One-way ANOVA

purpose: a one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) is a technique used to

compare means of two or more samples
*note, this technique can only be used with numerical data; you cannot use a one-way ANOVA with
ordinal data

null hypothesis: H 0 : 1  2  3  4  5
*note, the null hypothesis could be false in a number of ways; all means could be different from each
other or the first two could be equal to each other but different from the last three, and so on
*note, if we assume that H0 is true, then our five samples could be thought of as five independent samples
drawn from the same population

benefits: a one-way ANOVA allows us to examine individual effects of each variable

separately, and also the interacting effects of two or more variables. (unlike a t-test, it
imposes no restriction on the number of means)
*note, a comparison between two groups may be made by using either a one-way ANOVA or an
independent samples t-test; when there are only two means to compare, the t-test and the F-test are equivalent;
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the relation between ANOVA and t is given by F=t

notes: to run a one-way ANOVA, the following conditions must be met

a. homogeneity of variance. (each of the populations has the same variance;

variance of populations are equal)
12   22   32   42   52   e2
*notation e stands for error, and this variance is the error variance
b. normality. (the response variables for each condition are normally distributed
around their mean)
c. independence of observations. (the observations are independent of one
another; independent samples)

how to calculate: a step-by-step guide follows…

MStreat
F
MSerror

*note, when you run a one-way ANOVA, you produce what is known as an F-
statistic. this is simply the ratio of variance calculated among the means to the
variance within the samples. (a higher ratio implies that the samples were drawn from
different populations).

1. First, calculate SStotal, SStreatment, and SSerror

SStotal   ( X ij - X .. )2 Where X ij represents the score of person i in condition j

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 and X represents the grand mean

SStreat  n ( X j - X .. )2 Where n is the number of observations in each treatment group

and Xj is the treatment mean

*note, if the sample sizes are equal, the sum of squares of treatment is defined as
follows: SStreat  n (X j - X .. )2

*note, if the sample sizes differ, and we define n j as the number of subjects in the jth
treatment, we can rewrite the expression as SStreat  n (Xj j - X .. )2 ,

SSerror  SStotal  SStreat =  ( X ij - X j )2

2. Second, calculate dftotal, dftreatment, and dferror

dftotal=N-1 where N is the total number of observations

dftreatment=k-1 where k is the total number of treatments

dferror= dftotal - dftreatment = k (n  1) where n is the number of scores within any one treatment

3. Third, calculate MStreatment and MSerror

SStreat
MStreat = MStreatment is the Mean Squares of the Treatment. You calculate this by dividing
dftreat
the Sum of Squares of the Treatment by the degrees of freedom of the treatment.

SSerror
MSerror = MSerror is the Mean Squares of the Error. You calculate this by dividing the Sum
df error
of Squares of the error by the degrees of freedom of the error.

4. Fourth, calculate F-statistic

MStreat
F
MSerror

*note, you need to compare your observed F value to the F-critical value to
determine if there are significant differences among the treatment means

* if Fobs>F-Critical Value. Reject H 0 .

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