López, F., Alfaro, A., Garcı́a, M.M., Dı́az, M.J., Calero, A., Ariza, J.,
2004. Pulp and paper from tagasaste (Chamaecytisus proliferus L.F.
ssp. Palmensis). Chemical Engineering Research and Design 82 (A8),
1029–1036.
López, F., Eugenio, M.E., Dı́az, M.J., Nacimiento, J.A., Garcı́a, M.M.,
Jiménez, L., 2005. Soda pulping of sunflower stalks. Influence of
process variables on the resulting pulp. Journal of Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry 11 (3), 387–394.
Navaee-Ardeh, S., Mohammadi-Rovshandeh, J., Khodadadi, A., Pourj-
oozi, M., 2003. Pulp and paper characterization of rice straw produced
from aqueous ethanol pulping. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology
37 (5–6), 405–413.
Navaee-Ardeh, S., Mohammadi-Rovshandeh, J., Pourjoozi, M., 2004.
Influence of rice straw cooking conditions in the soda–ethanol-water
pulping on the mechanical properties of produced paper sheets.
Bioresource Technology 92, 65–69.
Peralta, A., 1996. Pulp produced from decorticated abaca fiber. Tappi
Journal 79 (3), 236–6.
Peters, G., 2003. A society addicted to paper. The effect of computer use
on paper consumption. Simon Fraser University.
Roliadi, H., Siagian, R.M., MaśUd, A., Gintings, A., 2003. The possible
utilization of old newsprint, sludge waste, and abaca fibers as raw
material for pulp/paper manufacture with satisfactory qualities/results:
an attempt to reduce heavy dependency on the conventional wood.
Appita Annual Conference and Exhibition 57, 75–81.
Sun, R., Tomkinson, J.y., Bolton, J., 1999. Chemical analysis and
structural characterization of oil palm lignins from black liquor of
empty fruit bunch fiber pulping. International Journal of Polymer
Analysis and Characterization 5 (3), 209–222.
Wan Rosli, W.P., Leh, C.P., Zainuddin, Z., Tanaka, R., 2003. Optimi-
zation of soda pulping variables for preparation of dissolving pulps
from oil palm fibre. Holzforschung 57 (1), 106–113.
Wise, L.E., Murphy, M., D‘Adieco, A., 1946. Chlorite holocellulose its
fractionation and beating on summative wood analysis and on studies
on the hemicellulose. Paper Trade Journal 122 (2), 35.
Xilin, L., Simmonds, S.H., Belayachi, L., Delmas, M., 1997. Sweet
sorghum bagasse: a raw material for the production of chemical paper
pulp. Effect of depithing. Industrial Crops and Products 6, 229–
232.