What is Network?

In one network more than one computer connected with each other through centralized
device. They can share files and resources with each other.

LAN
LAN stands for Local Area Network. The scope of the LAN is within one building, one
school or within one lab. In LAN (Hub), media access method is used CSMA/CD in
which each computer sense the carrier before sending the data over the n/w. if carrier is
free then you can transmit otherwise you have to wait or you have to listen. In multiple
access each computer have right that they can access each other. If two computers sense
the carrier on same time then the collision occur. Each computer, in the network, aware
about the collision. Now this stop transmitting and they will use back off algorithm. In
which random number is generated. This number or algorithm is used by each computer.
Who has short number or small number, he has first priority to transmit the data over the
network and other computers will wait for their turn.

WAN
WAN stands for Wide Area Network, in which two local area networks are connected
through public n/w. it may be through telecommunication infrastructure or dedicated
lines. For e.g: - ISDN lines, Leased lines etc.
In which we can use WAN devices and WAN technology. You can also connect with
your remote area through existing Internetwork called Internet.

Broadcast
Multicast
Unicast

Broadcast Domain
Collision Domain

Devices
Hub
Hub is centralized device, which is used to connect multiple workstations. There are two
types of Hub: -
(i) Active Hub
(ii) Passive Hub

it has no special kind of memory. It simply receives the frame (data) and forwards it to all
its nodes except the receiving node. It always performs broadcasting. In case of hub,
there is one collision domain and one broadcast domain. In case of hub, the media access
method is used CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection).

1
(i) Active Hub
In Active hub, it receives the frame regenerate and then forward to all its nodes.

(ii) Passive Hub

In Passive hub, it simply receives the frame and forward to all its connected nodes.

You cannot perform LAN segmentation using hub.

Switch
Switch is also used to connect multiple workstations. Switch is more intelligent than hub.
It has special kind of memory called mac address/filter/lookup table. Switch reads mac
addresses. Switch stores mac addresses in its filter address table. Switch when receives
frame, it reads the destination mac address and consult with its filter table. If he has entry
in its filter table then he forwards the frame to that particular mac address, if not found
then it performs broadcasting to all its connected nodes.
Every port has its own buffer memory. A port has two queues one is input queue
and second is output queue. When switch receives the frame, the frame is received in
input queue and forward from output queue. So in case of switch there is no chance or
place for collisions. In case of switch, the media access method is used CSMA/CA
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Avoidance). Switches provide more efficiency,
more speed and security.
There are two types of switches: -
(i) Manageable switches (can be configured with console cable).
(ii) Non-manageable switches.

We can perform LAN segmentation by using switches.

Bridge
Bridge is a hardware device, which is used to provide LAN segmentation means it is used
for break the collision domain. It has same functionality as performed by switch. We can
use bridge between two different topologies. It has fewer ports. Each port has a own
buffer memory. It works on Data Link Layer of OSI model. It also read mac address and
stores it in its filter table. In case of bridge there is one broadcast domain.

Have 2 or 4 ports

Router
Router is hardware device, which is used to communicate two different networks. Router
performs routing and path determination. It does not perform broadcast information.
There are two types of routers: -
(i) Hardware Routers are developed by Cisco, HP.
(ii) Software Routers is configured with the help of routing and remote access. This
feature is offered by Microsoft. This feature is by default installed, but you have to enable
or configure it.
Hardware routers are dedicated routers. They are more efficient.

2
But in case of software routers, it has less features, slow performance. They are not very
much efficient.

Packet switching
Packet filtering
Internetwork communication
Path selection

Lan Card
Lan card is media access device. Lan card provide us connectivity in the network. There
is a RJ45 (Registered Jack) connector space on the Lan card. RJ45 is used in UTP cable.
There is another led which is also called heartbeat of Lan card. When any activity occur it
may be receiving or transmitting any kind of data. This led start blinking and also tell us
the status of lan card.

MAC Address (Media Access Control) 00-E0-B8-E7-99-FA

Commands getmac or ipconfig /all

LAN Topologies

BUS Topology
Cable Type – Coaxial
Connector Type – BNC (Bayonet Neill-Concelman) or (British Naval Connector),
T type

Coaxial – Thick Maximum length – 500 meters

N/w devices 100

Coaxial – Thin Maximum length – 185 meters

N/w devices 30

3
Star Topology
Cable type - UTP
Connector type - RJ45
Maximum Length – 100 meters (with proper color coding)

4
UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

Twists reduce RFI (Radio Frequency Interfearence)

STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)

Shield reduce EMI (electro Megnetic interfearence)

In case of hub media access method will be CSMA/CD.

Ring Topology
Cable - UTP

There is token ring method used, so there is no collision chance.

5
Ethernet Family

Speed Base band

10 Base 2 200-meter Coaxial cable
10 Base 5 500-meter Thick Coaxial cable
10 Base T 100 meter Twisted Pair (UTP)
10/100(present) Base TX 100 meter UTP
100 Base T4 100 meter UTP 4 Pairs used
100 Base FX up to 4 kms Fiber Optic
1000(Server) Base TX 100 meter UTP
1000 Base FX up to 10 kms Fiber Optic
10000 Base FX Fiber Optic

Color
Green – Green white
Orange – Orange white
Blue – Blue white
Brown – Brown white

Green cable has maximum twists.

Pin Configuration
Hub/Switch PC/Router/Online Printer Uplink port(Hub/Switch)
1 Rx+ Tx+ Tx+
2 Rx- Tx- Tx-
3 Tx+ Rx+ Rx+
4 NC NC NC
5 NC NC NC
6 Tx- Rx- Rx-
7 NC NC NC
8 NC NC NC

Cross Straight
1 3 1 1
2 6 2 2
3 1 3 3
6 2 6 6

Cross Hub Pc
Cable
Switch Router

6
 Straight Cable

Straight Cable
1 Orange white - Orange white
2 Orange - Orange
3 Green white - Green white
4 Blue - Blue
5 Blue white - Blue white
6 Green - Green
7 Brown white - Brown white
8 Brown - Brown

Cross Cable
1 Orange white - Green white
2 Orange - Green
3 Green white - Orange white
4 Blue - Blue
5 Blue white - Blue white
6 Green - Orange
7 Brown white - Brown white
8 Brown - Brown

RJ45 Connector

IP Address v4
IP address is a 32-bit address. It is divided into four octets. Each octet has 8 bits. It has
two parts one is network address and second is host address. in local area network, we
can used private IP address, which is provided by IANA (Internet Assigning Numbering
Authority). IP addresses are divided into five classes.

7
Class Range N/w bits Host bits Subnet mask Total IP Valid IP
A 1 – 126 8 24 255.0.0.0 16777216 16777214
B 128 – 191 16 16 255.255.0.0 65536 65534
C 192 – 223 24 8 255.255.255.0 256 254
D 224 – 239 it is reserved for multicast.
E 240 – 255 it is reserved for research/scientific use.

We can use first three classes. IANA provides private IP addresses from first three
classes.

Class Private IP Range

A 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
B 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
C 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

One another range that is called APIPA (Automatic Private Internet Protocol Addressing)
169.254.0.0 – 169.254.255.255

Short for Automatic Private IP Addressing, a feature of later Windows operating

systems. With APIPA, DHCP clients can automatically self-configure an IP address and
subnet mask when a DHCP server isn't available. When a DHCP client boots up, it first
looks for a DHCP server in order to obtain an IP address and subnet mask. If the client is
unable to find the information, it uses APIPA to automatically configure itself with an IP
address from a range that has been reserved especially for Microsoft.

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved 169.254.0.0-

169.254.255.255 for Automatic Private IP Addressing. As a result, APIPA provides an
address that is guaranteed not to conflict with routable addresses.

After the network adapter has been assigned an IP address, the computer can use TCP/IP
to communicate with any other computer that is connected to the same LAN and that is
also configured for APIPA or has the IP address manually set to the 169.254.x.y (where
x.y is the client’s unique identifier) address range with a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0.
Note that the computer cannot communicate with computers on other subnets, or with
computers that do not use automatic private IP addressing. Automatic private IP
paddresing is enabled by default.

We can assign IP address to our computer by two methods: -

(1) Statically or Manually
(2) Dynamically (by using DHCP Server – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
But in case of your computer has no IP address then IP address is assigned to the
computer from APIPA range. But communication is not possible when computer has IP
address from APIPA range.

Loopback address = 127.0.0.1

8
Subnet Mask
Subnet mask is also 32-bit address, which tell us how many bits are used for network and
how many bits are used for host address.
In Subnet mask Network bits are always 1 and Host bits are always 0.

IP Addresses invalid or reserve IP Addresses

When we are going to assign IP addresses to our computers then we have to follow some
rules.
Rules: -
(1) All Host bits cannot be 0 (10.0.0.0), because it represent network address which is
reserved for router.
(2) All Host bits cannot be 1 (10.255.255.255), because this is broadcast address of that
network (10th network).
(3) All bits cannot be 0 (0.0.0.0), because this address is reserved for Default routing.
Default routing is used in case of Stub n/w (means our network has one exit point).
(4) All bits cannot be 1 (255.255.255.255), because this is reserved for Broadcasting.
(5) 127.0.0.1 - This is Loopback address, which is used for self-communication or
troubleshooting purpose.

C:\>ipconfig
C:\>ipconfig/all
It shows all detail.

PING – Packet Internet Groper

This command is used to check the connectivity with other computer. Ping is performed
with in network or outside of the network. In this process four packets are send to the
destination address and four packets are received from the destination address. ICMP
(Internet Control Message Protocol) protocol is used for this process.
C:\>Ping 10.0.0.5 –t (for continue ping)
Press Ctrl+C to stop ping.