Mnemonics for Facultative Intracellular Organisms

“Faculty List of Your Legion Are Bruce, Salma, Mike and Francis”
Faculty (group)
List – Listeria
Of Your – Yersinia
Legion – Legionella
Are Bruce – Brucella
Salma – Salmonella typhi
Mike – Mycobacterium
Francis – Francisella tularensis
Contributed by: Jericho Robert Pineda, MD

Mnemonics for IJV Tributaries

“Medical Schools Let Confident People In”
Medical – Middle Thyroid
Schools – Superior Thyroid
Let – Lingual
Confident – Common Facial
People – Pharyngeal
In – Inferior Petrosal Sinus
Contributed by: Rowena Grace Garcia, MD

Mnemonics for Celiac Trunk Branches

“Left Hand Side”
Left – Left Gastric a.
Hand – Hepatic a.
Side – Splenic a.
Contributed by: Rowena Grace Garcia, MD

Mnemonics for Thoracic Duct relation to Azygous Vein and Esophagus

“The Duck Between 2 Gooses”
Thoracic Duct is between the Esophagus and Azygous Vein.
Contributed by: Rowena Grace Garcia, MD

Did you know that alcohol promotes dieresis not directly (i.e. acting on the tubules) but indirectly by decreasing
ADH secretion? So as with lithium as a side effect and with demeclocycline primarily to treat SIADH.
Contributed by: Christopher George Mapa, MD

Dorsal Medulla – normal breathing rhythm, inspiratory drive

Ventral Medulla – active expiration
Lower Pons –apneustic center, responsible for deep prolonged breathing
Upper Pons –pneumotaxic center, inhibits inspiration causing increased respiratory rate
Contributed by: Christopher George Mapa, MD

Norepinephrine is the only neurotransmitter with documented negative feedback inhibition. Therapeutic dose
stimulates the sympathetic nervous system but increased circulating norepinephrine sends a negative feedback
signal to the brain causing general inhibitory effect. ---Katzung & Joram
Contributed by: Hyacinth Claire Tanseco, MD

FOUR rates using MIDYEAR POPULATION as denominator (2 crude, 2 specific)

Crude Birth Rate
Crude Death Rate
Cause-Specific Death Rate
Age-Specific Death Rate
Contributed by: Hyacinth Claire Tanseco, MD

FOUR rates using LIVE BIRTHS as denominator (4 mortalities)

Infant Mortality
Neonatal Mortality
Maternal Mortality
Post-Neonatal Mortality
Contributed by: Hyacinth Claire Tanseco, MD

Popcorn calcification – Chondrosarcoma

Soap Bubble – Giant Cell
Ground Glass – Fibrodysplasia
Sunburst Appearance – Osteosarcoma
Onion Skin Appearance – Ewing’s Sarcoma
Contributed by: Christopher Tambo, MD

Patients with Ventricular Tachycardia

When hemo-stable, use Lidocaine.
When hemo-unstable, SYNCH CARDIOVERSION 1-2.5 j/kg in Pedia
Patients with Supraventricular Tachycardia
SYNCH CARDIOVERSION 0.25-0.50 J/kg x2 if unsuccessful
---Baby Nelson
Contributed by: Christopher Tambo, MD

Histamine Receptor Subtypes

H1 – smooth muscle
H2 – stomach, heart, mast cells
H3 – nerve endings and CNS
Contributed by: Christopher Tambo, MD

Specialized products derived from AA

Phenylalanine to tyrosine – thyrosine (thyroxine), dopamine (melanin, norepinephrine, epinephrine)
Tryptophan – serotonin, niacin (NAD, NADP), melatonin
Arginine – nitric oxide, creatinine, urea
Glutamate – GABA
Histidine –histamine
Glycine – porphyrin (heme)
Contributed by: Christopher Tambo, MD

MIGRAINE
Prophylaxis – propranolol, valproic acid, topiramate
Acute Attack – ergotamine, sumatriptan
Contributed by: Bernice Plana, MD

Mnemonics for 5 Cofactors for Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

“TLC For Nadia”
T – thiamine pyrophosphate
L – lipoic acid
C – CoA
For – FAD
Nadia – NAD
Contributed by: Christopher Tambo, MD
ATROPHIC VAGINITS is the most common cause of vaginal bleeding in post-menopausal women.
Contributed by: Rochee De Leon, MD

Cell Surface Proteins

Helper T Cells – CD4, TCR, CD3, CD28, CD40L
Cytotoxic T Cells – CD8, TCR, CD3
B Cells – IgM, B7, CD19, CD20, CD21, CD40, MHC II
Macrophages – MHC II, B7, CD40, CD14, receptors for Fc and C3b
Natural Killer Cells – receptors for MHC I, CD16, CD56
All cells except mature RBCs – MHC I
Contributed by: Christopher Tambo, MD

As a general rule
DOC for anaerobes ABOVE the diaphragm, use clindamycin.
DOC for anaerobes BELOW the diaphragm, use metronidazole.
---USMLE First Aid, Step 1

Myocardial Infarction Diagnosis

Trop I – 4 hours to 7 days  most specific
CK-MB – 1st 24 hours  first to elevate
LDH – 2nd to 7th day
Contributed by: Alain Blue Tuazon, MD

FRUITS OF PATHOLOGY
Strawberry tongue – Scarlet fever, Kawasaki disease
Strawberry cervix – Trichomoniasis
Strawberry gallbladder – cholesterolosis
Cherry-red spot – CRAO, Niemann-Picks disease, Tay Sachs’ disease
Bunch of grapes – Sarcoma botyroides
Apple-green birefringence – amyloidosis
Currant jelly – intussusceptions, Klebsiella pneumonia
Lemon sign – spina bifida
Banana sign – spina bifida
Banana-shaped left ventricle on ECG – hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Peau d’ orange – invasive breast CA
Bitter almond odor – cyanide poisoning
Sweet garlic odor – arsenic
Contributed by: Jimmy Dumlao, MD

Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conns) – low plasma rennin

Secondary Hyperaldosteronism – high plasma rennin
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison’s) – hyperpigmentation
Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison’s) – without hyperpigmentation

ENDOCARDITIS
Acute – Staph aureus
Subacute – Viridans strep (S. sanguis) & Group D strep (Enterococci)
In IV drug users – Staph epidermidis & Candida albicans (TV endocarditis)

HEPATITIS
Hep A – feco-oral – Picornavirus
Hep B – STD – Hepadnavirus
Hep C – BT – Flavivirus
Hep D – HbsAg – Deltavirus
Hep E – feco-oral – Calicivirus

DOPAMINE
Normally:
The striatum communicates with the thalamus and cerebral cortex via:
1 – direct pathway (excitatory) through D1 receptors (Gs so increased adenylyl cyclase, increased cAMP); and
2 – indirect pathway (inhibitory) through D2 receptors (Gi so decreased adenylyl cyclase, decreased cAMP).
Dopamine excites the direct pathway and inhibits the indirect pathway. So overall, dopamine is excitatory.
In Parkisonism:
Since dopamine inhibits the indirect (inhibitory) pathway and excites the direct (excitatory) pathway, destruction
of dopaminergic neurons is overall, inhibitory.
Contribued by: Bernice Plana, MD

Mnemonics for G Coupling Proteins

1 – HAV M3 (read as “have me”): H1, α1, V1, M1, M3
Action: activates Gq  phospholipase C 
(1) increases IP3  increases intracellular Ca; and
(2) increases DAG  increases protein kinase C.
2 – DB HBV: D1, β1, H2, β2, V2
Action: activates Gs  stimulates adenylyl cyclase  increases cAMP
3 – MAD 2i: M2, α2, D2
Action: activates Gi  inhibits adenylyl cyclase  decreases cAMP
---BRS Physiology
Contributed by: Bernice Plana, MD

PSaMMoma Bodies – laminated, concentric, calcific spherules seen in:

P – Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid
S – Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary
M – Meningioma
M – Malignant Mesothelioma
---USMLE First Aid, Step 1

Drain Directly into the Right Atrium

1 – Coronary Sinus (great, middle/medium and small cardiac veins)
2 – Anterior Cardiac Vein
3 – Smallest Cardiac Vein or Venae Cordis Minimae
4 – SVC
5 – IVC

VALVES
Tricuspid Valve – 3 cusps (anterior, septal, inferior)
Mitral Valve – 2 cusps (anterior, posterior)
Pulmonary Valve – 3 semilunar cusps (1 posterior, 2 anterior)
Aortic Valve – 3 semilunar cusps (1 anterior, 2 posterior)
AORTIC SINUSES (bulge from 3 semilunar cusps):
1 anterior – becomes Right coronary artery
2 posterior – Left posterior becomes Left coronary artery
Contributed by: Bernice Plana, MD

MRH – mitral regurgitation, holosystolic

VSDH – VSD, holosystolic
PDAH – PDA, holosystolic
ASS – aortic stenosis, systolic
MPM – mitral prolapsed, midsystolic
ARD – aortic regurgitation, diastolic
MSD – mitral stenosis, diastolic
TSD – tricuspid stenosis, diastolic
Contributed by: Caryl De Guzman, MD

FORCEPS
Simpsons, Tuckers – for traction, with pelvic curve
Kiellands – for fetal rotation, without pelvic curve
Bartons – for transverse arrest
Pipers – for after coming head in breech

Mnemonics for Developmental Milestones in the 1st 12 months

1st to 6th months – “Randy Santiago Trying Hard Raw Talaga”
7th to 12th months – “Sharon Cuneta Pa Ctue With Snookie”
1 Randy – regard
2 Santiago – social smile
3 Trying – turns head
4 Hard – holds head
5 Raw – rolls over
6 Talaga – transfers objects
7 Sharon – sites briefly
8 Cuneta – creeps
9 Pa – pulls up
10 Cute – cruises
11 With – walks with support
12 Snookie – stands
Contributed by: Ma. Raissa Paje, MD

Breastmilk Jaundice – occurs after 7th day; may be d/t glucoronidase, responsible for jaundice; STOP breastfeeding
for 1-2- days.
Breastfeeding Jaundice – occurs after 7th day; d/t decreased milk intake; increase breastfeeding.
Contributed by: Rochee De Leon, MD

FHTs
UTZ – 8 weeks AOG
Doppler – 10-12 weeks AOG
Stethoscope – 18 weeks AOG
Contributed by: Ma. Nenita Flor Consolacion, MD

Most common ASD – ostium secundum

Most common COA anomaly – bicuspid aortic valve
“Tet” spells (extreme hypoxia) – found in TOF
Most cmoon VSD – perimembranous
Contributed by: Ma. Nenita Flor Consolacion, MD

Intern al haemorrhoids – dilated submucosal veins of superios rectal plexus

3 sites:
L lateral – 3 o’ clock
R posterior lateral – 7 o’ clock
R anterolateral – 11 o’ clock
External haemorrhoids – inferior hemorrhoidal plexus dilation below dentate line
Contributed by: Caryl De Guzman, MD

Swaroop-Uermura Index – number of death 50 years and above divided by total deaths in the same year
multiplied by 100  high result means people get old first before they die
Contributed by: Marianne Mananghaya-Alonzo, MD

Structures Without Mitochondria

RBCs
Leukocytes
Lens
Cornea
Kidney medulla
Testes
Contributed by: Marita Deang, MD

Duodenal Ulcers – pain Decrease with food intake  weight gain

Gastric Ulcers – pain Greater with food intake  weight loss
Contributed by: Marita Deang, MD

Aliskiren (Rasilez) – direct rennin inhibitor that blocks the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I thus
decreaseing angiotensin II which is a potent blood pressure elevating enzyme.
Contributed by: Donna Cruz-Segador, MD

PANCREATIC CA
Surgical dictum: Vague abdominal pain with weight loss, with or without jaundice, in an older patient (50 y/o and
above) is pancreatic CA until proven otherwise. Cigarette smoking is the most clearly established risk factor.
Contributed by: Marita Deang, MD

3rd NSD is still covered by Philhealth, according to the 2006 pamphlet.

Contributed by: Joseph Ilao, MD