SURFACE RESISTANCE

First Lecture (Chapter 9)

 Outcomes
■ Understanding Knowledge
– Identify Couette and Hele-Shaw flows.
– Explain flow types and flow regimes
– Distinguish between boundary layers for laminar and turbulent flows.
– Explain the meaning of the boundary-layer thickness.
– Distinguish between the local shear stress and average shear stress coefficients.
– Explain the process of boundary-layer separation.
■ Intellectual skills
– Calculate shear stress in Couette flow.
– Calculate flow rate or pressure gradient in Hele-Shaw flow.
– Calculate the boundary-layer thickness.
– Calculate local shear stress and overall resistance for laminar and turbulent boundary layers.
■ Professional and Practical Skills
– For Couette flow, calculate surface resistance.
– For Hele-Shaw flow, determine the flow rate.
– For flow over a flat plate, find the shear stress as a function of Reynolds number.

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 Surface Resistance with Uniform Laminar Flow
■ Flow moving between two parallel plates (two are stationary
or one is fixed) can be considered as uniform one-
dimensional flow and the responsible shear force or
surface resistance can be predicted.
■ For control volume aligned with flow direction s with angle θ
with respect to horizontal plane with dimensions
Δs×Δy×Unity, the momentum equation in s-direction will be:

■ There are three forces acting on the matter in the control

volume: due to pressure, shear stress, and gravity.
■ The net pressure force is

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Surface Resistance with Uniform Laminar Flow
■ The net force due to shear is

■ The component of gravity force acting by this control volume is 𝜌𝑔∆𝑠∆𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 where 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
𝑑𝑧
− , thus gravity force can be expressed as:
𝑑𝑠

■ Thus the momentum equation in s-direction can be summarized to receive:

■ From this relation, the gradient of shear stress equals the gradient in piezometric pressure
in the flow direction.
𝑑𝑢
Poiseuille
■ While, the shear stress is equal to 𝜏 = 𝜇 , thus Flow?
𝑑𝑦

■ Application of this equation depends on whether the flow is produced by a moving plate
(Couette Flow) or between stationary plates (Hele Shaw flow).

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Surface Resistance in Couette flow
■ Important for design of lubricating system.
■ The lower plate is fixed, the upper is moving with speed U.
■ separated distance between plates is L.
■ Zero pressure gradient in s-direction (𝑑𝑃 Τ𝑑𝑠 = 0)
■ Flow is horizontal, thus 𝑑𝑧Τ𝑑𝑠 = 0
■ For Couette flow the momentum equation is reduced to:

■ The boundary conditions include: u=0 @ y=0 & u=U @ y=L

■ By integrating twice the reduced equation: 𝑢 = 𝐶1. 𝑦 + 𝐶2, by applying these boundary
𝑦
conditions, then 𝑢 = 𝑈
𝐿
𝑑𝑢 𝑈
■ Thus shear stress 𝜏 = 𝜇 can be expressed as 𝜏 = 𝜇
𝑑𝑦 𝐿
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Example 9:1 shear stress in Couette flow

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Surface Resistance in Hele-Shaw flow
■ Important in flow visualization studies and in microchannel flows.
■ Two fixed plates separated by distance B.
■ Thus flow velocity is zero at both plates.
■ Consider uniform flow in s direction (u=f(y) only.
■ The boundary conditions include: u=0 @ y=0 & u=0 @ y=B
■ For Hele-Shaw flow the momentum equation can be twice integrated to get:

■ Applying the boundary conditions at y=0 provides C2=0

■ Applying boundary conditions at y=B, provides C1 to be
■ Thus the flow velocity is determined by
■ This is a parabolic profile with a maximum value at the centerline between the plates (y=B/2).
■ The maximum velocity is or in terms of piezometric head

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 Surface Resistance in Hele-Shaw flow
■ The average volume flow rate between two plates can be determined by:

■ In this case the average flow velocity will be:

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University of Bisha Faculty of Engineering 9
THANK YOU
Now Your Questions, please.