OS_OS_001 Fakultet za informacione tehnologije

Command Line Utilities

Attrib
Displays, sets, or removes the read-only, archive, system, and hidden attributes assigned to files
or directories. Used without parameters, attrib displays attributes of all files in the current
directory.

Syntax
attrib [{+r | -r}] [{+a | -a}] [{+s | -s}] [{+h | -h}] [[Drive:][Path] FileName] [/s[/d]]

Parameters
+r
Sets the read-only file attribute.
-r
Clears the read-only file attribute.
+a
Sets the archive file attribute.
-a
Clears the archive file attribute.
+s
Sets the system file attribute.
-s
Clears the system file attribute.
+h
Sets the hidden file attribute.
-h
Clears the hidden file attribute.
[Drive:][Path] FileName
Specifies the location and name of the directory, file, or set of files for which you want to
display or change attributes. You can use wildcard characters (that is, ? and *) in the
FileName parameter to display or change the attributes for a group of files.
/s
Applies attrib and any command-line options to matching files in the current directory
and all of its subdirectories.
/d
Applies attrib and any command-line options to directories.
/?
Displays help at the command prompt.

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Cmd
Starts a new instance of the command interpreter, Cmd.exe. Used without parameters, cmd
displays the version and copyright information of the operating system.

Syntax
cmd [{/c | /k}] [/s] [/q] [/d] [{/a | /u}] [/t:FG] [/e:{on | off}] [/f:{on | off}] [/v:{on | off}]
[String]

Parameters
/c
Carries out the command specified by String and then stops.
/k
Carries out the command specified by String and continues.
/s
Modifies the treatment of String after /c or /k.
/q
Turns the echo off.
/d
Disables execution of AutoRun commands.
/a
Formats internal command output to a pipe or a file as American National Standards
Institute (ANSI).
/u
Formats internal command output to a pipe or a file as Unicode.
/t:FG
Sets the foreground F and background G colors. The following tables lists valid
hexadecimal digits that you can use as the values for F and G.
Value Color
0 Black
1 Blue
2 Green
3 Aqua
4 Red
5 Purple
6 Yellow
7 White
8 Gray
9 Light blue
A Light green
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B Light aqua
C Light red
D Light purple
E Light yellow
F Bright white
/e:on
Enables command extensions.
/e:off
Disables commands extensions.
/f:on
Enables file and directory name completion.
/f:off
Disables file and directory name completion.
/v:on
Enables delayed environment variable expansion.
/v:off
Disables delayed environment variable expansion.
String
Specifies the command you want to carry out.
/?
Displays help at the command prompt.

Copy
Copies one or more files from one location to another.

Syntax
copy [/d] [/v] [/n] [{/y | /-y}] [/z] [{/a | /b}] Source [{/a | /b}] [+ Source [{/a | /b}] [+ ...]]
[Destination [{/a | /b}]]

Parameters
/d
Allows the encrypted files being copied to be saved as decrypted files at the destination.
/v
Verifies that new files are written correctly.
/n
Uses a short file name, if available, when copying a file with a name longer than eight
characters, or with a file extension longer than three characters.
/y
Suppresses prompting to confirm that you want to overwrite an existing destination file.

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/-y
Prompts you to confirm that you want to overwrite an existing destination file.
/z
Copies networked files in restartable mode.
/a
Indicates an ASCII text file.
/b
Indicates a binary file.
Source
Required. Specifies the location from which you want to copy a file or set of files. Source
can consist of a drive letter and colon, a folder name, a file name, or a combination of
these.
Destination
Required. Specifies the location to which you want to copy a file or set of files.
Destination can consist of a drive letter and colon, a folder name, a file name, or a
combination of these.
/?
Displays help at the command prompt.

Defrag
Locates and consolidates fragmented boot files, data files, and folders on local volumes.

Syntax
defrag Volume

defrag Volume [/a]

defrag Volume [/a] [/v]

defrag Volume [/v]

defrag Volume [/f]

Parameters
Volume
The drive letter or a mount point of the volume to be defragmented.
/a
Analyzes the volume, displays a summary of the analysis report, and indicates whether
you should defragment the volume.
/v

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Displays the complete analysis and defragmentation reports. When used in combination
with /a, displays only the analysis report. When used alone, displays both the analysis
and defragmentation reports.
/f
Forces defragmentation of the volume when free space is low.
/?
Displays help at the command prompt.

Del (erase)
Deletes specified files.

Syntax
del [Drive:][Path] FileName [ ...] [/p] [/f] [/s] [/q] [/a[:Attributes]]

erase [Drive:][Path] FileName [ ...] [/p] [/f] [/s] [/q] [/a[:Attributes]]

Parameters
[Drive:][Path] FileName
Specifies the location and name of the file or set of files you want to delete. FileName is
required. You can use multiple file names. Separate file names with spaces, commas, or
semicolons.
/p
Prompts you for confirmation before deleting the specified file.
/f
Forces deletion of read-only files.
/s
Deletes specified files from the current directory and all subdirectories. Displays the
names of the files as they are being deleted.
/q
Specifies quiet mode. You are not prompted for delete confirmation.
/a
Deletes files based on specified attributes.
Attributes
Specifies any of the file attributes listed in the following table.
Attribute Description
r Read-only
a Archive
s System
h Hidden

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- Prefix that means NOT

/?
Displays help at the command prompt.

Rename (ren)
Changes the name of a file or a set of files.

Syntax
rename [Drive:][Path] FileName1 FileName2

ren [Drive:][Path] FileName1 FileName2

Parameters
[Drive:][Path] FileName1
Specifies the location and name of the file or set of files you want to rename.
FileName2
Specifies the new name for the file. If you use wildcards (* and ?), FileName2 specifies
the new names for the files. You cannot specify a new drive or path when renaming files.
/?
Displays help at the command prompt.

Deltree
Deletes a directory and all the subdirectories and files in it.

To delete one or more files and directories:

DELTREE [/Y] [drive:]path [[drive:]path[...]]

/Y Suppresses prompting to confirm you want to delete

the subdirectory.
[drive:]path Specifies the name of the directory you want to delete.

Note: Use DELTREE cautiously. Every file and subdirectory within the
specified directory will be deleted.

Dir
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Displays a list of a directory's files and subdirectories. Used without parameters, dir displays the
disk's volume label and serial number, followed by a list of directories and files on the disk,
including their names and the date and time each was last modified. For files, dir displays the
name extension and the size in bytes. Dir also displays the total number of files and directories
listed, their cumulative size, and the free space (in bytes) remaining on the disk.

Syntax
dir [Drive:][Path][FileName] [...] [/p] [/q] [/w] [/d] [/a[[:]Attributes]][/o[[:]SortOrder]]
[/t[[:]TimeField]] [/s] [/b] [/l] [/n] [/x] [/c] [/4]

Parameters
[Drive:][Path]
Specifies the drive and directory for which you want to see a listing.
[FileName]
Specifies a particular file or group of files for which you want to see a listing.
/p
Displays one screen of the listing at a time. To see the next screen, press any key on the
keyboard.
/q
Displays file ownership information.
/w
Displays the listing in wide format, with as many as five file names or directory names on
each line.
/d
Same as /w but files are sorted by column.
/a [[:] Attributes]
Displays only the names of those directories and files with the attributes you specify. If
you omit /a, dir displays the names of all files except hidden and system files. If you use
/a without specifying Attributes, dir displays the names of all files, including hidden and
system files. The following list describes each of the values you can use for Attributes.
The colon (:) is optional. Use any combination of these values, and do not separate the
values with spaces.
Value Description
h Hidden files
s System files
d Directories
a Files ready for archiving
r Read-only files
-h Files that are not hidden
-s Files other than system files
-d Files only (not directories)

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-a Files that have not changed since the last backup

-r Files that are not read-only
/o [[:]SortOrder]
Controls the order in which dir sorts and displays directory names and file names. If you
omit /o, dir displays the names in the order in which they occur in the directory. If you
use /o without specifying SortOrder, dir displays the names of the directories, sorted in
alphabetic order, and then displays the names of files, sorted in alphabetic order. The
colon (:) is optional. The following list describes each of the values you can use for
SortOrder. Use any combination of the values, and do not separate these values with
white spaces.
Value Description
n In alphabetic order by name
e In alphabetic order by extension
d By date and time, earliest first
s By size, smallest first
g With directories grouped before files
-n In reverse alphabetic order by name (Z through A)
-e In reverse alphabetic order by extension (.ZZZ through .AAA)
-d By date and time, latest first
-s By size, largest first
-g With directories grouped after files
/t [[:]TimeField]
Specifies which time field to display or use for sorting. The following list describes each
of the values you can use for TimeField.
Value Description
c Creation
a Last access
w Last written
/s
Lists every occurrence, in the specified directory and all subdirectories, of the specified
file name.
/b
Lists each directory name or file name, one per line, including the file name extension. /b
does not display heading information or a summary. /b overrides /w.
/l
Displays unsorted directory names and file names in lowercase. /l does not convert
extended characters to lowercase.
/n
Displays a long list format with file names on the far right of the screen.
/x
Displays the short names generated for files on NTFS and FAT volumes. The display is
the same as the display for /n, but short names are displayed after the long name.

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/c
Displays the thousand separator in file sizes.
/4
Displays four-digit year format.
/?
Displays help at the command prompt.

Echo
Turns the command echoing feature on or off, or displays a message. Used without parameters,
echo displays the current echo setting.

Syntax
echo [{on | off}] [Message]

Parameters
{on | off}
Specifies whether to turn the command echoing feature on or off.
Message
Specifies the text that you want to display on the screen.
/?
Displays help at the command prompt.

Edit
EDIT [/B] [/H] [/R] [/S] [/<nnn>] [/?] [file(s)]

/B - Forces monochrome mode.

/H - Displays the maximum number of lines possible for your hardware.
/R - Load file(s) in read-only mode.
/S - Forces the use of short filenames.
/<nnn> - Load binary file(s), wrapping lines to <nnn> characters wide.
/? - Displays this help screen.
[file] - Specifies initial files(s) to load. Wildcards and multiple
filespecs can be given.

Fdisk
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Configures a hard disk for use with MS-DOS. (Not available for Windows 2000/XP/2003)

FDISK [/STATUS] /X

/STATUS Displays partition information.

/X Ignores extended disk-access support. Use this switch if you
receive disk access or stack overflow messages.

Format
Formats the disk in the specified volume to accept Windows files.

Syntax
format Volume [/fs:FileSystem] [/v:Label] [/q] [/a:UnitSize] [/c] [/x]

format Volume [/v:Label] [/q] [/f:Size]

format Volume [/v:Label] [/q] [/t:Tracks /n:Sectors]

format Volume [/v:Label] [/q]

format Volume [/q]

format Volume [/s]

Parameters
Volume
Specifies the mount point, volume name, or drive letter (followed by a colon), of the
drive you want to format. If you do not specify any of the following command-line
options, format uses the volume type to determine the default format for the disk.
/fs:FileSystem
Specifies the file system to use file allocation table (FAT), FAT32, or NTFS. Floppy
disks can use only the FAT file system.
/v:Label
Specifies the volume label. If you omit the /v command-line option or use it without
specifying a volume label, format prompts you for the volume label after the formatting
is completed. Use the syntax /v: to prevent the prompt for a volume label. If you format
more than one disk by using one format command, all of the disks will be given the same
volume label. For more information about disk volume labels, see Related Topics.
/a:UnitSize

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Specifies the allocation unit size to use on FAT, FAT32, or NTFS volumes. If you do not
specify UnitSize, it is chosen based on volume size. The following table lists valid values
for UnitSize.
Value Description
512 Creates 512 bytes per cluster.
1024 Creates 1024 bytes per cluster.
2048 Creates 2048 bytes per cluster.
4096 Creates 4096 bytes per cluster.
8192 Creates 8192 bytes per cluster.
16K Creates 16 kilobytes per cluster.
32K Creates 32 kilobytes per cluster.
64K Creates 64 kilobytes per cluster.
/q
Performs a quick format. Deletes the file table and the root directory of a previously
formatted volume but does not perform a sector by sector scan for bad areas. You should
use the /q command-line option to format only previously formatted volumes that you
know are in good condition.
/f:Size
Specifies the size of the floppy disk to format. When possible, use this command-line
option instead of the /t and /n command-line options. Windows accepts the following
value for size:

1440 or 1440k or 1440kb or 1.44 or 1.44m or 1.44mb

1.44-MB, double-sided, quadruple-density, 3.5-inch disk

/t:Tracks
Specifies the number of tracks on the disk. When possible, use the /f command-line
option instead of this command-line option. If you use the /t command-line option, you
must also use the /n command-line option. These two command-line options provide an
alternative method of specifying the size of the disk being formatted. You cannot use the
/f command-line option with the /t command-line option.
/n:Sectors
Specifies the number of sectors per track. When possible, use the /f command-line option
instead of this command-line option. If you use the /n command-line option, you must
also use the /t command-line option. These two command-line options provide an
alternative method of specifying the size of the disk being formatted. You cannot use the
/f command-line option with the /n command-line option.
/c
NTFS only. Files created on the new volume will be compressed by default.
/x
Causes the volume to dismount, if necessary, before it is formatted. Any open handles to
the volume will no longer be valid.

/s

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Copies system files to the formatted disk. (Windows 9x only)

MD/CD/RD
Mkdir (MD)
Creates a directory or subdirectory.

Syntax
mkdir [Drive:]Path

md [Drive:]Path

Parameters
Drive:
Specifies the drive on which you want to create the new directory.
Path
Required. Specifies the name and location of the new directory. The maximum length of
any single path is determined by the file system.
/?
Displays help at the command prompt.
Displays the name of or changes the current directory.

CHDIR (CD)
CHDIR [/D] [drive:][path]
CHDIR [..]
CD [/D] [drive:][path]
CD [..]

.. Specifies that you want to change to the parent directory.

Type CD drive: to display the current directory in the specified drive.

Type CD without parameters to display the current drive and directory.

Use the /D switch to change current drive in addition to changing current

directory for a drive.

If Command Extensions are enabled CHDIR changes as follows:

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The current directory string is converted to use the same case as

the on disk names. So CD C:\TEMP would actually set the current
directory to C:\Temp if that is the case on disk.

CHDIR command does not treat spaces as delimiters, so it is possible to

CD into a subdirectory name that contains a space without surrounding
the name with quotes. For example:

cd \winnt\profiles\username\programs\start menu

is the same as:

cd "\winnt\profiles\username\programs\start menu"

which is what you would have to type if extensions were disabled.

Rmdir (rd)
Removes (that is, deletes) a directory.

Syntax
rmdir [Drive:]Path [/s] [/q]

rd [Drive:]Path [/s] [/q]

Parameters
[Drive:]Path
Specifies the location and name of the directory that you want to delete.
/s
Removes the specified directory and all subdirectories including any files. Use /s to
remove a tree.
/q
Runs rmdir in quiet mode. Deletes directories without confirmation.
/?
Displays help at the command prompt.

MEM
Displays the amount of used and free memory in your system.

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MEM [/PROGRAM | /DEBUG | /CLASSIFY]

/PROGRAM or /P Displays status of programs currently loaded in memory.

/DEBUG or /D Displays status of programs, internal drivers, and other
information.
/CLASSIFY or /C Classifies programs by memory usage. Lists the size of
programs, provides a summary of memory in use, and lists
largest memory block available.

Ping
Verifies IP-level connectivity to another TCP/IP computer by sending Internet Control Message
Protocol (ICMP) Echo Request messages. The receipt of corresponding Echo Reply messages
are displayed, along with round-trip times. Ping is the primary TCP/IP command used to
troubleshoot connectivity, reachability, and name resolution. Used without parameters, ping
displays help.

Syntax
ping [-t] [-a] [-n Count] [-l Size] [-f] [-i TTL] [-v TOS] [-r Count] [-s Count] [{-j HostList | -k
HostList}] [-w Timeout] [-R] [-S SrcAddr] [-4] [-6] TargetName

Parameters
-t
Specifies that ping continue sending Echo Request messages to the destination until
interrupted. To interrupt and display statistics, press CTRL+BREAK. To interrupt and
quit ping, press CTRL+C.
-a
Specifies that reverse name resolution is performed on the destination IP address. If this
is successful, ping displays the corresponding host name.
-n Count
Specifies the number of Echo Request messages sent. The default is 4.
-l Size
Specifies the length, in bytes, of the Data field in the Echo Request messages sent. The
default is 32. The maximum Size is 65,527.
-f
Specifies that Echo Request messages are sent with the Don't Fragment flag in the IP
header set to 1 (available on IPv4 only). The Echo Request message cannot be
fragmented by routers in the path to the destination. This parameter is useful for
troubleshooting path Maximum Transmission Unit (PMTU) problems.
-i TTL

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Specifies the value of the TTL field in the IP header for Echo Request messages sent. The
default is the default TTL value for the host. The maximum TTL is 255.
-v TOS
Specifies the value of the Type of Service (TOS) field in the IP header for Echo Request
messages sent (available on IPv4 only). The default is 0. TOS is specified as a decimal
value from 0 through 255.
-r Count
Specifies that the Record Route option in the IP header is used to record the path taken by
the Echo Request message and corresponding Echo Reply message (available on IPv4
only). Each hop in the path uses an entry in the Record Route option. If possible, specify
a Count that is equal to or greater than the number of hops between the source and
destination. The Count must be a minimum of 1 and a maximum of 9.
-s Count
Specifies that the Internet Timestamp option in the IP header is used to record the time of
arrival for the Echo Request message and corresponding Echo Reply message for each
hop. The Count must be a minimum of 1 and a maximum of 4. This is required for link-
local destination addresses.
-j HostList
Specifies that the Echo Request messages use the Loose Source Route option in the IP
header with the set of intermediate destinations specified in HostList (available on IPv4
only). With loose source routing, successive intermediate destinations can be separated
by one or multiple routers. The maximum number of addresses or names in the host list is
9. The host list is a series of IP addresses (in dotted decimal notation) separated by
spaces.
-k HostList
Specifies that the Echo Request messages use the Strict Source Route option in the IP
header with the set of intermediate destinations specified in HostList (available on IPv4
only). With strict source routing, the next intermediate destination must be directly
reachable (it must be a neighbor on an interface of the router). The maximum number of
addresses or names in the host list is 9. The host list is a series of IP addresses (in dotted
decimal notation) separated by spaces.
-w Timeout
Specifies the amount of time, in milliseconds, to wait for the Echo Reply message that
corresponds to a given Echo Request message to be received. If the Echo Reply message
is not received within the time-out, the "Request timed out" error message is displayed.
The default time-out is 4000 (4 seconds).
-R
Specifies that the round-trip path is traced (available on IPv6 only).
-S SrcAddr
Specifies the source address to use (available on IPv6 only).
-4
Specifies that IPv4 is used to ping. This parameter is not required to identify the target
host with an IPv4 address. It is only required to identify the target host by name.
-6
Specifies that IPv6 is used to ping. This parameter is not required to identify the target
host with an IPv6 address. It is only required to identify the target host by name.

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TargetName
Specifies the host name or IP address of the destination.
/?
Displays help at the command prompt.

SCANDISK
Windows 9x utility to scan for file, folder, and physical disk errors. For Windows
NT/2000/XP/2003 use CHKDSK.

SCANREG
Scans and backs up Registry for Windows 98/ME

Usage: SCANREG [/<option>]

<option>
? : Displays usage.
BACKUP : Backup the registry and related system configuration files.
RESTORE : Choose a backup to restore.
FIX : Repair the registry.
COMMENT="<comment>"
: Adds the specified comment to the CAB file while backing up.

Set
Displays, sets, or removes environment variables. Used without parameters, set displays the
current environment settings.

Syntax
set [[/a [Expression]] [/p [Variable=]] String]

Parameters
/a
Sets String to a numerical expression that is evaluated.
/p
Sets the value of Variable to a line of input.
Variable

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Specifies the variable you want to set or modify.

String
Specifies the string you want to associate with the specified variable.
/?
Displays help at the command prompt.

Setver
Sets the MS-DOS version number that Windows reports to a program.

Display current version table: SETVER [drive:path]

Add entry: SETVER [drive:path] filename n.nn
Delete entry: SETVER [drive:path] filename /DELETE [/QUIET]

[drive:path] Specifies location of the SETVER.EXE file.

filename Specifies the filename of the program.
n.nn Specifies the MS-DOS version to be reported to the program.
/DELETE or /D Deletes the version-table entry for the specified program.
/QUIET or /Q Hides the message typically displayed during deletion of
version-table entry.

Type
Displays the contents of a text file. Use the type command to view a text file without modifying
it.

Syntax
type [Drive:][Path] FileName

Parameters
[Drive:][Path] FileName
Specifies the location and name of the file or files that you want to view. Separate
multiple file names with spaces.
/?
Displays help at the command prompt.

Ver
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Displays the operating system version number.

Xcopy
Copies files and directories, including subdirectories.

Syntax
xcopy Source [Destination] [/w] [/p] [/c] [/v] [/q] [/f] [/l] [/g] [/d[:MM-DD-YYYY]] [/u] [/i] [/s
[/e]] [/t] [/k] [/r] [/h] [{/a | /m}] [/n] [/o] [/x]
[/exclude:FileName1[+[FileName2]][+[FileName3]] [{/y | /-y}] [/z]

Parameters
Source
Required. Specifies the location and names of the files you want to copy. This parameter
must include either a drive or a path.
Destination
Specifies the destination of the files you want to copy. This parameter can include a drive
letter and colon, a directory name, a file name, or a combination of these.
/w
Displays the following message and waits for your response before starting to copy files:

Press any key to begin copying file(s)

/p
Prompts you to confirm whether you want to create each destination file.
/c
Ignores errors.
/v
Verifies each file as it is written to the destination file to make sure that the destination
files are identical to the source files.
/q
Suppresses the display of xcopy messages.
/f
Displays source and destination file names while copying.
/l
Displays a list of files that are to be copied.
/g
Creates decrypted destination files.
/d[:MM-DD-YYYY]
Copies source files changed on or after the specified date only. If you do not include a
MM-DD-YYYY value, xcopy copies all Source files that are newer than existing
Destination files. This command-line option allows you to update files that have changed.
/u
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Copies files from Source that exist on Destination only.

/i
If Source is a directory or contains wildcards and Destination does not exist, xcopy
assumes destination specifies a directory name and creates a new directory. Then, xcopy
copies all specified files into the new directory. By default, xcopy prompts you to specify
whether Destination is a file or a directory.
/s
Copies directories and subdirectories, unless they are empty. If you omit /s, xcopy works
within a single directory.
/e
Copies all subdirectories, even if they are empty. Use /e with the /s and /t command-line
options.
/t
Copies the subdirectory structure (that is, the tree) only, not files. To copy empty
directories, you must include the /e command-line option.
/k
Copies files and retains the read-only attribute on destination files if present on the source
files. By default, xcopy removes the read-only attribute.
/r
Copies read-only files.
/h
Copies files with hidden and system file attributes. By default, xcopy does not copy
hidden or system files.
/a
Copies only source files that have their archive file attributes set. /a does not modify the
archive file attribute of the source file. For information about how to set the archive file
attribute by using attrib, see Related Topics.
/m
Copies source files that have their archive file attributes set. Unlike /a, /m turns off
archive file attributes in the files that are specified in the source. For information about
how to set the archive file attribute by using attrib, see Related Topics.
/n
Creates copies by using the NTFS short file or directory names. /n is required when you
copy files or directories from an NTFS volume to a FAT volume or when the FAT file
system naming convention (that is, 8.3 characters) is required on the destination file
system. The destination file system can be FAT or NTFS.
/o
Copies file ownership and discretionary access control list (DACL) information.
/x
Copies file audit settings and system access control list (SACL) information (implies /o).
/exclude:FileName1[+[FileName2]][+[FileName3]]
Specifies a list of files containing strings.
/y
Suppresses prompting to confirm that you want to overwrite an existing destination file.
/-y
Prompts to confirm that you want to overwrite an existing destination file.

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OS_OS_001 Fakultet za informacione tehnologije

/z
Copies over a network in restartable mode.
/?
Displays help at the command prompt.

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