On the mathematical connections between some equations concerning the calculation of all

the eigenfunctions of atoms with the Thomas-Fermi method, some sectors of Number Theory,
the modes corresponding to the physical vibrations of superstrings, p-Adic and Adelic free
relativistic particle and p-Adic strings.

Michele Nardelli 1, 2

1
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra
Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Largo S. Marcellino, 10
80138 Napoli, Italy

2
Dipartimento di Matematica ed Applicazioni “R. Caccioppoli”
Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” – Polo delle Scienze e delle Tecnologie
Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia (Fuorigrotta), 80126 Napoli, Italy

Abstract

According to quantum mechanics, the properties of an atom can be calculated easily if we known
the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of quantum states in which the atom can be found. The
eigenfunctions depend, in general, by the coordinates of all the electrons. However, a diagram
effective and enough in many cases, we can get considering the individual eigenfunctions for
individual electrons, imagining that each of them is isolated in an appropriate potential field that
represent the action of the nucleus and of other electrons. From these individual eigenfunctions we
can to obtain the eigenfunction of the quantum state of the atom, forming the antisymmetrical
products of eigenfunctions of the individual quantum states involved in the configuration
considered. The problem, with this diagram, is the calculation of the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues
of individual electrons of each atomic species. To solve this problem we must find solutions to the
Schroedinger’s equation where explicitly there is the potential acting on the electron in question,
due to the action of the nucleus and of all the other electrons of the atom. To research of potential it
is possible proceed with varying degrees of approximation: a first degree is obtained by the
statistical method of Thomas-Fermi in which electrons are considered as a degenerate gas in
balance as a result of nuclear attraction. This method has the advantage of a great simplicity as that,
through a single function numerically calculated once and for all, it is possible to represent the
behaviour of all atoms. In this work (Sections 1 and 2) we give the preference to the statistical
method, because in any case it provides the basis for more approximate numerical calculations.
Furthermore, we describe the mathematical connections that we have obtained between certain
solutions concerning the calculation of any eigenfunctions of atoms with this method, the Aurea
ratio, the Fibonacci’s numbers, the Ramanujan modular equations, the modes corresponding to the
physical vibrations of strings, the p-adic and Adelic free relativistic particle and p-adic and adelic
strings (Sections 3 and 4).

1
 1. Calculation of potential. [1]

The considerations that we can do in this paragraph refer to more general case of an atomic number
Z , ionized z times. To establish the differential equation that determines the potential with the
distance from the nucleus, it shall by the relation that connects the density of electronic gas with a
potential if the electrons can be treated as a completely degenerate gas. This relation is

29 / 2 πm3 / 2e3 / 2
n= 3
(V + α )3 / 2 for V + α > 0 ; n = 0 for V + α < 0 (1)
3h

α is an additive constant that can be determined with the condition that the total number of
electrons is that given and that is
∫ ndτ = Z − z
where the integral should be extended to the whole region of the space where n ≠ 0 . It must be
borne in mind that the potential on a electron does not coincide exactly with the potential that we
have in a geometric point that is at an equal distance from the nucleus. In fact, the first potential
represents the action of the nucleus and of Z − z − 1 electrons, while the second is the action of the
nucleus and of all the Z − z electrons. We will denote with V and V ' the two potentials now
defined. We will have:

Ze Ze
V= +U , V '= +U'
r r

where U and U ' represents respectively the actions of the Z − z − 1 and Z − z electrons. We
consider therefore, in first approximation, U and U ' respectively proportional to Z − z − 1 and
Z − z , thence we will write
Z−z
U '= U.
Z − z −1

V ' is the potential due to the nucleus and all the electrons: therefore for it we have the Poisson’s
equation
∆V ' = ∆U ' = 4πne

and we obtain
Z − z −1  1 
∆V = ∆U = ∆U ' = 1 − 4πne .
Z−z  Z −z

Taking account of the (1) and the fact that α is constant and by placing

v =V +α

we obtain
 1 2 13 / 2
π 2 m3 / 2 e5 / 2
∆v = 1 −  v 3 / 2 for v > 0 ; ∆v = 0 for v < 0 .
 Z −z
3
3h

Because v for reasons of symmetry depends only from r , the previous equation becomes
2
 d 2v 2 dv  1  213 / 2 π 2 m3 / 2e5 / 2 3 / 2 d 2v 2 dv
+ =  1 −  v for v > 0 ; + = 0 for v < 0 .
dr 2 r dr  Z − z  3h3 dr 2 r dr

The constants of integration can be determined with the conditions

r0

lim vr = Ze ∫ 4πr ndr = Z − z

2
r =0
0

where r0 is the distance for which v is null, the distance to which is to end the electronic cloud
surrounding the nucleus. To simplify the previous equations, we put

r = µx

where
(Z − z )2 / 3 =  9π 2  a (Z − z )2 / 3
1/ 3
32 / 3 h 2
µ = 13 / 3 4 / 3 2 1 / 3 (2)
2 π me Z (Z − z − 1)2 / 3  128  Z 1 / 3 (Z − z − 1)
2/3

being a the radius of the first orbit of the hydrogen,

eZ ϕ ( x )
v= . (3)
µ x

9π 2
= 0,885341377 , and for (Φ ) , we have that
n/7
We note that 3
128

−1, 67 / 7
 5 +1
0,885 ≅ 0,8917 = (Φ )
−1, 67 / 7
=  
 .
 2 

We have also that:

(Φ )−63 / 7 = 0,0131556175 ≅ 0,013156 ; (Φ )−49 / 7 = 0,0344418537 ≅ 0,034442 ;

(Φ )−7 / 7 = 0,6180339887 ≅ 0,618034 .
0,013156 + 0,034442 + 0,618034 = 0,665632;
4
(0,665632) = 0,887509.
3

(Φ )−35 / 7 = 0,0901699437 ≅ 0,090170 ; (Φ )−21 / 7 = 0,2360679775 ≅ 0,236068 ; (Φ )0 = 1 .

0,090170 + 0,236068 + 1 = 1,326238;
2
(1,326238) = 0,884159.
3
It’s interesting the observation that these values coincide almost to those given, i.e. 0,885341, and
that the index 63, 49, 35 and 21 are all multiples of 7.
We note that, with regard the formula (Φ ) , Φ represent the Aurea Ratio, n a real number
n/7

(positive or negative) and 7 are the compactified dimensions of M-theory.

Thence, we obtain for the function ϕ ( x ) the differential equation

3
 ϕ3/ 2
ϕ '' = (4)
x

with the boundary conditions

x0
z +1
ϕ (0) = 1 ∫ϕ
3/ 2
⋅ x dx = 1 − (5)
0
Z

and ϕ ( x0 ) = 0 . The last integral can be made taking into account of the (4) and we
r0
where x0 =
µ
found that it is equivalent to
z +1
− x0ϕ ' ( x0 ) = . (6)
Z

One finds that in widely sufficient approximation for the practical cases we can set

z + 1 x − x0
ϕ = ϕ0 − kη for x > x0 ; ϕ =− for x < x0 . (7)
Z x0

Here k is a constant the value of which depends on ( z + 1) / Z in order to meet the (6). An empirical
expression that represents k with sufficient accuracy within the interval of values that interested, is
the following
 z +1
3

k = 0.083  . (8)
 Z 

n/7
 5 + 1
= (Φ ) = (Φ )
− 36 / 7
We note that for   = 0,08417 ≅ 0,083 . Thence, from the eq. (8), we
n/7

 2 
obtain
 z + 1
3

k = (Φ )
− 36 / 7
  .
 Z 

We have also that

(Φ )−56 / 7 = 0,0212862363 ≅ 0,021286 ; (Φ )−28 / 7 = 0,1458980338 ≅ 0,145898 .

0,021286 + 0,145898 = 0,167184;
1
(0,167184) = 0,083592.
2

(Φ )−56 / 7 = 0,0212862363 ≅ 0,021286 ; (Φ )−35 / 7 = 0,0901699437 ≅ 0,090170 .

0,021286 + 0,090170 = 0,111456;
3
(0,111456) = 0,083592.
4
We note that these values coincide almost to those given, i.e. 0,083.

The potential v given by (3) isn’t null to infinity: it is therefore appropriate to add it a constant so
as to aim to zero for x → ∞ . It is recognised immediately that this constant has the value

4
 e z +1
.
µ x0

We will take therefore in the final analysis as an expression of the potential the following

e Z z + 1
V=  ϕ (x ) +  . (9)
µx x0 

2. The relativistic equations of quantum mechanics. [1]

Established the potential of the strength field in which the electron in question moves, we consider
the relativistic equations of quantum mechanics. Thence, in this section we describe various
equations concerning the free relativistic electron.
We consider the terms s (l = 0) it is possible write these equations in the following form

2π  W − eV  dG 2π W − eV dF 2
 + 2mc  F + =0 − G+ + F =0 (10)
h  c  dr h c dr r

where F and G are the eigenfunctions, W the energy and V the potential. The eigenfunctions F
and G are connected to the four Dirac’s functions from the relations

ψ 1 = −iF cos θ ψ 1 = −iF sin θe − iϕ

 iϕ 
ψ 2 = −iF sin θe ψ 2 = iF cos θ
  (11)
ψ 3 = G ψ 3 = 0
ψ = 0 ψ = G.
 4  4

Putting in the eq. (10) the eq. (9) to the place of V , and
e2
W =− ε
2a

one obtain

2 µ α µ ϕ 1  α µ ϕ 1  2
 − ε + αZ  +  F + G ' = 0 ;  ε − αZ  + G + F '+ F = 0 . (12)
α a 2 a  x Zx0  2 a  x Zx0  x

r
In these equations we have introduced the variable x = : α is the Fine Structure Constant that
µ
has the numerical value 1/137.3.
5 +1
We note that multiplying the frequency 306,342224 for (Φ ) = 1,410187582 (where Φ =
5/7
),
2
we obtain the frequency 432. Dividing this frequency for π , we obtain 137.5 that is a value very
near to the inverse of Fine Structure Constant. Furthermore, dividing 432 for Φ and Φ 2 , we

5
obtain the numbers 267 and 165. The sum of these numbers, provide again 432. We note also that
the numbers 267 and 165 are given by sums of Fibonacci’s numbers. Indeed, we have

267 = 233 + 34 and 165 = 144 + 21 (233 = 89 + 144; 144 = 55 + 89),

where 21, 34, 55, 89, 144 and 233 are Fibonacci’s numbers.
Furthermore, we can to obtain the inverse value of Fine Structure Constant also from the Aura ratio.
Indeed, we have:
(Φ )35 / 7 = 11,0901699437 ; (Φ )21 / 7 = 4,2360679775 ; (Φ )7 / 7 = 1,6180339887 ;
11,090170 + 4,236068 + 1,618034 = 16,944272;
3
(16,944272) = 25,416408 ; 2(16,944272) = 33,888544 ; 3(16,944272) = 50,832816 ;
2
1,61803398875(16,944272) = 27,416408 ;
25,416408 + 33,888544 + 50,832816 + 27,416408 = 137,554176.

We note also that dividing 432 for this value, we obtain a value very near to π . Indeed, we have:

432 / 137,554176 = 3,14058077 ≅ π

Given that the function ϕ0 ( x ) , through which we express the statistical potential, is represented with
sufficient accuracy to the practical purposes, for x ≤ 0.3 , by the following empirical expression

ϕ0 ( x ) = 1 − px + qx 2 = 1 − 1.304 x + 1.288 x 2 , (13)

We can try to meet the equations (12) within the interval x = 0 x = 0.3 by developments in power
series of x . For x > 0.3 we will try instead the solutions of equations (12) with the Wentzel-
Brillouin’s method. This method is used for the execution of calculations in series because it
replaces to a irregular function, two functions of regular development: the amplitude and the phase;
the interpolations must run on the latter. Now is appropriate to modify a little about the form in
which have been written the equations (12). Putting

F = ZαR

where R is the new function unknown, thence we have

 2 µZ α 2 µZ ϕ 1   µ ϕ 1  2
 − ε + α 2 Z 2  +  R + G ' = 0 ;  ε −  + G + R '+ R = 0 (14)
 a 2 a  x Zx0   2aZ  x Zx0  x

from these, remembering the (13), one obtain

 a  µε  1 1  
 − α 2Z 2  −  − p + + qx  R + G ' = 0 ;
 2 µZ  2αZ  x Zx0  

6
  µ ε 1 1  2
 −  − p + + qx G + R '+ R = 0 . (15)
 2a Z  x Zx0  x

If we put, for simplicity

1 µε
T = p− +
Zx0 2aZ

we obtain
2 1   2 µZ 1 
R '+ R −  − T + qx G = 0 ; G '+  + α 2 Z 2  − T + qx  R = 0 . (16)
x x   a x 

In these equations G and R are equal at infinity in the initial point. To eliminate this singularity we
put:

β
G = x−β u , R= x−β v . (17)
α Z2
2

By introducing these expressions in the eqs. (16) and by accepting that u and v are regular for
x = 0 , we obtain for β an equation of second degree :

β (2 − β ) = α 2 Z 2 .

Of the two possible values of β is easily seen that one only meets to our purpose because it must be
less than 3/2, so that G 2 , that in the initial point is behaving as x −2 β , can be integrable for x = 0 .
From this we have that:

− b ± b 2 − 4ac 2 ± 4 − 4α 2 Z 2
β 2 − 2β + α 2Z 2 = 0 ; β1, 2 = = =1± 1−α 2Z 2 ;
2a 2
and we take the following value: β = 1 − 1 − α 2 Z 2 . (18)

We obtain in the final analysis the differential equations concerning the two new functions
unknown u and v
xv'
− − v + u − Txu + qx 2u = 0 ; − βu + xu '+ βv + Lxv + β qx 2v = 0 . (19)
2−β

In these equations, we have put for simplicity

2 µZ
L= − Tβ .
a (2 − β )

Now we put

u = 1 + u1 x + u2 x 2 + ...
 (20)
v = 1 + v1 x + v2 x 2 + ...

7
and introduce these developments in series in the equations (19). We obtain in this way of the
recurrent formulas that allow the numeric calculation of the coefficients

un =
(2 − β )β [Tu − qu ] + 2 − β + n [− Lv − βqv ] ;
n(2 − 2 β + n ) n(2 − 2 β + n )
n −1 n−2 n −1 n−2

vn =
(2 − β )(n − β ) [Tu − qu ] + 2 − β [− Lv − βqv ] . (21)
n(2 − 2 β + n ) n(2 − 2 β + n )
n −1 n−2 n −1 n−2

We shall now proceed to the calculation of the solutions of equations (10) for x > 0.3 . If we put for
simplicity
µ2 2µZ  ϕ 1 
g=− 2ε +  −  (22)
a a  x Zx0 

the eqs. (14) thence, can be write

2 a  2 µZ aZ 2 
R '+ R − gG = 0 (23a) G '+ R  + α g = 0 . (23b)
x 2 µZ  a 2µ 

If we only consider terms up to α 2 included, we will get from the (23b)

a  a 2α 2 
R=− G ' 1 − g  .
2µZ  4µ 2 

If we insert this expression in the eq. (23a), we obtain

 2  a 2α 2  a 2α 2
gG +  G ' '+ G ' 1 − g  − g ' G' = 0 .
 x  4µ 2  4µ
2

If we put
xG = U

so that
U' U  2 
G' = − ; U ' ' = x G ' '+ G ' 
x x2  x 

we obtain
 a 2α 2  a 2α 2  U
gU + U ' ' 1 − g  − g ' U '−  = 0 .
 4µ 2  4µ
2
 x

If we only consider terms up to α 2 included, we will get from the precedent equation

 g' 
U ' '+ gU = γ 2  g 'U '− U − g 2U  (25)
 x 

where
8
 a 2α 2
γ2 = . (26)
4µ 2

Now we are seeking the solution of the equation (25) with the method Wentzel-Brillouin. Since for
the functions ∞s the function U have a trend oscillating for all the values of x , we put

U =e∫
i Zdx
(27)

where Z is the new unknown function. The part real and imaginary of U both are solutions of the
equation. From the eq. (25) we obtain, by the eq. (27) the following equation

 g' 
iZ '− Z 2 + g = γ 2 igZ − + g 2  . (28)
 x 

In this equation the right hand side represent the relativistic correction. It can be solved by
successive approximations: running the calculations until the fourth approximation, and taking for
U the real expression:
U = K ⋅ R sin Θ (29)

we obtain

g'' 1 g '2 γ 2
1+ − ⋅5 + g
16 g 2 64 g 3
R(x ) =
2
(30)
4 g

x
 1 g '2 γ 2  g ' dx 
( ) ( )
Θ x = Θ 0,3 +  ∫ g dx − ∫ 5 / 2 dx −
1 g'
3/ 2
+ ∫ + ∫ g 3 / 2 dx  . (31)
 32 g 8g 2 x g  0,3

We observe that K and Θ(0,3) are constants that must be determined so that for x = 0.3 , the
function U ( x ) and its derivative is connect with continuity to the function u ( x )x1− β determined
with the development in series valid for x < 0.3 . From the eq. (29), we obtain

U 1  d log R 
K sin Θ = ; K cos Θ = U '−U . (32)
R RΘ'  dx 

d log R
Through the equations (30) and (31), can be calculated Θ' , R and for x = 0.3 and the
dx
values thus obtained shall be introduced in the previous equations. In the case of eigenfunctions
∞s , being zero the eigenvalue, we can write the equations (30) and (31) with sufficient accuracy in
the form
1/ 4
 1  1  x 1 / 2 1 xϕ '2 1 ϕ '0  γ 2 A ϕ0 
−1 / 4  x  1 1
R = A   1 +    + ⋅3 − ⋅ 5 30 + +  (33)
 ϕ0   A 16  ϕ0  64 xϕ0 64 ϕ0 32 ϕ02 

2 x


9
  x  ϕ 1 / 2 x
η
x
 x
1/ 2

Θ( x ) = Θ(0,3) + A  ∫   dx − ∫
k 1
dx + ∫   +
1/ 2 0
ϕ  dx
0,3 x  2 0, 3 ( xϕ 0 )1/ 2
2 Zx 0 0 , 3 0  
  x x1 / 2ϕ '2 x x
ϕ   ϕ 
x

−1 / 2  1
1/ 2
dx ' 1 x ' 1
− A   ∫ 5 / 2 0 dx + ∫ 1 / 2 3 / 2 − 2 ∫ 1 / 2 03 / 2 dx  +  3 / 2 0 −  +
 32 0,3 ϕ0 ϕ x
0,3 0 0,3
x ϕ0  8  ϕ0 (xϕ0 )1 / 2 0,3 
γ 2  1 / 2  ϕ '0 ϕ0  3 / 2  ϕ0 

x x 1/ 2 x 3/ 2

+  A  ∫ 3 / 2 1 / 2 dx − ∫ 5 / 2 dx  + A ∫   dx  . (34)
2  0,3 x ϕ0 0,3
x  0 ,3
x 

In these expressions the constant A depends on the atomic number and has the following value

µ
A = 2Z .
a

Note that the number 8, and thence the numbers 64 = 82 and 32 = 2 2 × 8 contents in the equations
(30), (31), (33) and (34), are connected with the “modes” that correspond to the physical vibrations
of a superstring by the following Ramanujan function:

 ∞ cos πtxw' 
− πx 2 w '
 ∫0 cosh πx e dx  142
4 anti log πt 2 ⋅ 2
− t w'
 e 4 φw' (itw') 
w'
1 
8= . (34a)
3   10 + 11 2   10 + 7 2  
log   + 
 


  4   4 


Furthermore, we note that is possible connect the eq. (34) also with the Palumbo-Nardelli model. In
this model, we have the following general relationship that links the supersymmetric string action
with the bosonic string action:

( )
∞
 2  κ102
x(− G ) e − 2 Φ  R + 4∂ µ Φ∂ µ Φ − H 3
1 1 ~ 2
∫0 2κ ∫d = −
10 1/ 2
2
Tr ν F2 2
10  2 g  10

− g µρ gνσ Tr (Gµν Gρσ ) f (φ ) − g µν ∂ µφ∂ν φ  . (34b)

 R 1 1 
= − ∫ d 26 x g −
 16πG 8 2 

Thence, we obtain the following interesting mathematical connection with Θ( x ) :

10
  x  ϕ 1 / 2 x
η
x
 x
1/ 2

Θ( x ) = Θ(0,3) + A  ∫   dx − ∫
k 1
2Zx0 0∫,3 ϕ0 
1/ 2 0
dx +   dx +
0,3 x  2 0,3( xϕ0 )1 / 2 
  x x1 / 2ϕ '2 x x
ϕ '0  1  x1 / 2ϕ '0 1  
x
−1 / 2  1 dx
− A   ∫ 5 / 2 dx + ∫ 1 / 2 3 / 2 − 2 ∫ 1 / 2 3 / 2 dx  +  3 / 2 −
0  +
 0,3 0
32 ϕ ϕ
0,3 0
x 0,3
x ϕ 0  8  0ϕ ( xϕ 0 )1/ 2 
0,3 

γ 2  1 / 2  ϕ '0 ϕ0  3 / 2  ϕ0 

x x 1/ 2 x 3/ 2

+  A  ∫ 3 / 2 1 / 2 dx − ∫ 5 / 2 dx  + A ∫   dx  ⇒
2  0,3 x ϕ0 0,3
x  0 , 3
x 

( )
∞
 1 ~ 2 κ2 2 
⇒ ∫ 2 ∫ d 10 x(− G ) e −2 Φ  R + 4∂ µ Φ∂ µ Φ − H 3 − 102 Trν F2  =
1 1/ 2

0
2κ10  2 g10 
− g µρ gνσ Tr (Gµν Gρσ ) f (φ ) − g µν ∂ µφ∂ν φ  .
 R 1 1 
= − ∫ d 26 x g − (34c)
 16πG 8 2 

The eqs. (33) and (34) are apply naturally only until a certain distance from the limit of the atom,
precisely until η is small compared with ϕ0 ; approaching the limit of the atom we must calculate
the eigenfunctions ∞s element by element through the equations (30) and (31). Always in the case
of eigenfunctions ∞s , because in the proximity of the origin we can certainly neglect the function
η , it is possible to put for x ≤ 0.3
ϕ0
g=A .
x

Taking account of this simplification, the definitive formulas for the calculation of R , Θ' and
d log R
for x = 0.3 are the following:
dx

 0.804  0.190 
R = 4 1 + + 1.20γ 2 A
 A  A 
 0.588 γ
( )
2

Θ' = 1.55 A − + 3.73 A3 / 2 − 2.60 A1 / 2 (35)

 A 2
 d log R 0.519
 = 1.063 − − 5.11γ 2 A.
 dx A

In the following tables, we will give the numerical values of some expressions concerning the
calculation of the functions R (eq. 33) and Θ (eq. 34), expressions that are valid only until a
certain distance from the limit of the atom. We describe the mathematical connections between
these numerical values and some powers of the Aurea Ratio, i.e. with (Φ ) .
n/7

11
 ϕ0
x (Φ )n / 7
x

0.3 2.40 (Φ )12.67 / 7 = 2.3887

0.4 1.65 (Φ )7.33 / 7 = 1.6555
0.5 1.21 (Φ )2.67 / 7 = 1.20119
0.6 0.937 (Φ )−1 / 7 = 0.93356
0.7 0.744 (Φ )−4.33 / 7 = 0.74238
0.8 0.606 (Φ )−7.33 / 7 = 0.60403
0.9 0.503 (Φ )−10 / 7 = 0.50285
1.0 0.425 (Φ )−12.33 / 7 = 0.42833
1.2 0.312 (Φ )−17 / 7 = 0.31078
1.4 0.238 (Φ )−21 / 7 = 0.23606
1.6 0.186 (Φ )−24.33 / 7 = 0.1877
1.8 0.149 (Φ )−27.67 / 7 = 0.14927
2.0 0.122 (Φ )−30.67 / 7 = 0.12146

ϕ 
x 1/ 2

x ∫0.3 x0  dx (Φ )n / 7

0.4 0.141 (Φ )−28.33 / 7 = 0.14259

0.5 0.260 (Φ )−19.67 / 7 = 0.2587
0.6 0.363 (Φ )−14.67 / 7 = 0.3648
0.7 0.454 (Φ )−11.33 / 7 = 0.4588
0.8 0.563 (Φ )−8.33 / 7 = 0.5639
1.0 0.678 (Φ )−5.67 / 7 = 0.6773
1.2 0.799 (Φ )−3.33 / 7 = 0.7952
2.0 1.150 (Φ )2 / 7 = 1.14738
5.0 1.771 (Φ )8.33 / 7 = 1.77335
20 2.447 (Φ )13 / 7 = 2.4441
24 2.504 (Φ )13.33 / 7 = 2.500758

12
 η ⋅ 10−4
x
x ∫ dx (Φ )n / 7
0.3 ( xϕ 0 )
1/ 2

10 0.095 (Φ )−34.33 / 7 = 0.09439

12 0.211 (Φ )−22.67 / 7 = 0.21051
14 0.434 (Φ )−12 / 7 = 0.4382
16 0.819 (Φ )−3 / 7 = 0.8136
18 1.446 (Φ )5.33 / 7 = 1.4428
20 2.447 (Φ )13 / 7 = 2.4441
22 3.989 (Φ )20 / 7 = 3.9546
24 6.247 (Φ )26.67 / 7 = 6.2537
26 9.516 (Φ )32.67 / 7 = 9.4466
28 14.057 (Φ )39 / 7 = 14.600
30 20.356 (Φ )44 / 7 = 20.589
32 28.867 (Φ )49 / 7 = 29.034
34 40.136 (Φ )53.67 / 7 = 40.0256

1/ 2
x
 x 
x ∫0.3 ϕ0  dx (Φ )n / 7

0.5 0.156 (Φ )−27 / 7 = 0.15628

0.6 0.253 (Φ )−20 / 7 = 0.25286
0.7 0.362 (Φ )−14.67 / 7 = 0.3648
0.8 0.484 (Φ )−10.67 / 7 = 0.48033
0.9 0.619 (Φ )−7 / 7 = 0.618033987
1.2 1.098 (Φ )1.33 / 7 = 1.09599
3.0 6.551 (Φ )27.33 / 7 = 6.547069
3.5 8.937 (Φ )31.67 / 7 = 8.819
4.0 11.749 (Φ )36 / 7 = 11.879
4.5 15.023 (Φ )40 / 7 = 15.639
6.0 27.728 (Φ )48 / 7 = 27.105
7.0 38.919 (Φ )53 / 7 = 38.22389

13
 ϕ '0 ϕ01 / 2
x x
x ∫ x3 / 2ϕ01 / 2 0∫.3 x5 / 2 dx
dx − (Φ )n / 7
0.3

0.4 1.552 (Φ )6.33 / 7 = 1.5455

0.5 2.377 (Φ )12.67 / 7 = 2.388
0.6 2.863 (Φ )15.33 / 7 = 2.8693
0.7 3.195 (Φ )17 / 7 = 3.2176
0.8 3.412 (Φ )18 / 7 = 3.4466
1.0 3.701 (Φ )19 / 7 = 3.6919
1.2 3.872 (Φ )19.67 / 7 = 3.8650
1.6 4.056 (Φ )20.33 / 7 = 4.0463
2.0 4.152 (Φ )20.67 / 7 = 4.1401
12-18 4.331 (Φ )21.33 / 7 = 4.3342
20-34 4.332 “ “

ϕ 
x 3/ 2

x ∫0.3 x0  dx (Φ )n / 7

0.4 0.282 (Φ )−18.33 / 7 = 0.28356

0.5 0.452 (Φ )−11.67 / 7 = 0.4484
0.6 0.562 (Φ )−8.33 / 7 = 0.56390
0.8 0.693 (Φ )−5.33 / 7 = 0.69306
1.2 0.811 (Φ )−3 / 7 = 0.8136
1.8 0.872 (Φ )−2 / 7 = 0.87154
3.5 0.911 (Φ )−1.33 / 7 = 0.9124
4.0 0.913 “ “
4.5 0.915 “ “
5.0 0.916 “ “

In this chapter, we have utilized the following notations:

a = Bohr’s radius = 5.28 × 10 −9 cm.

µ = measure unit of length (see eq.(2)).
x = radius vector in unit µ .
x0 = radius of the atom.
k = constant for the calculation of the potential (eqs.(7) and (8)).

The two relativistic eigenfunctions F and G (eqs.(10) and (11)), for x < 0.3 , are given by:

14
 β −β
[
G = x − β u0 + u1 x + u2 x 2 + ... ; ] F= x [v0 + v1 x + v2 x 2 + ...].
αZ

For x > 0.3 we have that:

G =U / x ; U = KR sin Θ .

For x > x0 we have that:

U = B 4 x sin C x + D . ( )
In the non-relativistic area G coincides with the Schroedinger’s eigenfunction ψ .

3. On some equations concerning the p-Adic and Adelic Quantum Mechanics and the free
relativistic particle. [2] [3]

According to the Weyl quantization, any function f (k , x ) , of classical canonical variables k and x ,
which has the Fourier transform f (α , β ) becomes a self-adjoint operator in L2 R D in the following
~
( )
way:
( ) (
f k , xˆ = ∫ χ ∞ − αxˆ − β kˆ f (α , β )d Dαd D β . (36)
~ ˆ ~
)
( )
Evolution of the elements Ψ ( x, t ) of L2 R D is usually given by the Schrodinger equation

ih
∂
∂t
( )
Ψ ( x, t ) = H kˆ, x Ψ ( x, t ) , (37)

∂
where H is a Hamiltonian and kˆ j = −ih . Besides this differential equation there is also the
∂x j
following integral form:
ψ ( x' ' , t ' ') = ∫ K∞ ( x' ' , t ' ' ; x' , t ')ψ ( x' , t ')d D x' , (38)

where K∞ ( x' ' , t ' '; x' , t ') is the kernel of the unitary representation of the evolution operator U ∞ (t ' ' , t ')
and is postulated by Feynman to be a path integral

( x '', t ' ' )

K∞ (x' ' , t ' ' ; x' , t ') = ∫ χ ∞ (− S [q ])Dq , (39)
( x ', t ' )

S [q ] = ∫ L(q& , q, t )dt is the action for a path q(t ) in the classical Lagrangian
t ''
where functional
t'

L(q& , q, t ) , and x' ' = q(t ' ') , x' = q(t ') are the end points with the notation x = ( x1 , x2 ,..., xD ) and
q = (q1 , q2 ,..., qD ) .
According to the Weyl approach to quantization, canonical non-commutativity in p-adic case
should be introduced by operators (h = 1)

Qˆ p (α )ψ p ( x ) = χ p (− αx )ψ p ( x ) , Kˆ p (β )ψ p ( x ) = ψ p ( x + β ) (40)

which satisfy

15
 Qˆ p (α )Kˆ p (β ) = χ p (αβ )Kˆ p (β )Qˆ p (α ) , (41)

where χ p (u ) = exp(2πi{u}p ) is additive character on the field of p-adic numbers Q p and {u}p is the
fractional part of u ∈ Q p . Let x̂ and k̂ be some operators of position x and momentum k ,
respectively. Let us define operators χ (αxˆ ) and χ β kˆ by formulas
v v ( )
χ v (αxˆ )χ v (ax ) = χ v (αx )χ v (ax ) , ( )
χ v βkˆ χ v (bk ) = χ v (βk )χ v (bk ) , (42)

where index v denotes real (v = ∞ ) and any p-adic case, i.e. v = ∞,2,..., p,... taking into account all
non-trivial and inequivalent valuations on Q . It is evident that these operators also act on a function
ψ v ( x ) , which has the Fourier transform ψ~ (k ) , in the following way:

χ v (− αxˆ )ψ v ( x ) = χ v (− αxˆ )∫ χ v (− kx )ψ~ (k )d D k = χ v (− αx )ψ v ( x ) , (43)

( )
χ v − βkˆ ψ v ( x ) = ∫ χ v (− β k )χ v (− kx )ψ~(k )d D k = ψ v ( x + β ) , (44)

Comparing (40) with (43) and (44) we conclude that Qˆ p (α ) = χ p (− αxˆ ) , Kˆ p (β ) = χ p − β kˆ . Thus ( )
we have the following group relations concerning the p-adic cases:

( ) ( )
χ v (− α i xˆi )χ v − β j kˆ j = χ v (α i β jδ ij )χ v − β j kˆ j χ v (− α i xˆi ) , (45)
χ v (− α i xˆi )χ v (− α j xˆ j ) = χ v (− α j xˆ j )χ v (− α i xˆi ) , (46)
( ) ( ) ( ) (
χ v − β i kˆi χ v − β j kˆ j = χ v − β j kˆ j χ v − β i kˆi . ) (47)

One can introduce the unitary operator

( )1
2

( )
Wv αxˆ , βkˆ = χ v  αβ  χ v − β kˆ χ v (− αxˆ ) ,

(48)

which satisfies the Weyl relation

( ) ( ) 1
2

(
Wv αxˆ , βkˆ Wv α ' xˆ , β ' kˆ = χ v  (αβ '−α ' β )Wv (α + α ')xˆ, (β + β ')kˆ

) (49)

and is unitary representation of the Heisenberg-Weyl group. Recall that this group consists of the
elements ( z ,η ) with the group product

(z,η ) ⋅ (z ' ,η ') =  z + z ' ,η + η '+ 1 B(z, z ') , (50)

 2 

where z = (α , β ) ∈ Qv × Qv and B( z , z ') = αβ '− βα ' is a skew-symmetric bilinear form on the phase
( )
space. Using operator W αxˆ , β kˆ one can generalize Weyl formula for quantization (36) and it
v
reads
( ) ( )
fˆv kˆ, xˆ = ∫ Wv αxˆ, β kˆ f v (α , β )d Dαd D β .
~
(51)

16
It is worth noting that equation (44) suggests to introduce

{βkˆ} ψn
p p (x ) = ∫ {βk }np χ p (− kx )ψ~ p (k )d D k (52)

which may be regarded as a new kind of the p-adic pseudodifferential operator. Also equation (45)
suggests a p-adic analogue of the Heisenberg algebra in the form (h = 1)

{α i xˆi }p {β j kˆ j }p − {β j kˆ j }p {α i xˆi }p = − i
δ ij {αβ }p . (53)
2π

As a basic instrument to treat dynamics of a p-adic quantum model is natural to take the kernel
Kp ( x' ' , t ' ' ; x' , t ') of the evolution operator U p (t ' ' , t ') . This kernel obtains by generalization of its real
analogue starting from (38) and (39), i.e.

ψ v ( x' ' , t ' ') = ∫ Kv ( x' ' , t ' ' ; x' , t ')ψ v ( x' , t ')d D x' , (54)

and
( x ' ', t ' ' )
Kv ( x' ' , t ' ' ; x' , t ') = ∫ χ v  − ∫ L(q& , q, t )dt Dq . (55)
t ''

( x ', t ' )  t' 

The p-adic quantum mechanics is given by a triple

(L (Q ),W (z ),U (t )) ,
2 p p p (56)

where W p ( z ) corresponds to our W p αxˆ, β kˆ . ( )

Starting from (54) one can easily derive the following three general properties:

∫ K (x' ' , t ' '; x, t )K (x, t; x' , t ')dx = K (x' ' , t ' '; x' , t ') ,
v v v (57)

∫ K (x' ' , t ' '; x', t ')K ( y, t ' '; x' , t ')dx' = δ (x' '− y ) ,
v v v (58)

Kv ( x' ' , t ' ' ; x' , t ' ') = lim Kv ( x' ' , t ' ' ; x' , t ') = δ v ( x' '− x') . (59)
t '→t ''

Quantum fluctuations lead to deformations of classical trajectory and any quantum history may be
presented as q(t ) = x(t ) + y (t ) , where y ' = y (t ') = 0 and y ' ' = y (t ' ') = 0 . For Lagrangians L(q& , q, t )
which are quadratic polynomials in q& and q , the corresponding Taylor expansion of S [q ] around
classical path x(t ) is

2
1 t ''  ∂ ∂ 
S [q ] = S [x ] + δ 2 S [x ] = S [x ] + ∫  y& + y  L(q& , q, t )dt ,
1
(60)
2! 2  ∂q&
t ' ∂q 

where we have used δS [x] = 0 . Hence we get

17
  ( y '' → 0 , t '' )  1 t ''  & ∂ 
2
 1 ∂ 
Kv ( x' ' , t ' ' ; x' , t ') = χ v  − S ( x' ' , t ' ' ; x' , t ') × ∫ χ v − ∫  y + y  L(q& , q, t )dt Dy , (61)
 h  ( y ' → 0, t ' )  2h t '  ∂q& ∂q  

where S ( x' ' , t ' ' ; x' , t ') = S [x ] . From (61) follows that Kv ( x' ' , t ' ' ; x' , t ') has the form

 1 
Kv ( x' ' , t ' ' ; x' , t ') = N v (t ' ' , t ')χ v  − S ( x' ' , t ' ' ; x' , t ') , (62)
 h 

where N v (t ' ' , t ') does not depend on end points x' ' and x' . To calculate N v (t ' ' , t ') one can use (57)
and (58). Then one obtains that v -adic kernel Kv ( x' ' , t ' ' ; x' , t ') of the unitary evolution operator for
one-dimensional systems with quadratic Lagrangians has the form

1/ 2
 1 ∂2  1 ∂2  1 
Kv ( x' ' , t ' ' ; x' , t ') = λv  − S ( x' ' , t ' ' ; x' , t ') × S ( x ' ' , t ' ' ; x ' , t ' ) χ v  − S ( x ' ' , t ' ' ; x ' , t ')  ,
 2h ∂x' ' ∂x'  h ∂x' ' ∂x' v  h 
(63)
For practical considerations, we define adelic path integral in the form

(x , t )  1 t 
KΑ ( x' ' , t ' ' ; x' , t ') = ∏ ∫ χ v  − ∫ L(q&v , qv , tv )dtv Dqv . (64)
'' '' ''
v v v

v
(x , t )  h t
'
v
'
v
'
v 

As an adelic Lagrangian one understands an infinite sequence

LΑ (q& , q, t ) = (L(q&∞ , q∞ , t∞ ), L(q&2 , q2 , t2 ), L(q&3 , q3 , t3 ),..., L(q& p , q p , t p ),...) , (65)

where L(q& p , q p , t p ) ≤ 1 for all primes p but a finite set S of them.

p

As an illustration of p-adic quantum-mechanical models, now we describe the following one-

dimensional system where the quadratic Lagrangians is considered: a free relativistic particle
L(q& , q ) = −mc 2 q& µ q& µ .

3.1 Free relativistic electron in p-adic quantum mechanics. [3]

In the Vladimirov-Volovich formulation one-dimensional p-adic quantum mechanics is a triple

(L (Q ),W (z ),U (t )) ,
2 p p p (66)

where L2 (Q p ) is the Hilbert space of complex-valued functions of p-adic variables, W p ( z ) is a

unitary representation of the Heisenberg-Weyl group on L2 (Q p ) , and U p (t ) is an evolution operator
on L2 (Q p ) .
U p (t ) is an integral operator
U p (t )ψ p ( x ) = ∫ K p ( x, t ; y,0)ψ p ( y )dy (67)
Qp

whose kernel is given by the Feynman path integral

18
  1   1 t 
K p (x, t ; y,0 ) = ∫ χ p  − S [q ]Dq = ∫ χ p  − ∫ L(q, q& )dt ∏ dq (t ) , (68)
 h   h 0
 t

where h is the Planck constant. For quadratic classical actions S ( x, t ; y;0 ) the solution (68)
becomes
1/ 2
 1 ∂2S  1 ∂2S  1 
K p (x, t ; y,0 ) = λ p  −  χ p  − S ( x, t ; y,0) . (69)
 2 h ∂x∂y  h ∂x∂y p  h 

Expression (69) has the same form as that one in ordinary quantum mechanics.
Thence, we can rewrite the eq. (68) also:

1/ 2
 1 ∂ 2S  1 ∂ 2S  1   1   1 t 
λ p  −  χ p  − S ( x, t ; y,0) = ∫ χ p  − S [q ]Dq = ∫ χ p  − ∫ L(q, q& )dt ∏ dq (t ) .
 2h ∂x∂y  h ∂x∂y p  h   h   h 0  t
(69b)

For a particular physical system, p-adic eigenfunctions are subject of the spectral problem

U p (t )ψ (pα ) ( x ) = χ p (αt )ψ (pα ) ( x ) . (70)

The usual action for a free relativistic electron

τ2
S = − mc 2 ∫ dτ η µν x& µ x&ν (71)
τ1

is nonlinear and so unsuitable for quantum-mechanical investigations. However, a free relativistic

electron can be treated as a system with the constraint η µν k µ k v + m 2c 2 = k 2 + m 2c 2 = 0 , which
leads to the canonical Hamiltonian (with the Lagrange multiplier N )

(
H c = N k 2 + m 2c 2 , ) (72)

and to the Lagrangian

x& 2
L = x&µ k µ − H c = − m 2c 2 N , (73)
4N

where x&µ = ∂H c / ∂k µ = 2k µ and x& 2 = x& µ x&µ . Instead of (71), the corresponding action for quantum
treatment of a free relativistic electron is

τ2  x& 2 
S = ∫ dτ  − m 2c 2 N  . (74)
τ1
 4N 

From (74) it follows the classical trajectory

x2µ − x1µ xτ − x τ
xµ = τ+ 1 2 21 (75)
τ 2 − τ1 τ 2 − τ1

19
and the classical action

S ( x , T ; x ,0 ) =
( x2 − x1 )
2
− m 2c 2T , (76)
2 1
4T

where T = N (τ 2 − τ 1 ) .
All the above expressions from (72) to (76) are valid in the real case and according to p-adic
analysis they have place in the p-adic one. Note that the classical action (76) can be presented in the
form

S = − 2 1(− + 2 1 −
) + 2 1
−
(
 x 0 − x 0 2 m 2c 2T   x1 − x1 2 m 2c 2T   x 2 − x 2 2 m 2c 2T 
+
) ( )
 4T 4   4 T 4   4T 4 

(
 x3 − x3
+ 2 1
) 2

−
m 2c 2T 
=S +S +S +S
0 1 2 3
(77)
 4T 4 

which is quadratic in x2µ and x1µ (µ = 0,1,2,3) . Due to (69) and (77), the corresponding quantum-
mechanical propagator may be written as product

K p (x2 , T ; x1 ,0 ) = ∏ K (pµ ) (x2µ , T ; x1µ ,0) ,

3
(78)
µ =0

(µ )
( µ µ
)
K p x2 , T ; x1 ,0 = λ p (− 1) 4hT 2hT ( δ 0µ
) −1 / 2  1
× χ p − (− 1) 0 2
µ
δ µ x − x1
µ
( )
2

+
1 m 2c 2T 
, (79)
p
 h 4T h 4 

where δ 0µ = 1 if µ = 0 and 0 otherwise. We note that the eq. (78) can be rewritten also:

3
K p ( x2 , T ; x1 ,0 ) = ∏ λ p (− 1) 0 4hT 2hT ( δµ
) −1 / 2  1 µ
δ µ x − x1
× χ p − (− 1) 0 2
µ
( )
2

+
1 m 2c 2T 
. (80)
p
µ =0  h 4T h 4 

Among all possible eigenstates which satisfy eq. (70), function Ω x p defined by the following ( )
expression
( )
Ω u p = 1, u p ≤ 1; ( )
Ω u p = 0 , u p > 1, (81)

plays a central role in p-adic and adelic quantum mechanics. Therefore, let us first show existence
of Ω -eigenfunction for the above relativistic electron. In fact, we have now 1+3 dimensional
problem and the corresponding integral equation is

∫
Q 4p
( )
K p ( x, T ; y,0)Ω y p d 4 y = Ω x p , ( ) (α = 0) , (82)

where u p = max 0≤ µ ≤3 u µ { } is p-adic norm of u ∈ Q , and

p
4
p

λ2p (4hT )  (x − y )2 + m2c 2T  .

K p ( x , T ; y ,0 ) = 2 χ p  −  (83)
2hT  4hT h 
p

20
Thence, we have that

λ2p (4hT ) (x − y )2 + m 2c 2T Ω( y

∫ Q 4p 2

χ p  −
4hT h  p
)d y = Ω( x ).
4
p
(83b)
2hT p  

Eq. (82), rewritten in a more explicit form, reads

λ2p (4hT )  m 2c 2T
χ p  −
x2 
 ∫ χ p
 y0 2 x0 y0  0 3
 −  ( )
 y i 2 xi yi  i
dy × ∏ ∫ χ p  − + dy = Ω x . (84) ( ) ( )
2hT
2
 h 4 hT  Zp  4 hT 2 hT  Zp  4 hT 2 hT  p
p   i =1  

Using lower part of the Gauss integral

∫ x p ≤ pν
χ p (αx 2 + β x )dx = pν Ω pν β ( p
), α p ≤ p −2ν ;

 β 2   −ν β 
∫ x p≤p ν
χp (αx 2
+ β x )dx = λ (α ) 2α p
−1 / 2
p
χ p  −
α
Ω p
 2α
,

4α p > p −2ν , (84b)
 4   p

to calculate integrals in (84) for each coordinate y µ (µ = 0,...,3) , we obtain

 m 2c 2T  3
χ p 
 h  µ =0
∏ Ω x µ ( ) = Ω( x ) ,
p p
hT p < 1 . (85)

Since Π 3µ = 0Ω x µ ( ) = Ω( x ) is an identity, an equivalent assertion to (85) is

p p

m 2c 2T
≤ 1, hT p < 1 . (86)
h p

Applying also the upper part of (84b) to (84), we have

λ2p (4hT )
2
 m 2c 2T
χ p  −
x 2  3  x µ
∏ Ω
4hT  µ = 0  2hT

=Ω x ,
 p
( ) 4hT p ≥ 1 , (87)
2hT p  h  p

what is satisfied only for p ≠ 2 . Namely, (87) becomes an equality if conditions

m 2c 2T
≤ 1, hT p = 1 , p ≠ 2, (88)
h p

take place. Thus, we obtained eigenstates

ψ p ( x, T ) = Ω x p , ( ) m 2c 2T
h
≤ 1 , hT p ≤ 1 , p ≠ 2 , (89)
p

21
 ψ p ( x, T ) = Ω( x 2 ),
m 2c 2T
≤ 1, hT 2 < 1 , (90)
h 2

which are invariant under U p (t ) transformation.

We have also Ω -function in eigenstates

 m2c 2 
ψ p ( x, T ) = χ p  ( )
T Ω pν x p , ν ∈ Z , hT p < p −2ν . (91)
 h 

This can be shown in the way similar to the previous case with ψ p ( x, T ) = Ω x p . The eigenstates ( )
without Ω -functions are as follows:

 m 2c 2 + k 2   kx 
ψ p ( x, T ) = χ p  T  χ p  −  , (92)
 h   h

( )
where k 2 = − k 0 k 0 + k i k i , and kx = − k 0 x 0 + k i x i . Note that m 2c 2 + k 2 T = H cτ .

3.2 p-Adic and Adelic strings. [4]

Recall that quantum amplitudes defined by means of path integral may be symbolically presented as

 1 
A(K ) = ∫ A( X )χ  − S [ X ]DX , (93)
 h 

where K and X denote classical momenta and configuration space, respectively. Here, χ (a ) is an
additive character, S [ X ] is a classical action and h is the Planck constant.
Now we consider simple p-adic and adelic bosonic string amplitudes based on the functional
integral (93). The scattering of two real bosonic strings in 26-dimensional space-time at the tree
level can be described in terms of the path integral in 2-dimensional quantum field theory
formalism as follows:

 2πi  2πi ( j ) µ
k µ X (σ j ,τ j ) ,
 4 
A∞ (k1 ,..., k4 ) = g ∞2 ∫ DX exp S 0 [ X ] × ∏ ∫ d 2σ j exp (94)
 h  j =1  h 

where DX = DX 0 (σ ,τ )DX 1 (σ ,τ )...DX 25 (σ ,τ ) , d 2σ j = dσ j dτ j and

S0 [ X ] = −
T
d 2σ∂α X µ ∂α X µ
2∫
(95)

with α = 0,1 and µ = 0,1,...,25 . Using the usual procedure one can obtain the crossing symmetric
Veneziano amplitude
A∞ (k1 ,..., k4 ) = g ∞2 ∫ x ∞1 2 1 − x ∞2 3 dx
kk k k
(96)
R

22
and similarly the Virasoro-Shapiro one for closed bosonic strings. As p-adic Veneziano amplitude,
it was postulated p-adic analogue of (96), i.e.

Ap (k1 ,..., k4 ) = g 2p ∫ x p1 2 1 − x p2 3 dx ,
kk k k
(97)
Qp

where only the string world sheet (parameterized by x ) is p-adic. Expressions (96) and (97) are
Gel’fand-Graev beta functions on R and Q p , respectively. We take p-adic analogue of (94), i.e.

Ap (k1 ,..., k4 ) = g 2p ∫ DXχ p  − S0 [ X ] × ∏ ∫ d 2σ j χ p  − k µ( j ) X µ (σ j ,τ j ) ,

 1  4
 1 
(98)
 h  j =1  h 

to be p-adic string amplitude, where χ p (u ) = exp(2πi{u}p ) is p-adic additive character and {u}p is
the fractional part of u ∈ Q p . In (98), all space-time coordinates X µ , momenta ki and world sheet
(σ ,τ ) are p-adic.
Adelic string amplitude is product of real and all p-adic amplitudes, i.e.

AA (k1 ,..., k4 ) = A∞ (k1 ,..., k4 )∏ Ap (k1 ,..., k4 ) . (99)

p

In the case of the Veneziano amplitude and (σ i ,τ j )∈ Α(S ) × Α(S ) , where Α(S ) is defined in the
following equation (i.e. the set of all adeles A , where A has the structure of a topological ring)

A = U Α (S ) , Α (S ) = R × ∏ Q p × ∏ Z p , (100)
S p∈S p∉S

we have
4
AA (k1 ,..., k4 ) = g ∞2 ∫ x ∞1 2 1 − x ∞2 3 dx × ∏ g 2p ∏ ∫ d 2σ j × ∏ g 2p .
k k k k
(101)
R
p∈S j =1 p∉S

4. Mathematical connections.

Now we show some interesting mathematical connections that we have obtained between various
equations described above.
We note that the eqs. (31), (34) and (34b) of Section 2, and the eqs. (61), (64), (69b), (84), (93) and
(98) of Section 3 can be related. Thence, we have the possible mathematical connection between
the relativistic equations of quantum mechanics, thence some equations concerning the free
relativistic electron, the free relativistic electron in p-adic quantum mechanics and p-adic bosonic
string amplitudes. Indeed, we have the following principal connections between the eqs. (31),
(69b), (84), (98) and (34b); and between eqs. (34), (69b), (84), (98) and (34b):

x
 1 g '2 γ 2  g ' dx 
Θ(0,3) +  ∫ g dx − ∫ 5 / 2 dx −
1 g'  ⇒
+ ∫ x g ∫ + 3/ 2
3/ 2
g dx 
 32 g 8 g 2   0,3
1/ 2
 1 ∂ 2S  1 ∂ 2S  1 
⇒ λ p  −  χ p  − S ( x , t ; y ,0 )  =
 2 h ∂x∂y  h ∂x∂y p  h 

23
  1   1 t 
= ∫ χ p  − S [q ]Dq = ∫ χ p  − ∫ L(q, q& )dt ∏ dq (t ) ⇒
 h   h 0
 t

⇒
λ p (4hT )  m c T
2

χ p 
2 2
−
x 
2
 ∫ χ p
 y

0 2

−
0
( )
x y  0 3
0  y i 2 xi yi  i
dy × ∏ ∫ χ p  − + dy = Ω x ⇒ ( ) ( )
2hT p
2
 h 4 hT  Zp  4 hT 2 hT  Zp  4 hT 2 hT  p
  i =1  

⇒ Ap (k1 ,..., k4 ) = g 2p ∫ DXχ p  − S 0 [X ] × ∏ ∫ d 2σ j χ p  − k µ( j ) X µ (σ j ,τ j ) ⇒

 1  4  1 
 h  j =1  h 

− g µρ gνσ Tr (Gµν Gρσ ) f (φ ) − g µν ∂ µφ∂ν φ  =

 R 1 1 
⇒ − ∫ d 26 x g −
 16πG 8 2 

( )
∞
 1 ~ 2 κ102 2 
∫ d x(− G )
1 −2 Φ µ
=∫  R + 4∂ µ Φ∂ Φ − H 3 − 2 Trν F2  . (102)
10 1/ 2
e
0
2κ102  2 g10 

 x  ϕ 1 / 2 x
η
x
 x 
1/ 2

Θ(0,3) + A  ∫   dx − ∫
k 1
2Zx0 0∫,3 ϕ0 
1/ 2 0
dx +   dx +
0,3 x  2 0,3( xϕ0 )1 / 2 
  x x1 / 2ϕ '2 x x
ϕ '0  1  x1 / 2ϕ '0 1  
x
−1 / 2  1 dx
− A   ∫ 5 / 2 dx + ∫ 1 / 2 3 / 2 − 2 ∫ 1 / 2 3 / 2 dx  +  3 / 2 −
0  +
 32 0,3 ϕ0 ϕ x
0,3 0 0,3
x ϕ0  8  ϕ0 (xϕ0 )1 / 2 0,3 
γ 2   x ϕ '0 ϕ0  3 / 2  ϕ0 

x 1/ 2 x 3/ 2

+  ∫ 3 / 2 1/ 2 − ∫ + ∫   dx  ⇒
1/ 2
 A dx dx  A
0,3 x ϕ0
5/ 2
0 , 3
2  0,3
x  x 
1/ 2
 1 ∂ 2S  1 ∂ 2S  1 
⇒ λ p  −  χ p  − S ( x , t ; y ,0 )  =
 2h ∂x∂y  h ∂x∂y p  h 
 1   1 t 
= ∫ χ p  − S [q ]Dq = ∫ χ p  − ∫ L(q, q& )dt ∏ dq (t ) ⇒
 h   h 0
 t

⇒
λ2p (4hT )  m 2c 2T
χ p  −
x2 
 ∫ χ p
 y0

2

−
( )
x 0 y 0  0 3  y i 2 xi yi  i
dy × ∏ ∫ χ p  − + dy = Ω x ⇒ ( ) ( )
2hT p
2
 h 4 hT  Zp  4 hT 2 hT  Zp  4 hT 2 hT  p
  i =1  

⇒ Ap (k1 ,..., k4 ) = g 2p ∫ DXχ p  − S 0 [X ] × ∏ ∫ d 2σ j χ p  − k µ( j ) X µ (σ j ,τ j ) ⇒

 1  4  1 
 h  j =1  h 

− g µρ gνσ Tr (Gµν Gρσ ) f (φ ) − g µν ∂ µφ∂ν φ  =

 R 1 1 
⇒ − ∫ d 26 x g −
 16πG 8 2 

( ) .
∞
1/ 2 −2 Φ  1 ~ 2 κ102
=∫
1
2 ∫
d 10
x (− G ) e  R + 4∂ µ Φ ∂ µ
Φ − H 3 − 2 Trν F2
2
(103)
0
2κ10  2 g10 

24
Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Prof. Branko Dragovich of Institute of Physics of Belgrade (Serbia) and Dr.
Gianmassimo Tasinato of Institut fur Teoretische Physik, Universitat Heidelberg (Germany) for
their availability and friendship with regard me. Furthermore, I would like to thank also Prof.
Antonino Palumbo of Department of Science of the Earth, University of Naples “Federico II”
(Italy) for useful discussions and advice.

References

[1] E. Fermi ed E. Amaldi – “Le orbite ∞ s degli elementi” – “Mem. Accad. d’Italia” – , 6 (I)
(Fis.), 119-149 (1934).

[2] Branko Dragovich – “p-Adic and Adelic Quantum Mechanics” – arXiv:hep-th/0312046v1 –

Dec 2003.

[3] G.S.Djordjevic, B. Dragovich and LJ. Nesic – “p-Adic and Adelic free Relativistic Particle” –
arXiv:hep-th/0005216v1 – May 2000.

[4] Branko Dragovich – “On Adelic Strings” – arXiv:hep-th/0005200v1 – May 2000.

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