JULIA LEVITSKAYA, OLGA POZDNEEVA

№20

G rammar Practice:
Conditionals
 ȻɂȻɅɂɈɌȿɑɄȺ «ɉȿɊȼɈȽɈ ɋȿɇɌəȻɊə»
ɋɟɪɢɹ «Ⱥɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ»
ȼ ɵ ɩ ɭ ɫ ɤ 20

Юлия Левицкая,
Ольга Позднеева

ГРАММАТИКА НА ПРАКТИКЕ:
УСЛОВНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ
ɑɢɫɬɵɟ ɩɪɭɞɵ
2008
1
 Types of Conditionals
Conditional sentences can be divided into Conditional 1 (or real condition),
Conditionals 2 and 3 (unreal condition).
The ¿rst conditional shows that, from the speaker’s point of view, the
situation is quite possible. In the main clause the Future forms or verbs in the
Imperative Mood are used; in the clause of condition the present tense forms are
used. Example: If the weather is sunny tomorrow (this is quite probable), we’ll
go on a hike.
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ, ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɝɨɜɨɪɹɳɟɝɨ, ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɚ. ȼ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɮɨɪɦɵ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɦ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
The second conditional shows that, from the speaker’s point of view, the situa-
tion is improbable, and is unlikely to happen. The second conditional describes the
present or future situation as unreal. In the main clause Would + in¿nitive should
be used, in the clause of unreal condition the Past Simple or the Past Continuous
should be used, for the verb ‘to be’ were is used for all persons.
Examples: I am impressed with your research papers. Of course, I would
be more impressed if I understood them (but this is highly improbable). Ɍɜɨɢ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɛɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɥɢ
ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɢɯ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɥ.
If I were a writer (but I am not a writer, and this condition is unreal), I would in-
vent a pen name. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɛɵɥ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɹ ɛɵ ɩɪɢɞɭɦɚɥ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɧɢɦ.
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ, ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɝɨɜɨɪɹɳɟɝɨ, ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɢ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ. ȼ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ would ɢ ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬɢɜ ɛɟɡ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ‘to’, ɜ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɱ-
ɧɨɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧ-
ɧɨɟ, ɝɥɚɝɨɥ ‘to be’ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ‘were’ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɥɢɰ ɢ ɱɢɫɟɥ.
The third conditional describes the past situation as unreal. In the main clause
would + perfect in¿nitive (have done) should be used. In the clause of condition the
Past Perfect is used. Example: Mr. Bennet: “If I had known as much this morning
(but I didn’t know it), I certainly wouldn’t have called on him (but I have already
done it).” «ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɡɧɚɥ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɬɪɨɦ, ɹ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɧɚɧɟɫ ɟɦɭ ɜɢɡɢɬ».
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ
ɤɚɤ ɧɟɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ. ȼ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ would ɢ ɩɟɪɮɟɤɬɧɵɣ
ɢɧɮɢɧɢɬɢɜ. ȼ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ.
There are also so called mixed conditionals. In such conditionals one part of
the sentence refers to the present (or future), and the other to the past.
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 Examples: They are all interesting cases. If I didn’t feel that way (in gen-
eral), I would have gone into another specialty (in the past). ɗɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ, ɹ ɛɵ ɜɵɛɪɚɥ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.
Elizabeth Bennet: “I could easily forgive his pride (at present), if he hadn’t
morti¿ed mine. (in the past)” “ə ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ ɟɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɝɨɪɞɨɫɬɶ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɪɚɧɢɥ ɦɨɸ”.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɞɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ (ɢɥɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦɭ)
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.

Conditionals main clause clause of condition

Conditional 1 will do I (you, they, we) do
the Imperative he (she, it) does
Conditional 2 would do smb. did
could (might) do smb. were doing
smb. were
Conditional 3 would have done smb. had done
could (might) have done

Revising the Use of Tenses

in the Clause of Real Condition
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verbs: fall,
sell, catch, make, pay, get up.
1. If you run after two hares you ______________________ none.
2. If you lie down with dogs you _______________________ with Àeas.
3. If the sky ______________ we shall catch larks.
4. If you argue to carry the calf, they _______________ you carry the cow.
5. If you ______________ not a servant, he will pay himself.
6. If you _____________ the cow, you will sell her milk too.

Exercise 2. Open the brackets using the correct form of the verbs.
1. If I (not to ¿nd) the man, I never (to have) a rest so long as that fellow
lives.
2. Arthur, if you (to go) to Paris, I (to join) you.
3. I (to do) all I can to make Arthur happy if he (to take) me with him.
4. Mary, Mike never (to ¿nish) the report unless you (to help) him.
5. I am sure Mike (to go) with us provided he (to have) free time.
6. Unless it (to stop) snowing, we (not to go) to the country.
7. I (to attend) school tomorrow, if I (to be) better.
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 8. If the plan (to go) wrong, we all (to die).
9. They (to lose) unless they (to act).
10. If he (to miss) the train, what he (to do)?

Exercise 3. Translate the sentences into English.

1. ȿɫɥɢ ɬɵ ɧɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɟɲɶ ɭɪɨɤɢ, ɹ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɭ ɬɟɛɟ ɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɨɪ.
2. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɫɟɦɶɟ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢ
ɫɱɚɫɬɶɹ.
3. ȿɫɥɢ ɬɵ ɛɭɞɟɲɶ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɛɟɡɞɟɥɶɧɢɱɚɬɶ, ɬɵ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɠɟɲɶ ɫɞɚɬɶ
ɷɤɡɚɦɟɧ.
4. ɇɚɫ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɫɹɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɪɬ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɨɩɨɡɞɚɟɦ.
5. Ɇɵ ɨɩɨɡɞɚɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɟɡɞ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɩɟɲɢɦ.
6. Ɇɨɣ ɛɪɚɬ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬ «ɜɢɞ ɧɚ
ɠɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ» (a residence permit).
7. ȿɫɥɢ Ȼɨɛ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɬ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ
ɷɬɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ.
8. Ɇɵ ɧɚɱɧɺɦ ɪɟɩɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɲ ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɶ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɗɧɧ ɜɵ-
ɡɞɨɪɨɜɟɟɬ.
9. Ɍɵ ɨɬɞɚɲɶ Ɍɨɦɭ ɤɧɢɝɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɸ?
10. Ʉɟɣɬ ɩɨɟɞɟɬ ɜ ɂɫɩɚɧɢɸ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɣ ɞɚɞɭɬ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɜ ɢɸɧɟ?

Learning to Use Conditional 2

Exercise 4. Write the correct form of the verbs in brackets to complete the
conditional 2 sentences in the following rhymes.
A. If all the seas (to be) _________one sea,
What a great sea that (to be) ____________,
And if all the trees (to be) ______________one tree,
What a great tree that (to be) ____________,
And if all the axes (to be) _____________one axe,
What a great axe that (to be) _______________,
And if all the men (to be) _____________one man,
What a great man that (to be) ________________,
And if the great man (to take) ________________the great axe,
And (to cut) ____________down the great tree,
And (to let) __________it fall into the great sea,
What a splish splash that (to be) ________________.
(from “Mother Goose Rhymes”)

B. If I (to have) ______________a donkey and he wouldn’t go,

Do you think I (to hit) __________________ him?
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 No, no, no.
I (to put) _______________ him in the stable
And (to give) ______________ him some straw,
And the poor little donkey
(Not to work) _________________ any more.
(A. A. Milne)

Exercise 5. Read the poem by Emily Dickinson. The first line in each
quatrain is a clause of unreal condition, choose the most suitable first line for
each quatrain. Write the correct form of the verbs in brackets to complete the
conditional 2 sentences in the poem.
_____________________________________
I (to brush) __________________ the summer by
With half a smile and half a spurn,
As housewives do a Ày.
______________________________________
I (to wind) ___________________ the months in balls,
And (to put) _______________them each in separate drawers,
Until their time befalls.
_______________________________________
I (to count) _____________________ them on my hand,
Subtracting till my ¿ngers dropped
Into Van Diemen’s land.*

The ¿rst lines:

xIf I (can) see you in a year
xIf only centuries (to delay)
xIf you (to be coming) in the fall

Exercise 6. Change the following sentences into conditional 2 sentences.

Example: I want to visit this exhibition, but I don’t have any free time.
If I had some free time, I would visit this exhibition.
1. Excuse me, but I am unable to reply to your e-mail message immediately,
as I can’t connect to the Internet.
2. I want to go shopping with you, but I am very busy at the moment.
3. I am sure you are a very talented student, but you don’t work hard enough
to be top of the class.
4. The weather is too nasty to go camping. What a pity!
5. I do like this cell phone, but I won’t buy it, it’s too expensive.

* Van Diemen’s land – the former name for Tasmania.

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 6. I am willing to give you all the necessary information, but I really don’t
know what is going on.
7. This sitcom has become very unpopular. But we are not the producers of
this sitcom, consequently we can’t cancel it.
8. You catch colds very frequently because you don’t keep ¿t.
9. I am ill with bronchitis, I won’t be able to attend the meeting on Friday.
10. I am dreaming of going to Australia, but I am afraid, I can’t afford it.

Exercise 7. Answer the questions.

1. What would you change in school if you were the principal?
2. What play (or performance) would you stage if you were the director of
the school theatre?
3. What famous personality would you interview if you were a journalist?
4. What place on our planet would you travel to if you had such an oppor-
tunity?
5. What TV program would you take part in if you could choose any program?
6. What places of interest would you show your foreign friend if you went on
a sightseeing tour about Moscow?
7. What dishes would you cook if you were having a party?
8. Who would you turn to for help and support if you got into trouble?

Exercise 8. Translate into English.

1. Ɇɚɣɤ ɨɰɟɧɢɥ ɛɵ ɬɜɨɢ ɲɭɬɤɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ
ɸɦɨɪɚ.
2. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ Ʉɢɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɡɞɟɫɶ, ɹ ɛɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɥ ɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɵ
ɞɭɦɚɟɲɶ, ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɚ ɛɵ ɦɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɥ ɟɺ ɫɬɚɬɶ
ɦɨɟɣ ɠɟɧɨɣ?
3. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɷɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨɣ, ɹ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɚ
ɟɺ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɧɨɜɚ.
4. ɑɬɨ ɛɵ Ɍɨɦ ɦɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɥ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɡɚɞɚɥ ɟɦɭ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ?
5. ɋɬɟɥɥɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɵ ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ Ɍɨɦ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ
ɝɨɪɨɞɟ.
6. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ Ɍɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɤ ɜɚɦ ɡɚ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵ ɜɵ ɟɦɭ ɫɤɚɡɚɥɢ?
7. Ʉɢɦ ɩɪɢɲɥɚ ɛɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɭ ɜɟɱɟɪɢɧɤɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɦɵ ɟɺ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɫɢɥɢ?
8. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɬɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɧɵɦ, ɬɵ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɥ ɫɜɨɢ ɜɟɳɢ
ɜ ɚɜɬɨɛɭɫɟ.
9. Ʉɭɞɚ ɛɵ ɬɵ ɩɨɟɯɚɥ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɡɞɧɢɤɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɗɧɧ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɟɯɚɬɶ
ɫ ɬɨɛɨɣ?
10. ə ɛɵ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɥɚ Ⱦɠɟɪɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɦɧɟ ɜɫɸ ɩɪɚɜɞɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɛɵɥɚ
ɭɜɟɪɟɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɱɭ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ.
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 11. Ʉɢɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɩɨɞɚɪɢɥ ɬɟɛɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɭ, ɬɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɚ ɛɵ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɪɨɤ?
12. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɜɪɚɱɨɦ, ɬɨ ɬɵ ɛɵ ɫɦɨɝɥɚ ɩɪɢɫɥɭɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɤɨ-
ɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɹɦ.

Exercise 9. Match the beginnings of the sentences with the endings. Com-
plete the sentences.
1. If he calls
2. If Bob were not tired
3. He will visit his aunt in the Crimea
4. If everything goes well
5. If Kate were more attentive
6. Would you agree
7. Will Mary go to the country
8. What would you tell Ann
9. It will be very unexpected
10.If Tom had more free time
a. ...would he come to see us more often?
b. …I’ll tell him to ring back.
c. …if Mike takes part in the music contest.
d. …if she were here?
e. …he would necessarily go with us.
f. …if you were asked to help them?
g. …she would make less mistakes in her tests.
h. …Andrew will ¿nish his work on time.
i. …if it rains tomorrow?
j. …if he has his vacations in June.

Learning to Use Conditional 3

Exercise 10. Write the correct form of the verbs in brackets to complete the
conditional 3 sentences.
1. None of this (to happen) if you (not to conduct) your work so recklessly
and independently.
2. I chose the bed nearest the window, a mistake I (not to make) if I (to know)
the policy in Glass House was to turn off the heat at night.
3. She couldn’t stop thinking about what (to happen) if they (to be caught).
4. She imagined how different her life (to be) if she (to hang) her shingle
(ɡɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ) in Paris.
5. If he (not take) his eyes off the road, he (not to miss) the fact that the road
was curving to his right.
6. If he (to wear) a seat belt, he (may live).
7. If she (not to support) me after Elizabeth’s death, I probably (to go) com-
pletely to pieces.
8. If I (to explain) some part of what I learnt and his character (to be known),
this (cannot happen).
9. “If the caveman (to know) how to laugh, History (to be) different”, said
Lord Henry.
10. If I (not to establish) a new school of thought and behaviour while I was
at junior high school, it never (to occur) to me to write about it.
11. If I (to take) her word for it, probably nothing (to happen).
8
 Exercise 11. Change the following sentences into conditional 3 sentences.
Example: Jane didn’t follow the doctor’s recommendations as a result she
fell ill again.
If Jane had followed the doctor’s recommendations, she wouldn’t have fallen
ill again.
1. He was very exhausted, only because of that he didn’t think of resisting.
2. I don’t believe Kate really left, she didn’t take her suitcase.
3. At the Embassy party Eliza spoke English too perfectly, that’s why the
people took her for a foreign princess.
4. He was too nervous at the Art contest, and couldn’t win the ¿rst prize.
5. All that happened because Roy didn’t keep his promise.
6. Sam didn’t listen to the teacher’s explanation attentively, and made a lot
of mistakes in his work.
7. He took part in the election campaign, because he couldn’t predict all the
terrible consequences of it.
8. Harker Brayton let his imagination run away with him and as a result died
of horror.
9. Canterville Chase was cursed, that’s why it remained uninhabited for a
long time.
10. The meteorologists warned the citizens in advance of the coming cyclone
that made it possible to reduce the number of deaths.

Exercise 12. Translate into English. (Conditional 3).

1. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɩɪɢɧɰ ɧɟ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɥ Ʌɚɫɬɨɱɤɭ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɟɦɭ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɥɸ-
ɞɟɣ ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɟɟ, ɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɭɥɟɬɟɥɚ ɛɵ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɞɪɭɡɶɹɦɢ.
2. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ Ʌɚɫɬɨɱɤɚ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɚɫɶ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɰɟɦ, ɚ ɭɥɟɬɟɥɚ ɛɵ ɜ ȿɝɢɩɟɬ ɫɨ
ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɞɪɭɡɶɹɦɢ, ɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɝɢɛɥɚ.
3. ə ɭɜɟɪɟɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ Ɍɨɦ ɛɵɥ ɜɱɟɪɚ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɟ, ɨɧ ɛɵ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ ɤɨɧɬ-
ɪɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨ.
4. ə ɧɟ ɫɨɦɧɟɜɚɸɫɶ, ɱɬɨ Ɇɚɣɤ ɧɚɲɟɥ ɛɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ
ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɛɵɥ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ.
5. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɞɢɥɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɸ-
ɳɢɦɫɹ ɭɪɚɝɚɧɟ, ɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɠɟɪɬɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ.
6. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɬɵ ɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɛɚɪɨɦɟɬɪɚ, ɬɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ
ɛɵɥ ɛɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɦ.
7. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɜɵ ɩɨɫɥɭɲɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ, ɬɨ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɥɢ ɛɵ ɡɨɧɬɢɤɢ ɫ ɫɨɛɨɣ. Ⱥ
ɬɟɩɟɪɶ, ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɢɬɟ: ɜɵ ɩɪɨɦɨɤɥɢ ɞɨ ɧɢɬɤɢ.
8. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɞɨɠɞɶ ɧɟ ɥɢɥ ɤɚɤ ɢɡ ɜɟɞɪɚ, ɦɵ ɛɵ ɭɟɯɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɞɚɱɭ ɟɳɟ ɜɱɟɪɚ.
9. Ɉɧɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɛɵ ɤ ɧɚɦ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɫɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ
ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɫɚɦɢ.
9
 10. – Ɍɵ ɜɢɞɟɥɚ ɜɱɟɪɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɬɢ ɲɨɭ «Ⱦɨɦ 2»? – Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɧɟɬ. ȿɫɥɢ
ɛɵ ɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɩɚɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɤɭ, ɹ ɭɫɩɟɥɚ ɛɵ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ.
11. ə ɭɜɟɪɟɧɚ, ɱɬɨ Ƚɚɪɪɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɵɥ ɛɵ ɤɭɩɢɬɶ ɯɥɟɛ ɩɨ ɞɨɪɨɝɟ ɞɨɦɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɛɵ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɬɚɤ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɟɧ.
12. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɜɵ ɫɨɛɪɚɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɜɫɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ
ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ, ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ.

Exercise 13. Match the main clauses and the clauses of condition in the
left-hand column and the right-hand column. Put the verbs in brackets into
the correct form.

1. Even if Lady Brandon hadn’t intro-
duced us to each other…
2. I couldn’t be happy…
3. If Lord Henry had gone to his
aunt’s…
4. Would you think it awfully rude of
me…
5. If Lord Henry goes…
6. I believe that if one man were to live
his life fully and completely…
7. If you stay any longer in this glare...
8. If it were I who was to be young and
the picture that was to grow old…
9. If you let anyone have the picture but
me, Basil, …
10. If any stranger had been prowling
round the house…
11. If any footmarks had been found on
the Àower-beds…
12. What would you say, Harry, …
13. If you knew everything about me…
14. If anything happens to our good
Duchess…
(Based on “The Picture of Dorian Gray” by Oscar Wilde)
a) he (to meet) Lord Goodbody there, and
the whole conversation (to be) about the
feeding of the poor.
b) we (to speak) to each other without any
introduction.
c) I (to go) too.
d) for that I (to give) everything.
e) we all (to look) on you as being primarily
responsible.
f) even you (to turn) from me.
g) if I (to tell) you that I had murdered Ba-
sil?
h) he (to be seen) by the servants or the
keepers.
i) I never (to forgive) you.
j) the gardeners (to report) it.
k) if I (not to see) him every day. He is abso-
lutely necessary to me.
l) if I (to ask) you to go away?
m) you (be quite spoilt), and Basil never (to
paint) you.
n) the world (to gain) such a fresh impulse
of joy.

Exercise 14. Open the brackets. Use conditional 2 or conditional 3.

1. And now (to be) too much to ask you if I (to say) I’d like coffee?
2. Oh, Tommy, if you (to come) earlier, she (to be) happy to see you, I am
sure.
3. What you (to say), Wesley, if I (to invite) you to lunch?
4. I know, if she (to be) my mother, I (to do) everything I could for her.
10
 5. Billy said to Wesley, “ If you (to start) playing tennis at least a year before,
you already (to win) a lot of tournaments.”
6. Maybe it (to be) a good idea if they (to show) their new picture in Cannes
next year.
7. What I (to tell) your mother if she (to come) to Cannes?
8. Monica said to one of her friends when they were sitting in the café, “If I
(to be going) to date anyone, it (to be) that young man at the pool.”
9. Billy said bitterly, “If they (to show) that “Restoration Comedy” at the
Cannes Festival, they (to win) the ¿rst prize. Why didn’t they do it?”
10. If I (be) you I (not to ask) any questions.
11. The doctor was grave. The eye was in danger. Billy knew it was his fault.
If the night before he (not to be) so upset, he never (to hit) the ball at the girl so
hard and at such a distance.
12. Billy was ¿red. He understood that if that accident (not to happen) the
previous night the manager (not to dismiss) him.
13. I am scared. It (to be) better if you (to know) where to ¿nd him.
14. Wesley nodded his head slowly, “If I (to meet) the man, who had killed
my father, earlier I (to kill) him. But he is lucky: he has been taken to the police
station.”
15. Don’t be angry. You must understand: the girl’s father never (to forgive)
me if I (not to dismiss) you. You see the girl is in the hospital.
16. If you really (not to want) to get mixed up in this, you (to do) everything
to avoid going there. But now I can’t help you.
17. I also (to appreciate) it if you (not to take) any notes either now or after
I have left.
18. Oh, my God! What has he done! If he (to call) me at least yesterday I (to
be able) to help him. It’s too late now.
19. If Wesley (to show) up earlier, Billy (to manage) to solve that problem.
20. Don’t speak about your father in such a way! You didn’t know the man. If
you (to know) your father better and (to see) him more often, you (to understand)
his way of life.

Exercise 15. Translate into English, using conditional 2 or conditional 3.

1. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɧɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ (to be presumptuous),
ɹ ɛɵ ɫɩɪɨɫɢɥ ɜɚɫ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɜɵ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɧɵ. ə ɛɵɥ ɛɵ ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɦɨɝ
ɫɩɚɫɬɢ ɜɚɫ ɨɬ ɜɚɲɢɯ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɢɣ. ə ɛɵɥ ɛɵ ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɦɨɝ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ
ɜɚɲɭ ɞɪɭɠɛɭ.
2. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɥ ɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵ ɛɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɹ?
3. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɛɟɡɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɨɧ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɥɫɹ
ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ.
11
 4. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɧ ɡɧɚɥ, ɱɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɬɫɹ, ɨɧ ɛɵ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɥ ɷɬɨɬ
ɨɩɪɨɦɟɬɱɢɜɵɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɨɤ.
5. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɬɵ ɦɨɝ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ Ⱦɠɟɧɧɢɮɟɪ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɦɢɧɭɬɭ, ɬɵ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɢɥ
ɫɜɨɢɦ ɝɥɚɡɚɦ.
6. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɛɵɥ ɧɚ ɬɜɨɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ, ɹ ɛɵ ɜɟɥ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ.
7. ɋɩɚɫɢɛɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɦɨɝɥɚ, ɹ ɛɵ ɩɪɢɲɥɚ ɤ ɬɟɛɟ ɧɚ ɞɟɧɶ
ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɇɨ, ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ.
8. Ɇɵ ɬɚɤ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɜɢɞɢɦɫɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɦɵ ɠɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɟɞɫɬɜɭ, ɦɵ ɛɵ ɱɚɳɟ
ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɥɢɫɶ.
9. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɜ ɥɟɫɭ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɚɤ ɬɟɦɧɨ, ɦɵ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɥɭɞɢɥɢɫɶ.
10. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɞɢɥɢ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɨ ɧɚɞɜɢɝɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ
ɬɚɣɮɭɧɟ, ɠɟɪɬɜ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ.
11. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɦɵ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɫɨɪɢɥɢɫɶ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɭɫɬɹɤɨɜ, ɦɵ ɛɵ ɠɢɥɢ ɜ
ɦɢɪɟ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɢ.
12. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɟɟ ɨɬɟɰ ɧɟ ɭɦɟɪ, Ȼɟɤɤɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɵ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɟɯɚɬɶ ɜ
ɩɚɧɫɢɨɧ ɦɢɫɫ ɉɢɧɤɟɪɬɨɧ (Miss Pinkerton’s boarding school).
13. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɦɢɫɫ ɉɢɧɤɟɪɬɨɧ ɡɧɚɥɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɞɟɜɭɲɤɢ, ɨɧɚ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɵ
ɧɟ ɜɡɹɥɚ ɟɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɣ ɩɚɧɫɢɨɧ.
14. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɭɡɧɚɥ, ɨɧ ɛɵ ɭɠɟ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɥ
ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ.
15. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚ ɬɜɨɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ, ɹ ɛɵ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɥɚ ɷɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪ-
ɧɟɬɟ.

Learning to Use Mixed Conditionals

Exercise 16. Change the following sentences into mixed conditionals.
Example: Jane is very upset. You have hurt her feelings. You should care more
about other people’s feelings.
If you cared more about other people’s feelings, you wouldn’t have hurt Jane’s
feelings.
1. You aren’t punctual, that’s why you haven’t done the work you should
have done long ago.
2. He has always maintained his car well as a result it is still in excellent
condition.
3. I think you left your post because you are very irresponsible.
4. Now you can’t answer the questions because you haven’t read the article.
5. I didn’t invite you to the concert because I know that you are not fond of
pop music.
6. The old lady died, and now her wonderful garden is in a condition of total
neglect.
7. You failed the exam because you don’t work regularly.
12
 8. We can’t go to the cinema now because you haven’t done your homework
yet.
9. The plane didn’t arrive on time that’s why we aren’t in the of¿ce now.
10. Mike went to bed very late yesterday and as a result now he is unable to
concentrate on his work.
11. Nina didn’t turn for professional help on time as a result her condition is
very serious now.
12. It has been snowing for two days, and now roads are hazardous.

Exercise 17. Write the correct form of the verbs in brackets to complete the
conditional 2, 3 or mixed sentences.
1. You think me foolish to call instruction a torment…but if you ever (to see)
how stupid little children can be for a whole morning together, you (to allow) that
‘to torment’ and ‘to instruct’ might sometimes be used as synonymous words.
2. If reading (not to be taught), Mrs. Radcliffe* (to write) in vain – or perhaps
(may not write) at all.
3. That gentleman (to put) me out of patience, if he (to stay) with you half a
minute longer.
4. “I didn’t expect you.”
“Not expect me! That’s a good one! And what a dust you (to make) if I (not
to come)!”
5. “But you shouldn’t persuade me that I think so much about Mr. Tilney, for
perhaps I may never see him again.”
“Not see him again! My dearest creature, do not talk of it. I am sure you (to
be) miserable if you (to think) so.”
6. Oh! I am delighted with the book! I should like to spend my whole life
reading it. I assure you, if it (not to be) to meet you, I (not to come away) from
it for all the world.
7. If I (to be) to hear anybody speak slightingly of you, I (to ¿re up) in a moment.
8. What a delightful Bath place is…and how pleasant it (to be) if we (to have)
any acquaintance here.
9. If we (to know) anybody here we (to join) them directly…Are you sure
there is nobody you know in this multitude of people?
10. “My letter was from my brother at Oxford” and then speaking through the
tears, she added, “I do not think I shall ever wish for a letter again!”
“I am sorry, if I (to suspect) the letter of containing anything unwelcome, I
(to give) it with very different feelings.
(Based on “Northanger Abbey” by Jane Austen)

*
Ann Radcliffe (1764–1823) – an English novelist.

13
 Exercise 18. Translate into English. Use conditional 2, conditional 3 and
mixed conditional.
1. ɋɷɪ, ɹ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɡɧɚɥ ɟɝɨ, ɹ ɛɵ ɫɤɚɡɚɥ ȼɚɦ
ɟɝɨ ɢɦɹ.
2. ɇɚ ɜɚɲɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɹ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɲɥɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɥɭɛ ɨɞɧɚ.
3. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ ɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɜɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɦɧɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɹ ɛɵ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɥɫɹ. ɇɨ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɢɫɶ.
4. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɜɨɜɪɟɦɹ, ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɚ ɛɵ.
5. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɛɵɥ ɧɚ ɬɜɨɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ, ɹ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɪɢɥ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ.
6. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɬɨɝɞɚ Ȼɨɛ ɫɨɨɛɳɢɥ ɧɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ, ɦɵ ɛɵ ɫɦɨɝɥɢ ɟɦɭ
ɩɨɦɨɱɶ.
7. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ Ȼɪɚɣɬɨɧ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɫɬɪɚɯɭ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɭɦ, ɨɧ ɛɵ
ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɱɭɱɟɥɨ ɡɦɟɢ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɭɸ ɪɟɩɬɢɥɢɸ.
8. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ȼɢɪɞɠɢɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɨɜɟɬɨɜɚɥɚ ɫɷɪɭ ɋɚɣɦɨɧɭ ɩɨɦɨɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɨ
ɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɲɥɵɯ ɡɥɨɞɟɹɧɢɣ, ɨɧ ɛɵ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɟɥ ɦɢɪ ɢ ɩɨɤɨɣ.
9. ɋɷɪ ɋɚɣɦɨɧ ɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɥ ɛɵ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 300 ɥɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɤɥɹɥ
Ʉɟɧɬɟɪɜɢɥ ɑɟɣɡ.
10. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ Ɇɚɣɤ ɩɨɫɥɭɲɚɥɫɹ ɦɟɧɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɤ ɜɪɚɱɭ, ɟɦɭ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ
ɛɵ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɬɚɤ ɩɥɨɯɨ.
11. Ɍɨɦ ɛɵ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɥɫɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ
ɬɚɤɢɦ ɭɩɪɹɦɵɦ.
12. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɋɷɦ ɛɵɥ ɭɦɧɟɟ, ɨɧ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɛɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɦɧɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ.
13. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɧɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɟɩɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɪɬɚ, ɨɧɢ ɛɵ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɢɝɪɚɥɢ
ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ.
14. Ʉɟɣɬ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɛɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɢɥɚ ɜɚɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɟɣ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɜɚɲɚ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶ.
15. Ⱥ ɱɬɨ ɛɵ ɨɧ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɥ ɦɧɟ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɡɚɞɚɥɚ ɟɦɭ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ?
16. Ɍɟɪɪɢ, ɬɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɜɵɤɪɚɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ
ɨɧɢ ɬɟɛɟ ɡɚɩɥɚɬɢɥɢ?
17. ɇɚ ɬɜɨɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɹ ɛɵ ɫɯɨɞɢɥ ɤ ɫɬɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɭ.
18. Ʉɚɤɨɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɬɵ ɛɵ ɡɚɞɚɥ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɭ ɬɟɛɹ
ɛɵɥɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɧɢɦ?
19. ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɬɵ ɧɟ ɜɡɹɥ ɡɨɧɬ? ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɬɵ ɜɡɹɥ ɡɨɧɬ, ɬɵ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɨɤ ɞɨ ɧɢɬɤɢ.
20. Ʉɚɤ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɩɨɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɜɵɲɥɢ ɢɡ ɞɨɦɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɣɦɚɥɢ
ɬɚɤɫɢ, ɦɵ ɛɵ ɨɩɨɡɞɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬ.

TEST 1
I. Choose the correct variant.
1. The situation is dangerous. I (a. would be, b. would have been, c. will be)
careful if I (a. had been, b. was, c. were) you.
14
 2. They can’t disclose this information. It (a. will be, b. would be, c. would
have been) illegal if they (a. would disclose, b. had disclosed, c. disclosed) this
information without their clients’ consent.
3. I knew that if I (a. would buy, b. bought, c. had bought) any place in the
city, it (a. had been, b. would have been, c. would be) easier to maintain than
the house we were living in then.
4. I was in despair when Laura showed up. I still don’t know what (a. would
happen, b. happened, c. would have happened) if she (a. wouldn’t. b. didn’t,
c. hadn’t).
5. If I (a. wouldn’t see, b. hadn’t seen, c. didn’t see) Christine in August
professionally, we (a. wouldn’t be talking, b. wouldn’t have talked, c. wouldn’t
have been talking) right now.

II. Write the correct form of the verbs in brackets to complete the conditional
2, 3 or mixed sentences.
1. She has a talent, but she is very lazy. I am sure she (can easily achieve) a
considerable competence if she (to be) willing to work a little.
2. You (to mind) if I (to ask) you a question just between you and me?
3. I couldn’t explain why I was still staying in the village. If I (to move) into
Burlington, it (to save) more than an hour of driving each day.
4. You are my true friend. I (to go) to you, not to Harry, if I (to be) in trouble.
5. Mrs. Higgins: I don’t remember asking this girl to come.
Higgins: You didn’t. I asked her. If you (to know) her, you (not to ask) her.

III. Translate into English. (Conditionals 2, 3 and mixed.)

1. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɠɟɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ, ɬɵ ɛɵ
ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫɟɛɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ.
2. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɗɥɢɡɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ, ɟɟ
ɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɡɚ (to take for) ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɧɰɟɫɫɭ ɧɚ ɛɚɥɭ ɜ ɩɨɫɨɥɶɫɬɜɟ
(at the Embassy party).
3. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɹ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɧɚ ɋɤɨɬɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫɧɚɪɹɠɟɧɚ, ɤɚɩɢɬɚɧ
ɋɤɨɬɬ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɥɸɞɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɩɟɪɜɵɦɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɸɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɸɫɚ.
4. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚ ɬɜɨɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ, ɹ ɛɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɭɞɟɥɹɥɚ ɩɪɨ-
ɢɡɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ.
5. ȼɱɟɪɚ ɦɚɦɚ ɞɚɥɚ ɧɚɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɭɞɪɵɣ ɫɨɜɟɬ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɦɵ ɩɨɫɥɭɲɚɥɢɫɶ
ɟɝɨ, ɦɵ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ.

TEST 2
I. Choose the correct variant.
1. “I recon that if there (a. was, b. were, c. would be) such a thing as a
ghost in Europe, we (a. had, b. would have, c. would have had) it at home
15
in a very short time in one of our public museums or on the road as a show.”
(O. Wilde)
2. Truthfully I don’t know anything damaging about Reed, but even if I
(a. knew, b. had known, c. would have known), it’s doubtful I (a. were able,
b. would be able, c. would have been able) to share this information with
anyone.
3. At that tragic moment I was absolutely unable to make any decision. If Laura
(a. wouldn’t come, b. didn’t come, c. hadn’t come) to my rescue, I (a. had
never made, b. would never make, c. would never have made) a decision.
4. Fortunately we left the city ¿ve years ago. If we (a. had stayed, b. stayed,
c. would have stayed) in the city long enough, we (a. may end, b. might end,
c. might have ended) up joining a Kiwanis Club.
5. – Of course, it was an accident. – But if Geoffrey (a. would do, b. did,
c. had done) the thing on purpose, how interesting he (a. would be, b. was,
c. were).

II. Write the correct form of the verbs in brackets to complete the conditional
2, 3 or mixed sentences.
1. The irony is they must think we know more than we do. If I (to be) they
and (to know) how little we know, I (not to bother) with us.
2. I understand your skepticism. If I (to be) in your position, I (to want) to
be sure, too.
3. We live in the countryside far from any society. I (not to be) able to count
my dates on one hand now if we (to move) to the city last year.
4. Once I wanted to tell you the truth. But if I ever (to let) you know anything
about it, you (not to understand) it.
5. Your father was a rich gentleman. If he (not to die), he (to make) provision
for us.

III. Translate into English. (Conditionals 2, 3 and mixed.)

1. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɛɵɥ ɧɚ ɬɜɨɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ, ɹ ɛɵ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɣ ɞɢɟɬɵ (to
keep to a strict diet).
2. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɞɢɥɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɨ ɧɚɞɜɢɝɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ
ɛɭɪɚɧɟ, ɜɫɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɵ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɜ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ.
3. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɗɥɢɡɚ ɧɟ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɥɚ (to master) ɦɚɧɟɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɥɟɞɢ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɏɢɝɝɢɧɫ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɜɵɞɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɡɚ (to pass as)
ɝɟɪɰɨɝɢɧɸ ɧɚ ɛɚɥɭ ɜ ɩɨɫɨɥɶɫɬɜɟ.
4. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɬɵ ɜɟɥɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɭ ɬɟɛɹ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɵ ɜɫɟ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ.
5. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɧɟ ɥɢɥ ɩɪɨɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɨɠɞɶ, ɦɵ ɛɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɨɣɬɢ ɜ
ɩɚɪɤ.
16
 TEST 3
I. Choose the correct variant.
1. I didn’t try and answer the question then; there hadn’t been a need. After
all, she hadn’t expected an answer – and if she (a. were, b. did, c. had), I most
certainly (a. would lie, b. would have lied, c. would have lain).
2. “I certainly won’t leave you so long as you are in mourning (ɜ ɬɪɚɭɪɟ)…
If I (a. would be, b. were, c. was) in mourning you (a. would stay, b. stayed,
c. would have stayed) with me, I suppose. I should think it very unkind if you
(a. wouldn’t, b. hadn’t, c. didn’t).” (O. Wilde)
3. Eliza: Oh, if only I (a. had known, b. knew, c. would know) what a
dreadful thing it is to be clean, I (a. wouldn’t never have come, b. would
never have come, c. had never come). I didn’t know when I was well off.
(B. Shaw)
4. – The boat was found burning two miles at sea. – Could the boat have
drifted? – Impossible. If there (a. was, b. were, c. had been) engine trouble,
Philip (a. would have used, b. would use, c. had used) the radio.
5. Mitch, if you (a. wasn’t b. weren’t, c. wouldn’t be) so stubborn, you
(a. would retire, b. retired, c. would have retired) long ago.

II. Write the correct form of the verbs in brackets to complete the conditional
2, 3 or mixed sentences.
1. There was a time when locals threw rocks at the doctor’s windows. If one
of those rocks (to crash) through the window of his study and (to kill) him, he
still (to leave) behind a library of notebooks and test results.
2. “But you don’t really mean to say that you (cannot love) me if my name
(not to be) Earnest.” (O. Wilde)
3. “I keep a diary in order to enter the wonderful secrets of my life. If I (not
to write) them down, I probably (to forget) all about them.” (O. Wilde)
4. Algernon: But why on earth did you break the engagement off (ɪɚɡɨɪɜɚɬɶ
ɩɨɦɨɥɜɤɭ)? What had I done?
Cecily: It hardly (to be) a really serious engagement if it (not to break) off at
least once. (O. Wilde)
5. – If I (to ask) you a favour, you (to help) me? – Sure. What do you want?

III. Translate into English. (Conditionals 2, 3 and mixed.)

1. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚ ɬɜɨɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ, ɹ ɛɵ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɥɚ ɷɬɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɵ ɜ
ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ.
2. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɗɧɧ ɧɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɢɜɤɭ (to be vaccinated) ɩɟɪɟɞ ɷɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢɟɣ,
ɨɧɚ ɛɵ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɛɵɥɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɧɢɰɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɢɧɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ.

17
 3. ȼɱɟɪɚ ɛɵɥ ɭɤɪɚɞɟɧ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɵɣ ɪɭɛɢɧ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɪɚɛɨɬɚ-
ɥɚ (the alarm to go off), ɩɨɥɢɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɚ ɛɵ ɜɨɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɝɪɚɛɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝɥɢ
ɛɵ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ.
4. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɧɚɛɥɸ-
ɞɟɧɢɹ, ɥɸɞɢ ɛɵ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɚɤɥɢɡɦɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ.
5. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɬɟɛɹ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɫɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɪɬ, ɬɵ ɛɵ ɩɨɲɥɚ ɫɨ ɦɧɨɣ?

TEST 4
I. Choose the correct variant.
1. “Cecily, you have lifted a load from my mind. I was growing almost
anxious. It (a. would be, b. were, c. would have been) terrible if any cloud
(a. came, b. had come, c. would come) across a friendship like ours, (a. wouldn’t it,
b. would it, c. weren’t it)?” (O. Wilde)
2. “Fortunately in England, at any rate, education produces no effect whatso-
ever. If it (a. did, b. were, c. had), it (a. proved, b. would prove, c. would have
proved) a serious danger to the upper classes.” (O. Wilde)
3. “If you (a. let, b. would let, c. had let) us be engaged last year, there
(a. would never have been, b. had never been, c. would never be) all this
trouble.” (O. Wilde)
4. Jennifer asked me that question. And if I (a. told, b. had told, c. would
have told) her what I honestly believed, I (a. would tell, b. would have told,
c. had told) her about the Law of Similars.
5. “But, my dear child, do you mean to say you (a. cannot love, b. couldn’t
have loved, c. couldn’t love) me if I (a. had, b. would have, c. has) some other
name?” (O. Wilde)

II. Write the correct form of the verbs in brackets to complete the conditional
2, 3 or mixed sentences.
1. “It (to distress) me more than I can tell you, dear Gwendolen, if it (to cause)
you any mental or physical anguish, but I feel bound to point out that since Earnest
proposed to you he clearly has changed up his mind”. (O. Wilde)
2. Jack: Well, that is no business of yours.
Algernon: If it (to be) my business, I (not to talk) about it. It is very vulgar to
talk about one’s business. (O. Wilde)
3. You know, we’ll be opening the San Francisco store in June. If you (to
agree) to head the store, we (to be) very grateful.
4. If my wife and I (to come) next spring for our vacation, you (to be) our
diving instructor?
5. If Gerald (not to invite) Richard to work for his company a year ago, he
(to live) in a small apartment in Chicago at present.
18
 III. Translate into English (Conditionals 2, 3 and mixed).
1. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɛɵɥ ɧɚ ɬɜɨɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ, ɹ ɛɵ ɱɟɫɬɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɥ ɨɛɨ ɜɫɟɦ.
2. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɦɵ ɜɱɟɪɚ ɤɭɩɢɥɢ ɢɧɞɟɣɤɭ, ɦɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɡɚɩɟɱɶ ɟɟ ɜ
ɞɭɯɨɜɤɟ.
3. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, Ɋɢɱɚɪɞ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ, ɨɧ ɛɵ ɭɠɟ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɞɨɛɢɥɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ ɜ ɫɩɨɪɬɟ.
4. ȼɱɟɪɚ ɋɷɦ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɤɬɨɪɢɧɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɧ ɬɚɤ ɧɟ
ɧɟɪɜɧɢɱɚɥ, ɨɧ ɛɵ ɜɵɢɝɪɚɥ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɡ.
5. ȼɱɟɪɚ ɦɵ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɥɢ ɜɟɱɟɪɢɧɤɭ ɢ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɭɬɤɭ ɩɨ-
ɩɟɤɢɧɫɤɢ (Peking duck). ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɦɵ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɪɟɰɟɩɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɥɸɞɚ, ɦɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ
ɛɵ ɭɝɨɫɬɢɬɶ ɢɦ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ (to treat smb. to smth.).

TEST 5
I. Choose the correct variant.
1. I will not hear of such thoughtless actions. Your uncle (a. would be highly
displeased, b. would have been highly displeased, c. were highly displeased)
if he (a. would learn, b. learned, c. had learned) that fact.
2. You didn’t care for me. If you (a. were, b. did, c. had), you (a. would never
tell, b. would never have told, c. had never told) me all these lies.
3. The next move will depend on her reaction. If she (a. was, b. were, c.
had been) cool and (a. showed, b. had shown, c. would show) a trace of com-
passion, he (a. told, b. would have told, c. would tell) her the truth. If she (a.
felt, b. fell, c. would fall) to pieces, he (a. would beg, b. would have begged,
c. begged) for forgiveness.
4. – Was it an accident? – If it (a. wasn’t, b. weren’t, c. hadn’t been) an ac-
cident, what (a. would it be, b. would have it been, c. would it have been)?
5. It’s a secret. If it (a. wasn’t, b. weren’t, c. hadn’t been) one, I (a. would
tell, c. had told, c. would have told) you long ago.

II. Write the correct form of the verbs in brackets to complete the conditional
2, 3 or mixed sentences.
1. – How many hours are you working a week? – Between eighty-¿ve and
ninety. But I (can work) seventy-¿ve if I (to want).
2. She shook her head. “No, not Philip. He never did anything illegal. If he
(to break) the law, I (to know) about it long ago.”
3. Sometimes I speculate what (to happen) if I (not to invite) Clarissa to my
house last Christmas Eve. If I (not to do) it, she (not to drive) in a blizzard then,
and (may still be) alive.
4. There is no doubt that if public transport (to be) free and more reliable,
many people (to leave) their cars at home and (to travel) by bus or train.
19
 5. “If there (not to be) a Nether¿eld ball to prepare for and talk of, the younger
Miss Bennets (to be) in a pitiable state at this time, for from the day of the invita-
tion, to the day of the ball, there was such a succession of rain as prevented their
walking to Meryton once.” (Jane Austen)

III. Translate into English. (Conditionals 2, 3 and mixed.)

1. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚ ɬɜɨɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ, ɹ ɛɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɢ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɛɥɸɞɨ.
2. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɬɟɰ Ȼɟɤɤɢ ɧɟ ɭɦɟɪ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɟɜɭɲɤɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɨɫɟɦɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɥɟɬ,
ɟɣ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ ɛɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɭɱɟɛɭ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɞɠɟ.
3. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ Ʌɚɣɤɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɛɭɞɢɥɚ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɢɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɟɦɥɟɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɟɦ,
ɨɧ ɛɵ ɩɨɝɢɛ.
4. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ Ɋɢɱɚɪɞ ɜɨɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɢɥ ɫɜɨɢ ɞɨɥɝɢ, ɨɧ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɛɵ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɜ
ɬɚɤɨɦ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ.
5. – Ⱦɚɜɚɣ ɢɫɩɟɱɟɦ ɥɢɦɨɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɪɬ.
– ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɢɧɝɪɟɞɢɟɧɬɵ, ɦɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ
ɢɫɩɟɱɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɬɨɪɬ.

The Expression ‘If Only’

This expression is used to express a wish. After this expression the Past Simple
or the Past Continuous are used to describe things in the future or present which
are unreal. The Past Perfect or the Past Perfect Continuous are used to describe
unreal or imagined things in the past.

present were If only we didn’t have to worry what tomorrow

future did will bring.
were doing If only you spent more time with the kids now.
could/might do
past had done She must have come in while I was sleeping. If
had been doing only I had awakened then.
could/might have done

Exercise 1. Open the brackets. Use the verbs in brackets in the Past Simple
or the Past Perfect.
1. If only I (not to have) to take the underground to get to work every day.
2. If only he (to have) her address then to write her a letter!
3. If only Barbara (not to steal) the diamond ring from the shop!
4. If only Mike (to be) more careful!
5. If only drivers (to follow) the traf¿c rules!
6. If only Ansley (not to promise) to do it yesterday!
7. If only Mary (to listen) to what I tell her to do!
8. If only we (not to miss) the train!
20
 9. If only my friend (not to ask) that silly question at the last History lesson!
10. If only Mrs. Brown (to be) less strict to her pupils! They don’t respect
her.
11. If only she (to understand) now how he was suffering in his childhood!
12. If only his friends (not to bother) him now!
13. If only you (to see) him act in that play!
14. If only they (to help) Kate with her work! She failed to do it.
15. If only you (to make) the scenery! The performance would have been
more exciting.

Exercise 2. Complete the situations. Express your wish or regret using the
expression “If only…”.
Example: Ann is playing her music very loudly.
If only she__________________
If only she turned it down!
1. Yesterday we saw an expensive volume of Shakespeare’s poems at the book
store. But unfortunately we didn’t have enough money.
If only we___________________________________________________
2. Ann has a ¿ne brain. She can be top of the class, but she is very lazy.
If only she___________________________________________________
3. Last night my brother came home very late. He woke me up.
If only my brother_____________________________________________
4. I am very sleepy today. Last night I went to bed very late.
If only I_____________________________________________________
5. We have troublesome neighbours. They have noisy parties every week-
end.
If only our neighbours _________________________________________
6. Jane forgot to send the telegram yesterday, so our friends were not met at
the station.
If only Jane __________________________________________________
7. Mike was very rude yesterday and he didn’t apologize for his behaviour.
If only Mike _________________________________________________
8. My sister and her husband want to buy a new Àat, but they don’t have
money.
If only they __________________________________________________
9. We wanted to spend our holidays at the seaside, but instead we spent the
holidays in the country.
If only we ____________________________________________________
10. The weather is nasty. It is pouring with rain.
If only it _____________________________________________________
21
 Exercise 3. Translate into English using the expression “If only…”.
1. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɧɢ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɫɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɞɭ!
2. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ Ɍɨɦ ɧɟ ɨɩɨɡɞɚɥ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɪɬ!
3. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɬɜɨɣ ɞɪɭɝ ɛɵɥ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɠɥɢɜɟɟ!
4. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ Ɇɚɣɤ ɛɵɥ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɡɞɟɫɶ!
5. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɛɵɥ ɦɨɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ!
6. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɜɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɵɲɚɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɩɟɥ ɧɚ ɜɟɱɟɪɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɨɜ!
7. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ Ⱥɪɱɢ ɢ Ɋɨɡ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɯɨɬɶ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ!
8. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɫɤɭɱɚɟɬ ɛɟɡ ɧɟɟ!
9. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɜ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɣ ɞɪɭɝ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɥ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ!
10. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɬɵ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɢɥɚ ɷɬɨ ɛɥɸɞɨ ɜɱɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ!
11. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɗɧɧ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɧɨɣ!
12. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɬɵ ɛɵɥ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɨɥɸɛɢɜɟɟ!
13. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ Ɇɚɪɬɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɥɚ ɬɨɝɞɚ!
14. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɨɥɢɦɩɢɚɞɟ ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ
ɦɟɫɹɰɟ!
15. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɥɨɠɟ!

The Expression ‘But For’

Sometimes the unreal condition is expressed in the sentence by means of
‘but for’.

Time unreal condition main clause

present, If it were not for = But for would do
future could/might do
past If it hadn’t been for =But for would have done
could/might have done

Examples: If it were not for the rain (But for the rain), we would go on a hike
today. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɞɨɠɞɶ, ɦɵ ɛɵ ɩɨɲɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɯɨɞ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ.
If it hadn’t been for your help (But for your help), I would have never done that
work. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɬɜɨɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ, ɹ ɛɵ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɥɚ ɷɬɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ.

Exercise 4. Write the correct form of the verbs in brackets to complete the
sentences.
1. It’s pouring with rain. But for the rain, we (to go) on a picnic.
2. It was well below freezing last week. But for the hard frost, the pipes (not
to burst).
3. The police arrived in time. But for the interference of the police, violence
(to break out).

22
 4. But for the opposition from the local farmers, a new airport (to build) long ago.
5. Much later the man understood that but for his dog’s devotion, he never
(to survive) during the earthquake.
6. But for Jane’s illness, we (can go) on a coach tour next weekend.
7. After the performance everybody thanked Kate. But for her enthusiasm,
the play never (to perform).
8. The committee made a lot of good recommendations. But for the recom-
mendations of the committee, safety standards (not to improve).
9. But for her ignorance, she never (to make) such a mistake.
10. But for the emergency, we (to sit) near the ¿replace in our warm and cozy
sitting room.
Exercise 5.
a) Complete the table. Consult the dictionary if necessary.

verb, adjective noun

enthusiastic
to encourage
to support
persuasive
energetic
to rain
to invent
to regulate
to intervene
to form

b) Match the sentences in the right-hand column and the sentences in the
left-hand column and rewrite them as single sentences beginning But for…

1. Jane was very enthusiastic about the a. We (to go) sightseeing.

project.
2. His Art teacher encouraged him.
3. The committee ¿nancially supported
the local theatre.
4. The chairman was very persuasive.
5. The reporter was very energetic.
6. It is raining heavily.
7. The computer was invented.
8. The government had to regulate prices.
9. The police had to intervene.
10. The Computer Services Division has
been formed.
b. There (may be) acts of violence against
the new immigrants.
c. The decision probably never (to arrive
at).
d. The truth (may never become known).
e. The company (not to operate) effectively
now.
f. The prices (may still rise).
g. He never (to become) a painter.
h. The project never (to do).
i. The theatre (to close) long ago.
j. The world (to be) quite different now.

23
 Exercise 6. For each of the sentences, write a new sentence similar in
meaning to the original one. Begin each sentence with the expression ‘But
for…’.
1. Jane expected that day to become the happiest day in her life, but during
the wedding ceremony she discovered that Mr. Rochester was married.
2. The wind was so violent that only Peter’s help made it possible for us to
put up a tent.
3. I hadn’t seen Roger for ages and met him quite unexpectedly in the theatre.
I recognized him only when he smiled.
4. Annabel came down with the Àu, that’s why she didn’t attend the lecture.
5. The Canterville Ghost could ¿nd peace only because Virginia had forgiven
him.
6. Eliza spoke such perfect English that the people at the Embassy party took
her for a foreign princess.
7. Theodore admitted that he feared for Adeline’s safety, and only because of
it he told her about his suspicions.
8. Only when Franklin was appointed as chairman of the Council he agreed
to give an interview.
9. Wayne didn’t feel offended when she turned down his invitation only
because she did it so tactfully.
10. Lord Henry inÀuenced Dorian to wish to stay young and beautiful for
ever.
11. These data were necessary for the computer to authorize breaking the
code.
12. Unfortunately, these forecasts are very uncertain, and because of this they
can’t become a basis for decision making.

Exercise 7. Translate into English using the expression ‘but for…’.

1. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɜɚɲɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ, ɷɬɚ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ
ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ.
2. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɷɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɵɟ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ, ɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɵ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ
ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɚ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ.
3. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɤɬɨɪɚ Ɇɢɥɥɟɪɚ, ɹ ɛɵ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɛɵɥɚ
ɛɨɥɶɧɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵ ɩɨɫɟɳɚɬɶ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ.
4. ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɣ ɱɚɫ, ɦɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɚɜɟɫɬɢɬɶ
Ⱦɢɚɧɭ.
5. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɦɭɠɟɫɬɜɨ Ʌɚɧɰɟɥɨɬɚ, ɨɧ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɥ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ
ɪɵɰɚɪɟɦ ɤɨɪɨɥɹ Ⱥɪɬɭɪɚ.
6. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɨ ɧɚɞɜɢɝɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɭɪɚɝɚɧɟ,
ɦɵ ɛɵ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɩɭɬɶ ɡɚɜɬɪɚ.
24
 7. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɞɪɭɡɶɹ, ɨɧ ɛɵ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɨɞɢɧɨɤɢɦ ɢ
ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ.
8. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɟɝɨ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɦɵ ɛɵ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɦ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ.
9. ɋɚɦɨɥɟɬ ɡɚɝɨɪɟɥɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɚɞɤɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɨɲɢɛɤɚ ɩɢɥɨɬɚ, ɠɟɪɬɜ
ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ.
10. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ, ȼɢɤɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɟ ɛɪɨɫɢɥɚ ɛɵ ɭɱɟɛɭ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɞɠɟ ɞɜɚ
ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚɡɚɞ.
11. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦ ɩɨɠɚɪɧɵɯ, ɨɝɨɧɶ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɛɵ ɧɟ
ɫɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɨɬɭɲɢɬɶ.
12. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ, ɭ ɧɚɫ ɛɵ ɭɠɟ ɤɨɧɱɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɚɦɵɟ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɦɟɞɢɤɚɦɟɧɬɵ.

Exercise 8. Correct the mistakes.

1. It’s so dif¿cult to explain it to you. If only I could found the right words,
the right tone.
2. “George fancied that, if it were not for the restraining inÀuence of the sweet
woman at his side, the young man may have given way to violent language”
(J. K. Jerome).
3. “Harry! If you only had known what Dorian Gray is to me!” (O. Wilde)
4. “But this picture will always remain young… If it was only the other
way! If the picture could have changed, and I could always be what I am now!”
(O. Wilde)
5. “It was his beauty that had ruined him, his beauty and the youth that he
had prayed for. Except those two things, his life might be free from stain.”
(O. Wilde)
6. “I look around and all I see
Is your happiness embracing me.
Oh, Lord, I had been lost.
But for the grace of God,
Oh, Lord, I had been lost” (Keith Urban)
7. John Enders cultivated the poliovirus in the laboratory in 1948. But for this
breakthrough, vaccines against polio wouldn’t have developed.
8. But for the development of polio vaccine in 1955, this disease would not
be eradicated from most of the countries.
9. I have fallen out with Laura, and now we are not on speaking terms. If only
I could turned back the clock and made things right with her!
10. Harry is still in hospital but he is recovering. But for the timely injection
of the antidote, he died of a bite from the snake.

25
 11. But for the government has intervened, the local currency would still be
falling.
12. Janet dances so beautifully. If only I can dance so well!

TEST 6
I. Choose the correct variant.
1. If it (a. hadn’t been for me, b. had been me, c. wasn’t for me), Scott
Kincaid (a. would assign you b. will have assigned c. would have assigned)
you to the Buenos Aires of¿ce ages ago.
2. If only you (a. had come up, b. could come up, c. would come up) with
an explanation that makes sense!
3. Unfortunately, I don’t know Steward well enough. If only he (a. could rely
on, b. could have been relied on, c. could be relied on).
4. But for the complications, the child (a. wouldn’t hospitalize, b. wouldn’t
have been hospitalized, c. would be hospitalized).
5. But for this side effect, more extensive clinical testing (a. could be done,
b. were done, c. could have been done) by now.

II. For each of the sentences, write a new sentence similar in meaning to
the original one. Begin each sentence with the expressions But for… or If
only…
1. The meeting was to have ¿nished an hour ago, but because of the interrup-
tions it hasn’t ¿nished yet.
2. From 1347 to 1351, the Black Death (the plague) swept through Europe,
Asia and Africa, it reduced the world’s population from 450 million to 350
million.
3. By the seventeenth century the rates of the infection had fallen due to the
efforts to improve public health and sanitation.
4. Unfortunately, you were out when we phoned you.
5. Unfortunately, I don’t have a cell phone now, and can’t send Jim an
SMS.

III. Translate into English using the expressions ‘but for…’ and ‘if
only’…
1. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɧɚ ɋɤɨɬɬɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɥɢɫɶ ɟɞɚ ɢ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ (fuel)!
2. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɠɚɪɚ, Ʉɪɢɫɬɢɧɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɥɚ ɛɵ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɞɨɪɨɝɟ
ɞɨɦɨɣ.
3. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɹ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚ ɢ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɩɨɣɬɢ ɫ ɜɚɦɢ ɧɚ
ɤɨɧɰɟɪɬ!
26
 4. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ, ɗɧɧ ɧɟ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɛɵ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɚ
ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɦɢɧɭɬɭ.
5. ə ɢɳɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɦɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɟ ɦɨɞ!

TEST 7
I. Choose the correct variant.
1. Tara was bored. But for her mother’s request to visit Billy, she (a. would
never come, b. would have never come, c. hadn’t come) to the party.
2. I look so unhappy because I have fallen out with Jack. But for our quarrel,
I (a. would look, b. would have looked, c. were looking) much happier.
3. Why were we so careless? If only we (a. spotted, b. would have spotted,
c. had spotted) the trouble then!
4. Laura thought that having met Roger complicated things. If only she
(a. had met, b. hadn’t met, c. wouldn’t have met) him in the canteen.
5. Lisa looked at the smiling face of an attractive man standing next to her
friend. But for his white coat he (a. could have taken, b. could be taken,
c. could have been taken) for a sailor or someone who had spent a good deal
of time in the sun.

II. For each of the sentences, write a new sentence similar in meaning to the
original one. Begin each sentence with the expressions But for… or If only…
1. I regret dropping out of school very young.
2. Two more nuclear power stations were not built only because a lot of people
all over the country opposed it.
3. Unfortunately, we ran out of petrol right in the middle of the road and
blocked traf¿c.
4. Sorry, I won’t have dinner with you tonight, I have some urgent work to do.
5. Unfortunately, I can’t sleep a little more.

III. Translate into English using the expressions ‘but for…’ and ‘if
only’…
1. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɤɪɚɫɨɱɧɵɟ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɷɬɭ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɱɢɬɚɬɶ. Ɉɧɚ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɤɭɱɧɚɹ.
2. – ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɟɫɬ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɫɥɚɞɤɨɝɨ? – ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɨ
ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟɦ, ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɥɚ ɛɵ ɫɚɯɚɪ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɢɟɬɵ.
3. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɚ, ɦɵ ɛɵ ɭɠɟ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɡɚɛɥɭɞɢɥɢɫɶ.
4. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɛɵɥ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɢ ɦɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ
(to process) ɜɫɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ!
5. ɋɦɨɬɪɢ, ɞɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɬ! ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɠɚɪ ɩɨɬɭɲɢɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɫɤɨɪɟɟ!
27
 FINAL TEST
Choose the correct variant.
1. On top of the column perches the small but very famous dog, Greyfriars
Bobby. And, if he (a. could, b. can, c. was able), he (a. told, b. would tell,
c. would have told) you the story of his life.
2. “They sat thus night after night recalling that fatal Friday…
“If only I (a. would not accept, b. didn’t accept, c. had not accepted) that
invitation to dine at 27,” Mrs. Darling said.
“If only I (a. had not poured, b. didn’t pour, c. wouldn’t have poured) my
medicine into Nana’s bowl,” said Mr. Darling.
“If only I (a. had pretended, b. didn’t pretend, c. wouldn’t pretend) to like
the medicine,” was what Nana’s wet eyes said. (J. M. Barrie)
3. “This medicine is much nastier…I (a. took, b. would take, c. would have
taken) it now as an example to you, Michael, if I (a. didn’t lose, b. wouldn’t
have lost, c. hadn’t lost) the bottle.” But he hadn’t exactly lost but hidden it.
(J. M. Barrie)
4. “They had crowded round Wendy, and as they looked a terrible silence
fell upon the wood. If Wendy’s heart (a. had been beating, b. was beating,
c. would be beating) they (a. would all hear, b. had heard, c. would all have
heard) it.” (J. M. Barrie)
5. “I’m frightfully anxious.” “If you (a. knew, b. had known, c. would know)
how great is mother’s love…you (a. wouldn’t have no fear, b. would have no
fear, c. had no fear).” (J. M. Barrie)
6. “Good-bye”, said Peter to Wendy. “If only I (a. would be able, b. could
have gone, c. could go) with you,” Wendy sighed. (J. M. Barrie)
7. She expects too much of this meeting. If she (a. can only clear, b. would
only be able to clear, c. could only clear) her mind of expectations.
8. If all the world (a. was, b. were, c. would be) of the same way of thinking,
then it (a. would be, b. would have been, c. were) easier. (A. Conan Doyle)
9. If you (a. was asked, b. had been asked, c. were asked) to meet a friend
at the Shaftesbury Memorial, you (a. might wonder, b. may wonder, c. might
have wondered) where it was – not realizing that this is the of¿cial title of the
world-famous statue of Eros in the centre of Piccadilly Circus.
10. “If only I (a. can ¿nd, b. could ¿nd, c. could found) somebody,
Someone who will understand…” (Amy Studt)
11. Okay, ¿ne. You are right. This is not the place for a serious conversation.
If you (a. gave, b. had given, c. would give) me a half hour or so, I (a. met,
b. could meet, c. can meet) you upstairs in the of¿ce.

28
 12. Laurie was shocked. It was really awful. But for the four similar death
cases she (a. had never thought, b. would never think, c. would have never
thought) of a serial killer.
13. Mary agreed to have dinner with Michael at weekend. But for her quar-
rel with Jack she (a. would never have agreed, b. had never agreed, c. would
never agree).
14. She realizes that she is deep in love with Roger, but she also understands
that her love is hopeless. If only Roger (a. was not married, b. were not mar-
ried, c. did not marry)!
15. I try to imagine how I (a. felt, b. would feel, c. would have felt) now if
I (a. had been told, b. had told, c. were told) yesterday that I had a marker
gene that was associated with cancer.
16. If I (a. was asked, b. were asked, c. would be asked) who I would con-
sider the most likely suspect in the community, I (a. had, b. would have had,
c. would have) to say someone with access to top secret information.
17. Jane wondered what (a. would happen, b. would have happened, c. had
happened) if Kate Chapman (a. had gone, b. went, c. would have gone) to the
nursing supervisor that morning instead of walking to her car.
18. By force of will she tries to calm herself. She imagines lying on a beach
in the sun. If she (a. tries, b. would try, c. tried), she (a. could almost hear,
b. can almost hear, c. heard) the waves lapping against the shore.
19. She was sitting in the waiting area of the laboratory. But for Jack’s request
she most likely (a. had put off, b. would put off, c. would have put off) doing
the test inde¿nitely.
20. – How are your children? – But for the agony of adolescence everything
(a. would be, b. would have been, c. were) hunky-dory (ɜ ɚɠɭɪɟ).
21. I tried to get together with her a number of nights in a row. If she
(a. didn’t blow me off, b. hadn’t blown me off, c. wouldn’t have blown me
off), we (a. would have restored, b. had restored, c. would restore) our rela-
tions long ago.
22. Laurie felt relief that she was still employed. If she (a. were put, b. would
be put, c. had been put) on leave for some real or imaginary reason, she wasn’t
sure she (a. could have handled, b. could handle, c. would handle) it.
23. I think I will be able to ¿nd this information, and (a. will it be, b. would
it be, c. it would be) interesting if it really (a. would come, b. came, c. comes)
to something?
24. What I am hoping is that we (a. had, b. would have had, c. would have)
dinner tonight, possibly at Elios, if we (a. could manage, b. managed, c. can
manage) somehow a reservation.

29
 Keys to the Tests
TEST 1
I. 1. a, c; 2. b, c; 3. c, b; 4. c, c; 5. b, a
II. 1. she could easily achieve…if she were willing
2. Would you mind…if I asked
3. I had moved…it would have saved
4. I would go…if I were
5. If you had known, you wouldn’t have asked
III. 1. If you spent more time outdoors, you would feel much better.
2. If Eliza hadn’t spoken such proper English, she wouldn’t have been taken for a
foreign princess at the Embassy party.
3. If Captain Scott’s expedition had been better equipped, Captain Scott and his
men might have been the ¿rst to reach the South Pole.
4. If I were you, I would pay more attention to pronunciation.
5. Yesterday Mom gave us wise advice. If we had followed her advice, we wouldn’t
be in such an unpleasant situation now.

TEST 2
I. 1. b, b; 2. a, b; 3. c, c; 4. a, c; 5. c, a.
II. 1. If I were they and knew…I wouldn’t bother…
2. If I were…I would want…
3. I wouldn’t be able…if we had moved…
4. If I had ever let you know…you wouldn’t have understood
5. If he hadn’t died, he would have made provision…
III. 1. If I were you, I would keep to a strict diet.
2. If the meteorologists had given advance warning about the coming blizzard,
everybody would be in a safe place now.
3. If Eliza hadn’t mastered the manners and pronunciation of a real lady, Professor
Higgins couldn’t have passed her as a duchess at the Embassy Party.
4. If you had kept (had been keeping) records lately, you would have all the neces-
sary data now.
5. If it were not pouring with rain today, we could go to the park.

TEST 3
I. 1. c, b; 2. b, a, c; 3. a, b; 4. c, a; 5. b, c.
II. 1. if one of those rocks had crashed…and (had) killed…, he would still have
left behind…
2. you couldn’t love me if my name weren’t Earnest?
3. If I didn’t write, I probably would forget…
4. It would hardly have been…, if it hadn’t been broken off…
5. If I asked…, would you help...?

30
 III. 1. If I were you, I would publish these recipes in a cookery book.
2. If Ann hadn’t been vaccinated before the expedition, she would be in hospital
now among the infected.
3. Yesterday the famous ruby was stolen. If the alarm had gone off, the police would
have arrived in time, and the robbers couldn’t have committed that crime.
4. If meteorologists were not constantly collecting data from weather stations,
people would suffer from natural disasters much more.
5. If I invited you to the concert, would you go with me?

TEST 4
I. 1. c, b; a; 2. a, b; 3. c, a; 4. b, b; 5. c, a
II. 1. It would distress…if it caused…
2. If it were…I wouldn’t talk
3. If you agreed…we would be…
4. If my wife and I came…would you be our driving instructor?
5. If Gerald hadn’t invited…he would live (be living)…
III. 1. If I were you, I would tell honestly about everything.
2. If we had bought turkey yesterday, we could roast it in the oven now
3. Unfortunately, Richard is not disciplined. If he were more disciplined, he would
have made progress in sports long ago.
4. Yesterday Sam took part in a game show. If he hadn’t been so nervous, he would
have won the ¿rst prize.
5. Yesterday we had a party and wanted to cook Peking duck. If we had found the
recipe, we could have treated our guests to that dish.

TEST 5
I. 1. a, b; 2. c, b; 3. b, a, c, b, a; 4. c, c; 5. b, c.
II. 1. I could work…if I wanted.
2. If he had broken…, I would have known…
3. What would have happened if I hadn’t invited… If I hadn’t done it, she wouldn’t
have driven…might still be alive.
4. If public transport were free…, many people would leave... and travel…
5. If there hadn’t been…the young Miss Bennets would have been…
III. 1. If I were you, I would add some spices to this dish.
2. If Becky’s father hadn’t died when the girl was eighteen, she wouldn’t have
had to drop out of college.
3. If Laika hadn’t awakened her master before the earthquake, he would have
died.
4. If Richard had paid his debts on time, he wouldn’t be in such a dif¿cult posi-
tion now.
5. Let’s bake lemon cake. If we had all the necessary ingredients, we could bake
this cake.

31
 TEST 6
I. 1. a, c; 2. b; 3. c; 4. b; 5.c.
II. 1. But for the interruptions, the meeting would have ¿nished an hour ago.
2. But for the Black Death that swept through Europe, Asia and Africa from 1347
to 1351, the world’s population wouldn’t have been reduced from 450 million to 350
million.
3. But for the efforts to improve public health and sanitation, the rates of the infec-
tion wouldn’t have fallen by the seventeenth century.
4. If only you hadn’t been out when we phoned you.
5. If only I had a cell phone now and could send Jim an SMS.
III. 1. If only Captain Scott and his men hadn’t run out of food and fuel.
2. But for the heat, Christine wouldn’t have passed out on her way home.
3. If only I were free now and could go to the concert with you.
4. But for the conÀict of interests, Ann wouldn’t have backed out of the contract
at the last minute.
5. I’m looking for a job. If only I were offered a job in a fashion magazine.

TEST 7
I. 1. b; 2. a; 3.c; 4. b; 5. c.
II. 1. If only I hadn’t dropped out of school very young.
2. But for the widespread opposition, two more nuclear power stations would
have been built.
3. If only we hadn’t run out of petrol right in the middle of the road and hadn’t
blocked traf¿c.
4. But for the urgent work, I would have dinner with you.
5. If only I could sleep a little more.
III. 1. But for the colourful illustrations, it would be impossible to read this book.
It’s so boring.
2. – Why doesn’t she eat anything sweet? – But for the health problems, she
wouldn’t have cut out sugar of her diet.
3. But for the detailed map, we would have got lost long ago.
4. If only we had a computer now and could process all the data.
5. Look, the house is burning. If only the ¿re were put out as soon as possible!

FINAL TEST
1. a, b; 2. c, a, a; 3. b, c; 4. a, c; 5. a, b; 6. c; 7. c; 8. b, a; 9. c, a 10. b; 11. a, b;
12. c; 13. a; 14. b; 15. b, a; 16. b, c; 17. b, a; 18. c, a; 19. c; 20. a; 21. b, a; 22. c, a;
23. b, b, 24. c, a

32
ɍȾɄ 372.880.20
ȻȻɄ 74.268.1Ⱥɧɝɥ
Ʌ36
Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɹ ɫɟɪɢɢ «Ⱥɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ»: ȿ.ȼ. Ƚɪɨɦɭɲɤɢɧɚ

Ʌɟɜɢɰɤɚɹ ɘ.
Ʌ36 Ƚɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ : ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ / ɘɥɢɹ Ʌɟɜɢɰɤɚɹ, Ɉɥɶ-
ɝɚ ɉɨɡɞɧɟɟɜɚ. – Ɇ. : ɑɢɫɬɵɟ ɩɪɭɞɵ, 2008. – 32 ɫ. – (Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɱɤɚ «ɉɟɪɜɨɝɨ
ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ», ɫɟɪɢɹ «Ⱥɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ». ȼɵɩ. 20). – Ɍɟɤɫɬ ɚɧɝɥ., ɪɭɫ. – ɇɚ ɨɛɥ.:
Julia Levitskaya, Olga Pozdneeva. Grammar Practice: Conditionals.
ISBN 978-5-9667-0402-5
ɉɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɤɭ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɦɦɚ-
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɠɧɟɧɢɹ
ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɟɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ.

ɍȾɄ 372.880.20
ȻȻɄ 74.268.1Ⱥɧɝɥ

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Ʉ ɨ ɪ ɪ ɟ ɤ ɬ ɨ ɪ Ɇ.Ɉ. Ƚɚɪɞɟɪ
Ʉ ɨ ɦ ɩ ɶ ɸ ɬ ɟ ɪ ɧ ɚ ɹ ɜ ɟ ɪ ɫ ɬ ɤ ɚ Ƚ.ȼ. ɋɬɪɭɤɨɜɚ

ɋɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɋɆɂ ɉɂ ʋ Ɏɋ77-19078 ɨɬ 08.12.2004 ɝ.

ɉɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɬɶ 20.02.2008.
Ɏɨɪɦɚɬ 60x90/16. Ƚɚɪɧɢɬɭɪɚ «Ɍɚɣɦɫ». ɉɟɱɚɬɶ ɨɮɫɟɬɧɚɹ. ɉɟɱ. ɥ. 2,0.
Ɍɢɪɚɠ ɷɤɡ. Ɂɚɤɚɡ ʋ
ɈɈɈ «ɑɢɫɬɵɟ ɩɪɭɞɵ», ɭɥ. Ʉɢɟɜɫɤɚɹ, ɞ. 24, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 121165
Ɍɟɥ. (499) 249-28-77, http://www.1september.ru
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ɋɚɮɨɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɩɪ., ɞ. 1, ɝ. Ɋɚɦɟɧɫɤɨɟ, ɆɈ, 140100
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