Branching of Pipes, Pipes in Series or Parallel, Pipe Networks

Branching of pipes, Pipes in
series or Parallel, pipe networks

By: Engr. Waseem Shah
CED, UET-P
Lecture-05
CE-212 Fluid Mechanics-II
Contents
• Introduction
• Pipes in Series
• Type-1, Type-2 and Type-3 Problems
• Pipes in Parallel
• Type-1, Type-2 and Type-3 Problems
• Branching of pipes
• Pipe Networks
• Hardy-Cross Method
Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Introduction
• Most piping systems encountered in practice such as the water distribution
systems in cities or commercial or residential establishments involve numerous
parallel and series connections as well as several sources (supply of fluid into
the system) and loads (discharges of fluid from the system).
• A piping project may involve the design of a new system or the expansion of an
existing system.
• The engineering objective in such projects is to design a piping system that will
deliver the specified flow rates at specified pressures reliably at minimum total
(initial plus operating and maintenance) cost.
• Once the layout of the system is prepared, the determination of the pipe
diameters and the pressures throughout the system, while remaining within the
budget constraints, typically requires solving the system repeatedly until the
optimal solution is reached.
• Computer modeling and analysis of such systems make this tedious task a
simple chore.
Introduction
• In practice single-pipe systems are being utilized, single-pipe flows
are mostly used at the end user point in water distribution system,
like that of sprinkling, water lifting from wells, washing, industrial
application and somewhere in dead end system etc.
• Water can be distributed in a city or town or home in the following
manner
• Dead End System: A pipe supply is bifurcated or branched off to provide
connections and thus serve the users.
• Grid Iron System: A rectangular grid is developed in x and y directions
whose spacing may or may not be the same.
• Radial System: Water flows outward or inward radially in a closed loop.
• Ring System: Water flows in circumferential manner.

Water Distribution Systems

Basic Principles of Piping Systems
• The analysis of piping networks, no matter how complex they are, is
based on two simple principles:
1. Conservation of mass throughout the system must be satisfied. This
is done by requiring the total flow into a junction to be equal to the
total flow out of the junction for all junctions in the system. Also, the
flow rate must remain constant in pipes connected in series regardless
of the changes in diameters.  Qi=Qo
2. Pressure drop (and thus head loss) between two junctions must be
the same for all paths between the two junctions. This is because
pressure is a point function and it cannot have two values at a
specified point. In practice this rule is used by requiring that the
algebraic sum of head losses in a loop (for all loops) be equal to zero.
(A head loss is taken to be positive for flow in the clockwise direction
and negative for flow in the counterclockwise direction.)  hL1=hL2=hL

Empirical/Non-Rigorous Equations for Single-Pipe
flow
• Following empirical equations are reproduced from previous lecture;
• Hazen-Williams equation; with Rh, the hydraulic gradient line & S=hf/L
𝑉 = 1.318𝐶𝐻𝑊 𝑅ℎ0.63 𝑆 0.54 (BG-Units), 𝑉 = 0.849𝐶𝐻𝑊 𝑅ℎ0.63 𝑆 0.54 (SI-Units)
CHW ranges from 140 for very smooth pipe down to 80 for the roughest pipe.
• Manning formula; with Rh, the hydraulic gradient line & S=hf/L
1.486 2/3 1/2 1 2/3 1/2
𝑉= 𝑅ℎ 𝑆 (BG-Units) , 𝑉= 𝑅 𝑆 (SI-Units)
𝑛𝑚 𝑛𝑚 ℎ
‘nm’ ranges from 0.008 for very smooth pipe up to 0.035 for the roughest pipe.
• For pipes with dia>=2inches and V<=10fps (3m/s), above equations are accurate.
Empirical/Non-Rigorous Equations for Single-Pipe
flow
• Darcy-weisbach equation, Manning and Hazen-William equations can be used to
reach at a general form as given under;
hf=KQn
8𝑓𝐿
where K = 2 5 & 𝑛 = 2; for Darcy-weisbach equation with constant f.
𝜋 𝑔𝐷
4.727𝐿
K= & 𝑛 = 1.852; for Hazen-William equation (BG) and
𝐶𝐻𝑤 1.852 𝐷4.87
4.66𝐿𝑛𝑚2
K= & 𝑛 = 2; for Manning equation (BG)
𝐷16.3
• Once K is known for a given pipe, either hf or Q can be know for that pipe. K
depends on a pipe.
• Above equation between hf and Q is very important for Branching of pipes, pipes in
series or parallel and pipe networks. You will enjoy them in next two weeks.
A beautiful Analogy
• You are familiar with elementary theory of electric circuits in series or
parallel and also with Ohm’s law applying over there, and Kirchoff’s two
laws (nodal/junctional principle and loop principle).
• Same is the case here with pipe networks, but wait !
• Ohm’s law says; V=IR and on previous slide hf=kQn where n is 2 or 1.852,
but mostly we use Manning or darcy-weisbach approaches so n=2.
• Voltage or potential drop corresponds to head loss, electric current to
that of flow rate and electric resistance to that of k.
• But current is raised to power 1 and Q to 2. This quadratic relation urges
us on a bit more involved calculations but the analogy is best suited to
understand the pipe networks and thus analyze them. Good luck ahead.
Pipes in Series

Pipes in Series
• Piping systems typically involve several pipes connected to each other in
series and/or in parallel.
• When the pipes are connected in series, the flow rate through the
entire system remains constant regardless of the diameters of the
individual pipes in the system.
• This is a natural consequence of the conservation of mass principle for
steady incompressible flow.
• The total head loss in this case is equal to the sum of the head losses in
individual pipes in the system, including the minor losses (L/D<1000).
• The expansion or contraction losses at connections are considered to
belong to the smaller-diameter pipe since the expansion and
contraction loss coefficients are defined on the basis of the average
velocity in the smaller-diameter pipe.

Pipes in Series
• Sizing problem (Type-3) is not addressed when pipes are connected in
series.
• However, head loss problem (Type-1) and the flow rate problem (Type-
2) are most often solved for pipes in series.
• For the total head loss problem (Type-1) apply general energy equation
on the system and you will get the result.
• For instance, in the given figure
hL=(Z2-Z1) ; from energy equation.
• In Type-1 problem we know Q, so
velocity in any pipe is known.
• For individual head losses in a pipe,
apply same technique as for a single Q1=Q2=Q3
pipe flow problems. h =h + h + h
L L1 L2 L3
Pipes in Series (Type-2 Problem)
• For Type-2 problem you can apply the same technique as for a single
pipe flow problem, on any intermediate pipe in series and calculate its
Q and then substantiate it equal to flow rate through out the piping
system in series. (Method-1)
• However, you will be questioned for knowing head loss in that pipe for
using above technique.
• Method-2: You can use non-rigorous equations and solve for Q.
hf=k1Qn1+ k2Qn2 + k3Qn3 + …….. =(k1 + k2+ k3+…)Qn =KQn  hf=KQn
• Where K is a combined constant of all the pipes connected in series.
Relevant equation for ki and value of n must be employed.
• Also the value of calculated velocities in different pipes must not be
more than that of restricting values as discussed for non-rigorous
equations (Vi<3m/s). Minor losses should be excluded in Method-2 for
better results.
Pipes in Series (Type-2 Problem)
• Method-3: It is adopted when a robust solution is required, it uses hit
and trial method because it implements Darcy-weisbach equation and
includes minor losses as well.
𝑓𝐿 𝑉2 𝑓𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝐿 = { + σ 𝐾𝐿 } +{ + σ 𝐾𝐿 } + ………
𝐷 2𝑔 1 𝐷 2𝑔 2
• Values of f1, f2 etc. are assumed from Von Karman equation. V1, V2 etc.
are replaced by a chosen V, suppose V1 using equation of continuity i.e.
D21 V1=D22 V2=D23 V3…...
• Once all velocities are represented in terms of V1 , we can solve above
equation for V1 with given hL and thus obtain Q for the pipes in series.
• We can refine the result by using the new calculated friction factors of
the pipe and get again V1 and thus Q.
Problem 8.98 (franzini): Pipes in Series (Type-2
Problem)
• Two pipes are connected in series respectively 150-ft of 2-in
diameter (e=0.000 006ft) and 450-ft of 8-in diameter (e=0.0009 ft)
as shown in the figure. With the total head loss of 30 ft, find the
flow of 60⁰F water. Neglect minor losses.
• Solution: L1/D1=150x12/2 =900 <1000 and L2/D2=675 <1000,
although we cannot ignore the minor losses but due to problem
statement we shall ignore them (in practice you shan’t).
• We employ basic principles and Rigorous
equations.
Q=Q1=Q2 & hL= hL1+hL2

Problem)
• Q=Q1=Q2  D21 V1=D22 V2V1=(D2/ D1)2 V2V1=(4)2 V2 V1=16V2
𝑓𝐿 𝑉2 𝑓𝐿 𝑉2
• ℎ𝐿 = { + σ 𝐾𝐿 }1 + { + σ 𝐾𝐿 }2
𝐷 2𝑔 𝐷 2𝑔
𝑓1 150 𝑥12 𝑉12 𝑓2 450 𝑥12 𝑉12
• 30 = { +0 }+{ +0 }
2 2𝑔 8 2𝑔(162 )
𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟐
• 𝑽𝟏 = -------------equ.(A)
𝟗𝟎𝟎𝒇𝟏 +𝟐.𝟔𝟑𝟕𝒇𝟐
• Making initial f-assumption from Karman equation; 𝑽𝟐 =0.915 fps
1 3.7
= 2 log here
𝑓 𝑒/𝐷
e1/D1=0.000 006(12)/2=3.6x10-5  f1=0.00995
𝑽𝟏 =14.64 fps
e2/D2=0.0009(12)/8=1.35x10-3  f2=0.0211
Problem)
• R1=V1D1/v1=14.64x(2/12)/12.17x10-6=200493
e1/D1=3.6x10-5
• R2=V2D2/v2=0.915x(8/12)/12.17x10-6=50123.3
e2/D2=0.0009(12)/8=1.35x10-3
• Using Haaland equation for f calculation, for which we need e/D
and R (because flow is turbulent in this trial).
𝑒 1.11
1 6.9
• = −1.8 log 𝐷
+  f1=0.01573 & f2=0.02467
𝑓 3.7 𝑅
• Further trials can be made but here 𝑽𝟐 =0.728 fps

Q=A1V1=(3.14(2/12)2x11.66)/4=0.254 cfs 𝑽𝟏 =11.66 fps
Pipes in Series
𝑰𝑸 𝑻𝒆𝒔𝒕
• A galvanized iron pipe connects with another PVC pipe of same diameter, are
they in Series?

Pipes in Parallel

Pipes in Parallel
• For a pipe that branches out into two (or more) pipes and then
rejoins at a common junction downstream, the total flow rate is the
sum of the flow rates in the individual pipes. The pressure drop (or
head loss) in each individual pipe connected in parallel must be the
same since dP=PA-PB and the junction pressures PA and PB are same
for all the individual pipes.
• Q=Q1+Q2+Q3 by 1st principle.
• hL=hL1=hL2 =hL3 by 2nd principle.
• Use above equations to solve
the pipe system in parallel.
Pipes in Parallel
• Type-3 problem (sizing) may be addressed in situation of pipes in
parallel and easily solved in similar manner as that of a single-pipe.
• Type-2 problem (discharge) can readily be solved by using the same
procedure as that of a single-pipe flow, where in this case we apply
it on individual pipe. Here we know the total head loss between
two junctions and thus utilize it for each pipe and determine
corresponding discharges, Q1, Q2, Q3, etc. (Rec: use direct method).
• However, Type-1 problem (head loss) is a bit involved and needs
some extra calculational labor.
• We utilize both basic principles of pipe networks in conjunction to
reach at head loss across all pipes.

Pipes in Parallel (Type-1 (head loss) problem)
• Method-1:If we know the discharge in an individual pipe and want
to calculate the head loss across all the pipes, we simply address
the problem as that of single-pipe flow and obtain the
corresponding head loss in that pipe (hL1 ,e.g.) and thus equate it to
total head loss (hL).
• However, normally total discharge is known for Type-1 problem
which can be utilized in 1st principle and this makes the calculation
a bit laborious.
• Type-1 problem in parallel pipes situation may further be
addressed in two ways, namely; Method-2 and Method-3.

• Method-2: In this method non-rigorous equations are used and minor
losses excluded.
1 1 1 1
ℎ𝑓 𝑛 ℎ𝑓 𝑛 ℎ𝑓 𝑛 ℎ𝑓 𝑛
𝑄={ }1 +{ }2+{ }3 +{ }4 + ………
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
1 1
1 𝑛
𝑄 = ℎ𝑓 𝑛 σ
𝑘i
• Here we obtain the frictional head loss between two junctions and
further we can equate it to individual pipe’s frictional head losses and
thus solve for individual flow rates in similar fashion as we do for single-
pipe flows or from hfi=kiQni
• Velocities in individual pipes must be checked for the limiting values of
the equations implemented in calculating k-values (e.g. Vi<3m/s).
• Method-3: We make use of the rigorous equations in conjunction with both basic
principles of the pipe network and solve for head loss.
𝑓𝐿 𝑉2 2𝑔ℎ𝐿
ℎ𝐿1 = { + σ 𝐾𝐿 }  𝑉1 = 𝑓𝐿
𝐷 2𝑔 1 +σ 𝐾𝐿
𝐷
1
2𝑔
𝐶1 = 𝐴
𝑓𝐿
+ σ 𝐾𝐿
𝐷
1
𝑄 = 𝐶1 ℎ𝐿1 +𝐶2 ℎ𝐿2 +𝐶3 ℎ𝐿3 + ……= (𝐶1 +𝐶2 +𝐶3 +𝐶4 + ⋯ ) ℎ𝐿
𝐐 = 𝐂 𝐡𝐋
• Here we obtain individual constants Ci and then combine to give an aggregated value
of C, which we use in last equation to give hL. Ci requires fi to be assumed, and again
you can start from Von Karman equation. Individual flows can thus be obtained.
• To refine the result for hL , try again with new f values for pipes based on new R & e/D.
Example: Pipes in Parallel (Type-1 (head loss) problem)
• There is a danger of stealing supply mains or being damaged by
some other reasons in carrying water from point A to Point B in a
certain locality through a single pipe. So alternate routes are
suggested in order to assure continuous flow delivery of 3cfs at
point B when at least one pipe is working well. Determine the total
head loss in the system. n=2. (This demonstrates Method-2).
K1= 1500
A K2= 1000
K3= 2000
B
Example: Pipes in Parallel (Type-1 (head loss) problem)
K1= 1500
𝟏
A A 𝟏
K2= 1000 σ 𝒏
= 0.07779
𝒌i
K3= 2000 B
Q= 9 cfs B
We proceed as follows; Q= 9 cfs
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 𝑛 1 1 1 1 1 1
σ = 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 0.02581+0.0316+0.0223
𝑘i 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
1
1 𝑛
σ =0.07977
𝑘i 1
1 1 2
1 𝑛 9
𝑄 = 3𝑥3 = ℎ𝑓 𝑛 σ = ℎ𝑓 2 0.07977 ⇒ ℎ𝑓 = = 13385.6 𝑓𝑡
𝑘i 0.07779

Intermediate Summary on Pipes in Series or Parallel
• Pipes in series
• Type-1 Problem (Head loss) • In practice you can make
• Type-2 Problem (Flow rate) use of the following
• Method-1
• Method-2 (Non-rigorous)
relations;
• Method-3 (Rigorous) • For Old Pipes
• Type-3 Problem (Sizing) 1
𝑓 = 0.04(1 + )
• Pipes in Parallel 35𝐷
• For New Pipes
• Type-1 Problem (Head loss) 1
• Method-1 𝑓 = 0.02(1 + )
• Method-2 (Non-rigorous)
35𝐷
• Method-3 (Rigorous)
• Type-2 Problem (Flow rate)
• Type-3 Problem (Sizing)
Branching of Pipes

Branching of Pipes
• When the pipe is divided or bifurcated into two or more pipe lines,
is termed as branching of pipes.
• In branching of pipes the ends are not connected back or brought
back to previous supply lines. They are dead ended through
stoppers or may be just left for letting flow of water.
• The mechanism of flow in such a system
can be solved while knowing basic
principles of pipe networks.
• Continuity equation plays a vital role in
analyzing such systems.
Branching of Pipes
• If the water levels in reservoir B & C are below the water level in
the piezometer at the junction J and that of B is between that of A
and C then water will flow into B and C from A.  Q1=Q2+Q3
• If the point P is below level of water of A & B and above that of C
then water must flow out of B and A and into C.  Q1+Q2=Q3
• From above discussion it is evident that
we have used first principle or law of
conservation of mass.
• Pipe branches may have be pump driven
or a reservoir driven.
Branching of Pipes
• A branched network is commonly used
for rural water supply. The simplest branched
network is a radial network consisting of several
distribution mains emerging out from a common
input point.
• The pipe discharges can be obtained by adding
the nodal discharges and tracing the path from
tail end to the input point until all the tail ends
are covered.
• The nodal heads can be found by proceeding
from the input point and adding the head losses
in each link until a tail end is reached. The process
has to be repeated until all tail ends are covered.
Adding the terminal head to the maximum head
loss determines the pumping head.

Service Area
At what height the reservoir
should be located, which will
maintain the water demand
of each dwelling?
Reservoir
Water distribution Project

Branched Piping Proposal
All exits are assumed to flow at

the same time for extreme
demand on the reservoir.
Problem Type Given Find

Type-1: Head loss Problem D, Q or V, g, L, e, v hf

Example: Single-Pipe Flow (Type-1 Problem)
• Let a 12in diameter galvanized iron pipe 1000 ft long is to carry the demand of
24cfs of water at 60⁰F. Find elevation of the reservoir.
Problem Type Given Find
Type-1: Head loss Problem D, Q or V, g, L, e, v hf
• Solution: In table 8.1 (franzini) for galvanized iron; e=0.0005 ft & at 60⁰F;
v=1.217x10-5 ft2/sec (Table A.1, franzini).
4(24)
• L=1500 ft, and e/D=(0.0005(12))/20=0.0003, 𝑉 = 12 = 30.6 fps
𝜋(12)2
12
30.6
• 𝑅= 12
= 25.1𝑥105 > Rcr=2000; flow is turbulent
1.217𝑥10−5
1 0.0003 1.11 6.9
• = −1.8 log +  f= 0.01523 (Using Haaland Equation)
𝑓 3.7 25.1𝑥105
0.01523(1000)30.62
 ℎ𝑓 = 12 = 𝟐𝟐𝟏. 𝟓 𝒇𝒕
2( )(32.2)
12 Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P
L/D=12000/12>=1000 so ignoring the minor head losses.

Applying the energy equation.
𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑃2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑍1 − ℎ𝐿 = + + 𝑍2
𝛾1 2𝑔 𝛾2 2𝑔
𝑃2 𝑉22
𝑍1 = ℎ𝐿 + +
𝛾2 2𝑔

P2 should not be more than the maximum pressure allowed for
the piping material, e.g. 36ksi (5184ksf), that is too much.
Let we maintain a small pressure of 200psf just enough for
displacing any clogging material in the pipe at point 2. So
200 30.62
𝑍1 = 221.5 + + = 221.5 + 3.21 + 14.54
62.4 2𝑥32.2
= 239.2 𝑓𝑡 Notice that the elevation
requirement is
dominated by the head
1 loss upto point 2 and the
flow rate demand has
240 ft just a requirement of
14.54 ft.
225 ft 2

Service Area
So we better place it near the

service area using concrete
columns. This will cut off the
redundant 1000ft main line
length.
A cost comparison should be
run for 1000ft pipe length
option and this option.
Reservoir

Pipe Networks
Pipe Networks
• Pipe Network is an interconnected system of
pipes forming several loops or circuits.
• Remember that pipe in parallel the inlet and exit
(two points only) are connected through multiple
pipes and flows in each pipe are from inlet to exit.
• Whereas pipe networks may itself include pipes
in parallel and/or series.
• Rigorous solution for pipe network is difficult to
employ for hand calculations where a variable
friction factor has to be calculated, depending on
flow scenarios and pipe properties.
• Therefore, non-rigorous solution can best be used for convenience.
Pipe Networks
• Necessary Conditions for Pipe Networks:
• Condiion-1: The flow into each junction must be
equal to the flow out of the junction. This is due to
the continuity equation.
• Condiion-2: The algebraic sum of head losses around
each loop must be zero. This is due to conservation
of energy.
• Pipe network problems are difficult to solve
analytically as such, Hardy Cross Method is used.
• Hardy Cross method is an iterative procedure.

Pipe Networks-Hardy Cross Method
• Mind that the upper figure on right side is a piping
system in parallel whereas that at bottom is a pipe
network.
• Hardy Cross Method: The objective is to determine
the exact flow rate in individual pipe in the network for
a given set of inflows and outflows for the network.
The stepwise procedure is as follows;
• Step-1: By conspicuous inspection assume the most
suitable distribution of flows that satisfies the continuity
principle (condition-1)
• Step-2: Apply hL=KQn for each pipe, minor losses can
be included along the length but must be ignored at
junctions.
• Step-3: Apply Condtion-2, which requires summing all the
computed head losses for individual pipes around the given
loop, while treating clockwise flows as positive and anti-
clockwise flows as negative.
σ 𝒉𝑳 = σ 𝑲𝑸𝒏
The objective is to make σ 𝒉𝑳 = σ 𝑲𝑸𝒏 = 𝟎 (𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒑)
In order to make it zero some trials may be required as only best luck will make
it zero in initial trial where you assume different flow rates in the pipes within
a given loop (in step-1).
• Step-4: The heart of H.Cross method lies in the determination of δQ, which is
the change in assumed flow rate (QO) to be used for the calculation of true
flow rate (Q) in a given pipe.
Q=QO+ δQ
• Step-3: Apply Condition-2. As;
hL=K(QO+ δQ)n𝒏 using binomial𝒏−𝟏
expansion we reach at;
− σ 𝑲𝑸𝒐 − σ 𝑲𝑸𝒐 𝑸𝒐 − σ 𝒉𝑳
δQ = 𝒏−𝟏 = 𝒏−𝟏 = σ
𝒏 σ 𝑲𝑸𝒐 𝒏 σ 𝑲𝑸𝒐 𝒏 |𝒉𝑳 /𝑸𝒐 |
− σ 𝒉𝑳
δQ =
𝒏 σ |𝒉𝑳 / 𝑸𝒐 |
4.66𝐿𝑛𝑚2
𝒏
Where 𝒉𝑳 = 𝑲𝑸𝒐 , if Manning formula is employed then n=2 & K =
𝐷16.3
whereas Qo is the initial flow rate in a given trial for a given pipe within the
loop.
Remember that numerator is calculated with due regard to plus or minus of
head loss (clockwise or anti-clockwise respectively), whereas the denominator
is to be calculated by simply summing the absolute values of hL/Qo (because it
has been obtained from binomial expansion of the equation).
Example: Pipe Networks-Hardy Cross Method
• Analyze the given Pipe Network using Hardy-Cross method upto two
iterations (depending on accuracy of problem in hand). The values shown on
the figure correspond to K-values for each pipe which have been calculated
using Darcy-weisbach constant f-values (using suggested empirical
equations). For this problem n=2 is to be used.
15cfs a 100 b
350
250
1200
15cfs
c 150 d
15cfs a b a b
9cfs A
− σ 𝒉𝑳 +Ve
δQ =
𝒏 σ |𝒉𝑳 / 𝑸𝒐 | 6cfs 6cfs
3cfs
A +Ve
B 9cfs
B
15cfs
c d c d

15cfs a b a b 15cfs a 9-0.825=8.175cfs b
9cfs A
0.825cfs B A 6+0.734=
6cfs 6cfs 6+0.825= 6.734cfs
3cfs
A 6.825cfs
0.734cfs B
B 9cfs 15cfs 15cfs
c d c d c 9-0.734=8.266cfs d
• Above figures show application of first correction. We simply add the

correction to the flow which is in the same direction to it and subtract the
correction from the flow to which it is opposite in direction (clockwise or
anticlockwise).
• Notice that none of the arrows are reversed in direction after applying first
correction. We do not apply correction on joints.
15cfs a 8.175cfs b a b
A
+Ve
A 6.734cfs
− σ 𝒉𝑳 6.825cfs
δQ =
𝒏 σ |𝒉𝑳 / 𝑸𝒐 | +Ve
B B
15cfs
c 8.266cfs d c d

15cfs a 8.175cfs b a b 15cfs a 8.175+0.290=8.465cfs
b
A
A 0.290cfs
6.734cfs
6.825cfs
B A 6.734-0.294
6.825-0.29= =6.44cfs
B 6.535cfs
15cfs 0.294cfs B
15cfs
c 8.266cfs d c d c 8.266+0.294=8.56cfs d
• Above figures show application of second correction. We simply add the

correction to the flow which is in the same direction to it and subtract the
correction from the flow to which it is opposite in direction (clockwise or
anticlockwise).
• Notice that none of the arrows are reversed in direction after applying the
second correction. We do not apply correction on joints.
15cfs a 8.465cfs b
A 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕
6.535cfs 6.44cfs
B
15cfs
c 8.56cfs d
• Verify applying Condition-1 and Condition-2, you will notice that Condition-1
satisfies at each joint but Condition-2 may or may not satisfy for each loop.
This is due to we had started by satisfying condition-1 at first hand and thus
proceeded by trials to satisfy condition-2.

15cfs a K=500 b
A
𝑰𝑸 𝑻𝒆𝒔𝒕 K=500 K=500
B
15cfs
c K=500 d
• What can be the flow distribution in ab, ac, bd and cd in the above figure?
This is where engineering judgement comes into play….

• Solve Exercise problems 8.108, 8.115, 8.119 and 8.120 from Text Book
(Franzini) as practice problems.

Q/A-Session
“The End”
Your present circumstances don’t determine

where you can go; they merely determine
where you Start.
‘NidoQubein’

Branching of Pipes, Pipes in Series or Parallel, Pipe Networks

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Branching of Pipes, Pipes in Series or Parallel, Pipe Networks

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Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Branching of pipes, Pipes in

series or Parallel, pipe networks

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

𝑉 = 1.318𝐶𝐻𝑊 𝑅ℎ0.63 𝑆 0.54 (BG-Units), 𝑉 = 0.849𝐶𝐻𝑊 𝑅ℎ0.63 𝑆 0.54 (SI-Units)

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

• Further trials can be made but here 𝑽𝟐 =0.728 fps

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Water distribution Project

All exits are assumed to flow at

Problem Type Given Find

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

L/D=12000/12>=1000 so ignoring the minor head losses.

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

So we better place it near the

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

• Above figures show application of first correction. We simply add the

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

• Above figures show application of second correction. We simply add the

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Engr. Waseem Shah; CED, UET-P

Your present circumstances don’t determine

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