Construction of alternator

Stator- it is built up of sheet steel laminations having slots on its inner periphery .a
3 phase winding is placed in these slots & serves as the armature wdg of d
alternator . see fig in j.b.gupta …

Rotor-The rotor carries a field wdg which is supplied with D.C. through two slip rings
by a separate D.C. source .This D.C source (called exciter ) is generally a small D.C.
shunt or compound generator mounted on the shaft of the alternator.based on the
construction rotor are of two types

(a) Salient pole type- In this type ,salient or projecting pole are mounted on a
large circular steel frame which is fixed to the shaft of alternator .The
individual field pole wdgs are connected in series such a way that when the
field wdg is energized by a D.C. exciter ,adjacent poles have opposite
polarities.low and medium speed alternator (120-400 rpm) those driven by
diesel turbine & oil engines have salient pole type rotors due to following
reasons-

(1)The salient field poles would cause an excessive winding loss if driven at
high speed & would tend to produce noise .

(2)salient pole construction can’t be made strong enough to withstand the

mechanical stresses to which they may be subjected at higher speeds.

For low speed alternator ,50 Hz frequency we need more no of poles.For

accommodating large no of pol;es ,rotor diameter must be comparating
increased & from mechanical consideration ,salient pole construction has
been found to suit best for low speed primover

(b) Non slient pole type - In this type ,the rotor is made of smooth solid forged
steel radial cylinder having a no of slots along the outer periphery .The field
wdg are embedded in these slots & are connected in series to the slip rings
through which they are energized by D.c. exciter .such rotors are design
mostly for 2 pole or 4 pole turbogenerator running at 1500 or 3600 rpm.
 The regins forming the poles are usually left unslotted .The
poles areas are surrounded by the field wdg placed in slots.The field coils are
so arranged aroud there polar areas that flux density is maximum on the
polar central line .If we use salient pole construction for high speed alternator
the rotor structure may not be able to withstand the enormous centrifugal
forces developed by the salient poles.so cylindrical rotor construction is best
suited from mechanical consideration for high speed alternator.

Reason for non salient rotor for high speed alternator---

(i)This type of construction has mechanical robustness & give noiseless

operation at high speeds .

(ii)The flux distribution around the periphery is nearly a sine wave & hence a
better e.m.f waveform is obtained than in case of salient pole type.

Working principle of synchronous motor .

Consider a 3 phase synchronous motor having two rotor poles Nr & Sr . then
the stator will also be wound for two poles Ns & Ss .The motor has direct
voltage applied to the rotor wdg & 3phase voltage applied to the stator
wdg .The stator wdg produces a rotating fieldwhich revolves round the stator
at Ns. the D.C. sets up a two pole field which is stationary.

Suppose at any instant the stator poles are at position A & B.It is clear that
poles Ns & Nr repel each other & so do the poles Ss & Sr ,Therefore the rotor
tends to move in the anticlockwise direction .after half cycles 1/(2f ) =0.01
sec . the polarities of stator poles are reversed but the polarities of rotor
poles remain same .now Ss & Nr will attract each other & so do Ns & Sr
therefore rotor tends to move in clockwise direction .since the stator poles
change their polarities rapidly,they tend to pull the rotor first in one direction
& then after a half cycle in the other .Due to high inertia of the rotor motor
Hence synchronous motor has no self
fails to start.
starting torque.
Steady state electromagnetic torque is developed in a synchronous motor
only when magnetic locking between stator & rotor fields takes place.This
can happen only when relative speed between stator & rotor fields is zero.

If stator and rotor fields rotate in same direction & at same speed ,then
rotor S pole is magnetically locked with stator N pole & rotor N pole with
stator S pole & in this manner steady state torque is developed.this means
that rotor must be brought up to a speed equal to the rotating stator field
speed for production of torque.

This can be done by two methods .(1) auxiliary motor starting (2)
damper winding starting

For these two topics plz refer P.S.BHIMBHRA …PAGE NO 676-678

In the stator wdg ,two effects are to b considered the effect of stator field on
the stator wdg & the effect of the rotor field cutting stator conductors at
synchronous speed ..

(1)the effect of stator field on the stator conductors is accounted for by

including an inductive reactance in the armature wdg .This is called
synchronous reactances Xs. Ra is consider for the copper loss in the stator
wdg.

(2)The second effect is that a voltage is generated in the stator wdg by the
synchronously revolving field of rotor .This generated emf Eb is known as
Back emf & opposes V (stator voltage) .Eb depends on rotor speed & rotor
flux phi per pole or field current.
for two topics (1) effect on motor at load (2) effect of change of field
variation (v & inverted v curves)… go with j.b.gupta …..v.k.mehta is good for
numerical…