UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FAKULTI

KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA ENGINEERING

CHEMISTRY LABORATORY (CHE486)

NAME : MUHAMMAD RADHI BIN AZIZ

STUDENT NO. : 2017631906

GROUP : EH2203A
EXPERIMENT : FREE AND FORCED VORTEX
DATE PERFORMED : 26/9/2018
SEMESTER :3
PROGRAMME / CODE : EH220 / CHE486
SUBMIT TO : DR. HABSAH ALWI

No. Title Allocated Marks (%) Marks

1 Abstract/Summary 5
2 Introduction 10
3 Aims 5
4 Theory 10
5 Apparatus 5
6 Methodology/Procedure 10
7 Results 10
8 Calculations 10
9 Discussion 20
10 Conclusion 5
11 Recommendations 5
12 Reference / Appendix 5
TOTAL MARKS 100

Remarks:

Checked by :

---------------------------

Date :
 ABSTRACT

The purpose of this experiment are separated into 2 components, free vortex and
forced vortex. For free vortex, the aim of the experiment is to observe the profile of a surface
and calculate the rate of displacement of the vortex and conjointly to search out the
connection among the profile of the surface and the rate of displacement of the vortex. Next,
the purpose for forced vortex experiment, is to observe the profile of a surface and angular
rate of displacement of the vortex and conjointly to search out the connection between
observe the profile of a surface and sum of the head. In free vortex experiment, various
diameters of orifices are accustomed to study the free vortex. It can be observe that by way
of the radius of the diameter of the orifices increase, the water’s speed decreases.
Therefore, larger diameter of the orifice can create bigger vortex. In the forced vortex
experiment, it involves the utilization of plastic blade bottom of the container in order to make
forced vortex. It is determined that because of the angular rate of displacement rise, the
peak from measurement gauge to bridge , h, conjointly higher because the when the angular
rate of displacement rise, the slope of the curve conjointly higher as a result of the stream
operate in the form of forced vortex. In summary, all of the objectives given during this lab
experiment were archived with success.
 INTRODUCTION

Instrument that primarily cast-off for the experiment is that the SOLTEQ Free and
Forced Vortex (Model: FM24) that is build to create and evaluate the features of free and
forced vortex. The orifice discharge accent allows complete study of the current through
various diameter of orifices with a variety of flow rates.

Vortex is the spin of fluid components at a standard center. Normally, the fluid flows
in rotating wave regarding to the unreal axis, straightline or bend wherever these motion
patterns are known as vortical flows. There are 2 kinds of vortices, i.e. free and forced. The
fluid circles at the middle for the forced vortex, whereas in free vortex, the fluid helixes
headed to the middle. The vortex flow are often seen in varied areas such as in rotary
engine style in the indusrtry, in the world phenomena and additionally in making safety
against natural disaster.

Free vortex shaped once water exit the container through a hole at the base of a tank
during which the point of the rotation being keen about primary disturbance. In the free
vortex flow, the mass of the fluids spin with none outward force. The rotation is effect by the
internal action or the rotation introduced previously. Throughout this experiment, the free
vortex formed with the aid of the rotating plate. For example, the free vortex motion exit
through a gap at rock bottom of a shallow space wherever the velocity and the rate of
rotation of the fluid are close to the middle.

External forces is the cause of the forced vortex on the fluid adore the blade of a
pump. During this experiment, the forced vortex flow formed with the aid of plastic paddle.
The velocity of the forced vortex assumed zero at the middle and keeps rising relative to the
space from the middle. Each free vortex and forced vortex exhibit least pressure at the
middle, but free vortex contains a lot lower minimum pressure compared to forced vortex.
Throughout the forced vortex motion, the mass of fluid is rotate by external supply of power.
It exerts a relentless torque on the mass of fluid and cause it to revolve with a relentless
angular speed.
 OBJECTIVES

The experiment conducted to meet a few objectives. They're separated into free
vortex and forced vortex. In free vortex, the purpose is to review the surface profile and
velocity of the vortex and conjointly to search out the connection between the surface profile
and speed of the vortex. On the opposite hand, in forced vortex, the purpose is to review the
profile of the surface and angular rate velocity of the vortex and conjointly to search out the
connection between surface profile and total head.
 THEORY

A vortex is a rotation movement of water, usually turbulent flow of fluid. Any spiral
motion with closed streamlines is vortex flow wherever the motion of the fluid moving chop-
chop around a middle is thought as vortex. The speed and rate of rotation of the fluid in a
very free (irrotational) vortex square measure greatest at the middle, and reduce increasingly
(little by little) with distance from the middle, whereas the speed of a forced (rotational)
vortex is zero at the middle and will increase proportional to the gap from the middle
(“Theory of a Vortex”). There square measure 2 varieties of vortex flow that square measure
free vortex flow and compelled vortex flow.

Free vortex
The important features of free vortex is that it doesn't need the appliance of external
energy or demolition of energy within the flow field. In such circumstances, the absence of
friction would make it not possible to form or destroy the vortex motion. The motion within
the fluid can be long-lasting. Flow motion and also the speed of the fluid part that outright
passing through a given purpose are going to be constant with the time. a number of the
samples of free vortex are the motion of liquid through a hole at the bottom center of the
vessel, the flow of liquid around a circular bend in pipe and also the flow of fluid during a
pump casing (Pattison, n.d.).

The water moves spirally towards the middle with a contour motion that by neglecting
losses caused by the consistency, the unit per mass can unbroken constant. The fluid
particles move in circle a few purpose within the free vortex flow. The only-trivial speed part
is diverging wherever this diverging speed varies with radius so as identical circulation is
maintained. All the lines are coaxial circles regarding given purpose wherever the rate on
every streamline is reciprocally proportional to the space from the middle. Within the
unofficial terms, the fluid move close to the middle of the vortex can flow into quicker. At
identical time, the inner contour have a shorter distance to move to complete the ring.
Based on the vortex profile for all diameter of opening and gradient of the graph are often
calculated with the equation:

K2
X= ( )( r1 )
2g 2

Where;
X = pressure head/ depth of the pitot tube
g = gravitational acceleration
r = radius
Based on the velocity which can be calculated from the pitot tube reading and
the radius profile:

V =(2 gH )0.5
Where;
V = velocity
g = gravitational acceleration
H = pitot tube difference

Thus, theoretically, the velocity can be calculated using the equation:

K
V=
r

Forced vortex

In opposing with free vortex, luid rotating in forced vortex circles at the middle where
the velocity and rate of fluid rotation is the largest at the middle and reduce gradually
because it goes aloof from the middle. Few samples of forced vortex is the container filled
with liquid revolved regarding its middle axis with same value of angular rate velocity, the
motion of liquid within the vane of a centrifugal pump and flow of water through the runner of
a rotary engine which is a turbine (Pattison, n.d.).
 Throughout the experiment, the forced may be produced by rotating the container
filled with the water or by the aid of paddle within the water. Structure for such motion shall
be coaxial circles and also the total energy is constant on a contour. The equation for the
forced vortex may be created by applying Newton’s equation to a fluid component and
presumptuous there's no shear stress working on the fluid that is not any relative motion
between adjacent particles. Finally, the ensuing equation may be expressed as:

w2 r 2
∆ h=h−h0 =
2g
Where;
h = initial surface height of the fluid
h0 = height on the axis
ω = angular velocity
r = radius of the cylinder
g = gravitational acceleration

Apparatus
Figure 2: SOLTEQ Free and Forced Vortex Model FM42

Figure 3: Profile measuring gauge

Figure 4: Paddle
Figure 5: Pitot tube

Figure 6: Orifices

PROCEDURE
General Start-up Procedures
1.The bench placed on the hydraulic bench.
2.The recess and outlet hose originated.
3.The equipment is controlled to achieve the horizontal position.

General Shut-down Procedures

1.The valves were closed and the pump was switched off.
2. The orifices, paddle and alternative accessories detached from the cylindrical container.

Experiment 1: Free Vortex

1.The overall start-up procedures were performed.
2.Placed an orifice with a diameter of 24mm at the bottom of a cylinder tank.
3.The output valve was closed and the inlet 3-way valve was adjusted to let the water flows
into the tank from 2 pipes with 12.5 mm linear unit diameter. The water may flow through the
opening.
4.The pump was switched on and also the valve on the hydraulic bench was opened slowly
till it reached the tank limit. The water level maintained by adjusting the valve.
5.The profile of the vortex was collected once the water level was constant by measuring the
vortex diameter for many planes with the aid of the profile measuring gauge.
6.The profile measuring gauge was pushed down till each of the sharp point touch a bit of
the water surface.
7.The measured height, h (from the top of the profile measuring gauge to the bridge) and
therefore the distance from the bridge to the surface of the water level (bottom level of the
cutout) which is a were measured.
8. Pitot tube was utilized to record the velocity by sinking it into the water at the depth of
5mm unit from the water surface. The depth of the pitot tube within the water, H was
measured.
9.Step 3-8 were repeated with 3 orifices that have different diameter 12mm, 16mm and
18mm.
10.The synchronizes of vortex profile for all diameter of orifices was recorded in a graph the
gradient of the graph was calculated by the aid of the formula below

K2 1
X= ∙
2 g r2
11.The graph of velocity was also plotted which is obtained from the pitot tube reading
versus the radius of the profile.

V = (2gH)0.5
 Theoretically, the velocity was obtained by using the following equation: :
K
V=
r

Experiment 2: Forced Vortex

1.Perform the overall start-up procedures.
2.Placed a pump with 2 pedals on the bottom of the cylinder tank.
3.Closed the output valve and adjust the 3-way valve input to let the water flows into the tank
from 2 pipes with 9.0 diameter. The water may be flow through another 2 pipes with 12.5mm
diameter.
4.It had been ensured that the water exit the container with the siphon effect by raising the
hose to the top of the water level within the tank.
5. Occupied the outlet hose was with water before filled the the sump tank with water within
the hydraulic bench
6.The angular velocity of the pedals was measured by calculating the amount of circles
during a specific times.
7.The surface probe was pushed down till the sharp point touch a bit of the water surface.
8.The measured height, h0 (from the tip of the measuring gauge to bridge) was recorded.
9.Step 4 – 8 were repeated with totally different volumetrical rate.
10.The synchronizes of vortex profile for various angular rate velocity was recorded and
plotted on the graph.
11.The calculated profile of the vortex was recorded and plotted within the sgraph as they
relate as

ω2 2
h = h0 + r
2g

RESULTS
Free Vortex
a. Orifice diameter = 24 mm

Distance from bridge to water surface, a = 225 mm

225 mm

Table 1: Data obtained for 24 mm orifice diameter

Head
Pressure
Pitot tube
Diameter Measured / Depth Velocity,
head Radius, r2 1/r2
at centre, height, h of the V
difference r (mm) (mm2) (1/mm2)
D (mm) (mm) pitot (mm/s)
, H (mm)
tube, X
(mm)
72.0 82.0 10.0 23.0 442.94 36.0 1296.00 7.72x10-4
77.0 95.0 9.0 10.0 420.21 38.5 1482.25 6.75x10-4
84.0 100.0 8.0 5.0 396.18 42.0 1764.00 5.67x10-4

Figure7: Graph of pressure head against 1/r2 for a 24 mm orifice diameter

Table 2: Difference between actual and theoretical velocity for 24 mm orifice diameter
Radius, r (mm) Actual velocity (mm/s) Theoretical velocity (mm/s)
36.0 442.94 11.67
38.5 420.21 10.91
42.0 396.18 10.01
 Velocity against radius
500
450
400
350
Velocity, V (mm/s)

300
Actual velocity
250
Theoretical velocity
200
150
100
50
0
36 38.5 42
Radius, r (mm)

Figure 8: Graph of velocity against the radius of the profile for 24 mm orifice diameter

b. Orifice diameter = 16 mm

Distance from to water surface, a = 230 mm

Table 3: Data obtained for 16 mm orifice
Head
Pressure
Pitot tube
Diameter Measured / Depth Velocity,
head Radius, r2 1/r2
at midle, height, h of the V
difference r (mm) (mm2) (1/mm2)
D (mm) (mm) pitot (mm/s)
, H (mm)
tube, X
(mm)
48.0 77.0 11.0 23.0 464.56 24.0 576.00 1.74x10-3
49.0 85.0 9.0 15.0 420.21 24.5 600.25 1.67x10-3
50.0 97.0 7.0 3.0 370.59 25.0 625.00 1.60x10-3
 Pressure head against 1/r2
25
f(x) = 10 x − 6.33
20
Pressure head, X (mm)

15

10

0
0 0 0
1/r2 (1/mm2)

Figure 9: Graph of pressure head against 1/r2 for a 16 mm orifice diameter

Table 4: Difference between actual and theoretical velocity for 16 mm orifice diameter
Radius, r (mm) Actual velocity (mm/s) Theoretical velocity (mm/s)
24.0 464.56 18.46
24.5 420.21 18.08
25.0 370.59 17.72

Velocity against radius

500
450
400
350
Velocity, V (mm/s)

300
Actual velocity
250
Theoretical velocity
200
150
100
50
0
24 24.5 25
Radius, r (mm)

Figure 10: Graph of velocity against the radius of the profile for 16 mm orifice diameter
 c. Orifice diameter = 12 mm

Distance to water surface, a = 226 mm

Table 5: Data obtained for 12 mm orifice diameter

Head
Pitot tube Pressure/
Diameter Measured
head Depth of Velocity, Radius, 1/r2
at centre, height, h r2 (mm2)
difference, the pitot V (mm/s) r (mm) (1/mm2)
D (mm) (mm)
H (mm) tube, X
(mm)
46.0 81.0 9.0 23.0 420.21 23.0 529 1.89x10-3
47.0 90.0 8.0 14.0 396.18 23.5 552.25 1.81x10-3
59.0 101.0 7.0 3.0 370.59 29.5 870.25 1.15x10-3

Pressure head against 1/r2

25
f(x) = 10 x − 6.67
20
Pressure head, X (mm)

15

10

0
0 0 0
1/r2 (1/mm2)

Figure 11: Graph of pressure head against 1/r2 for a 12 mm orifice diameter

Table 6: Different between actual and theoretical velocity for 12 mm orifice diameter
Radius, r (mm) Actual velocity (mm/s) Theoretical velocity (mm/s)
23.0 420.21 19.26
23.5 396.18 18.85
29.5 370.59 15.01
 Velocity against radius
450
400
350
Velocity, V (mm/s)

300
250 Actual velocity
200 Theoretical velocity
150
100
50
0
23 23.5 29.5
Radius, r (mm)

Figure 12: Graph of velocity against the radius of the profile for 12 mm orifice diameter
d. Orifice diameter = 8 mm

Distance from bridge to water surface, a = 240 mm

Table 7: 8 mm orifice diameter

Head
Pressure
Pitot tube
Diameter Measured / Depth Velocity,
head Radius, r2 1/r2
at centre, height, h of the V
difference r (mm) (mm2) (1/mm2)
D (mm) (mm) pitot (mm/s)
, H (mm)
tube, X
(mm)
29.0 67.0 7.0 23.0 370.59 14.5 210.25 4.76x10-3
33.0 74.0 6.0 16.0 343.10 16.5 272.25 3.67x10-3
34.0 85.0 6.0 5.0 343.10 17.0 289.00 3.46x10-3
 Pressure head against 1/r2
25
f(x) = 9 x − 3.33
20
Pressure head, X (mm)

15

10

0
0 0 0
1/r2 (1/mm2)

Figure 13: Graph of pressure head against 1/r2 for a 8 mm orifice diameter
Table 8: Different between actual and theoretical value
Radius, r (mm) Actual velocity (mm/s) Theoretical velocity (mm/s)
14.5 370.59 28.98
16.5 343.10 25.47
17.0 343.10 24.72

Velocity against radius

400
350
300
Velocity, V (mm/s)

250
Actual velocity
200
Theoretical velocity
150
100
50
0
14.5 16.5 17
Radius, r (mm)

Figure 14: Graph of velocity against the radius of the profile for 8 mm orifice diameter
Forced Vortex

Table 9: Data for forced vortex experiment obtained and calculated value
Distance h0 (mm)
from centre 1st 2nd 3rd
(mm) Measured Theoretical Measured Theoretical Measured Theoretical
0 62 62 77 77 91 91
30 63 63.55 78 78.58 94 94.62
70 67 69.99 80 83.17 96 99.36
110 73 80.38 86 93.82 101 109.31
No of
revolutions 33 34 35
in 60s
Angular
velocity 3.46 3.56 3.67
(rad/s)
LPM 10.00 10.59 12.86

Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge against

Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge, h (mm)

Distance from centre

90
80
70 f(x) = 0.17 x + 60.11
f(x) = 0.1 x + 60.92
60 Measured
Linear (Measured)
50
Theoretical
40 Linear (Theoretical)
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance from centre (mm)

Figure 15: Graph 1st trial

 Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge against
Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge, h (mm)
Distance from centre
100
90
f(x) = 0.15 x + 75.2
80 f(x) = 0.08 x + 76.07
70 Measured
60 Linear (Measured)
50 Theoretical
40 Linear (Theoretical)
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance from centre (mm)

Figure 16: Graph 2nd trial

Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge against

Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge, h (mm)

Distance from centre

120

100 f(x) = 0.16 x + 90.04

f(x) = 0.09 x + 90.96
80 Measured
Linear (Measured)
60 Theoretical
Linear (Theoretical)
40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance from centre (mm)

Figure 17: Graph 3rd trial

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
Free Vortex

Orifice diameter = 24 mm
Distance from bridge to water surface, a = 225 mm

At D = 72 mm and h = 82 mm,

Pressure head , X =330−a−h=330−225−82=23 mm

m 1000 mm mm
0.5

√
Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 ×9. .81
s2
×
m
× 10 mm=442.94
s

1 1 1 1
= 2= =7.72 ×10−4
r 36 1296
2
mm 2

From the graph of pressure head against 1/r2,

X
Gradient , =9 mm3
1
r2

X K2
Substitute into equation = ,
1 2g
r2

K2 3
=9 mm
2g

m 1000 mm mm4 mm2

√
∴ K= 9.0 mm3 ×2 ×9.81
s2
×
m
=
√
176580
ss
=420.21
s

At D = 72 mm, r = 36 mm:

mm2
420.21
K s m
Theoretical velocity ,V = = =11.67
r 36 mm s

Forced Vortex

Using the data from 1st trial:

No. of revolution 33
Angular velocity =2 π × =2 π × =3.46 rad /s
60 s 60 s
Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge:

ω2 2 3.462
h=h0 + r =63+ 302=63.55 mm
2g 2(9.81 ×1000)

ω2 2 3.462
h=h0 + r =67+ 702 =69.99 mm
2g 2(9.81×1000)

ω2 2 3.462
h=h0 + r =73+ 110 2=80.38 mm
2g 2(9.81 ×1000)

DISCUSSION

The aim of this experiment is to find the connection of the speed and angular speed
of free vortex and forced vortex, with the profile of the surface vortex. Water in the free
vortex spin with no external force exerted. It rotates by the act of the internal force or by the
previous rotation introduced to the fluid. For forced vortex, it spin by a same value of torque
act with the external source onto the fluid.

In the first experiment, various diameters of orifices were cast to study about the free
vortex. Every diameters of the orifices show the same trends which is lower the velocity,
bigger the radius of the orifices will be. The trend may be a cause of the fall in elevation
since pressure is constant for the free surface, and the value of H is constant. It can be
shown in Table 1, 3, 5, and 7 which every diameters of orifice showed the characteristic. We
can also compare the relationship between the different size of orifices and the yield of
vortex. Larger diameters of the orifices will create bigger yield of vortex. On the graph plotted
in figure 1, 3, 5, and 7 it can be observed that the gradient for pressure head against 1/r 2 is
nearly the same for every diameters of the orifice. Next, relation between velocity and radius
can be observed. The actual velocity supposedly constant at the same time as the
theoretical one, but data obtained turns greatly from it. Human errors when conducting the
experiment may be the cause of it. The product of the velocity and radius have to be
constant because the value of axial vorticity is zero.

In the next experiment we placed a paddle at the end of the tank in order to produced
forced vortex. The gradient of slope of the calculated data turn to be slightly differen from the
theoretical value as shown in figure 9, 10, 11. The 1 st, 2nd, and 3rd trial of the calculated slope
is 0.169, 0.1512, 0.1626 while the theoretical slope is 0.1015, 0.0796, and 0.0865
respectively. The different between the two value is very small. Therfore assumption was
made and the data is tolerable. In the experiment we can also observe that higher the
angular speed higher the value of the h will be. This is occur because the streamline function
produced in forced vortex is parabolic in nature

CONCLUSION

The purpose of this experiment were to study the relationship between the speed and
angular speed for free vortex and forced vortex, with the profile surface of the vortex . In the
first experiment, it can be said that when the larger the radius of the orifice, lower the speed
of fluid will be and larger diameter of orifice will create a bigger vortex. Unfortunately, the
product of velocity and radius is not the same. It may be the cause of human error. On the
other hand in the next experiment we can conclude that the increase of angular velocity and
the value of h increase together. This is occur because the streamline function produced in
forced vortex is parabolic in nature. In conclusion all the we find that all the the objectives is
sucessfully achieved. However the data we calculated is somehow different from the
theoretical value. Therefore we do assumption and take the data as true because the diffrent
value with the theoretical value is small.
 RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Make sure that the flow and level of water is stable when the measurement is taken
to ensure that the data obtained is accurate.
2. It would be better if there is and additional equipment given in order to have a better
sight on flow visualization.
3. Make sure to locate the centerline of the flow field accurately.

4. In order to have more accurate results, the available range of diameter of orifices
should be expanded.

REFERENCES

1. Forced vortex. (n.d.). Retrieved April 5, 2015, from

https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/forced-vortex.430507/
2. Free and forced vortex - Chemical engineering other topics - Eng-Tips. (n.d.).
Retrieved April 5, 2015, from http://www.eng-tips.com/viewthread.cfm?qid=126928
3. JSME FED:Activity:Enjoy Fluid Experiments Lab.:Free Vortex and Forced Vortex. (n.d.).
Retrieved April 6, 2015, from http://www.jsme-fed.org/experiment-e/2011_2/003.html
4. Pattison, M. J. (n.d.). Fundamentals - Vorticess. Retrieved April 6, 2015, from
http://www.thermopedia.com/content/1248/?tid=104&sn=1159
5. Theory of a Vortex - Explore with Fouzan. (n.d.). Retrieved April 5, 2015, from
http://fouzan.weebly.com/theory-of-a-vortex.html
6. Vortex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2015, from
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex
7. What is FREE VORTEX FLOW? definition of FREE VORTEX FLOW (Science
Dictionary). (n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2015, from http://thesciencedictionary.org/free-
vortex-flow/
8. Singh, S. (2012). Experiments in Fluid Mechanics: PHI Learning.
9. Dixon, S.L. (2005). Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Turbomachinery: Elsevier
 Science.
10. Sinha, P., Sarkar, K., Pandey, B. K., & Nandi, N. On a few Aspects of Vortex Motion.

APPENDIX
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