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Smart Grids and Control

System Security
INSE 6640 - Introduction to Smart Grid
(Lecture 1)

Prof. Walter Lucia

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INSE 6640 - Overview

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Course Instructor

• Background and Formation


• Assistant Professor (2016), CIISE, Concordia University
• PhD (2015), University of Calabria, Italy
• Home Page: https://users.encs.concordia.ca/~wlucia/index.html

• Research Interests:
• Model predictive control/fault-tolerant control/switching systems
• Control of autonomous vehicles (UGV, UAV)
• Secure and resilient control of cyber-physical systems

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Course Webpage & Office Hours
• Live Lecture (sync. learning): Thursdays 5:45-8:15 pm (EST)
• Lecture recordings on Moodle (async. learning): Fridays
• Course page: Moodle
• Lecture slides and material
• Lecture recordings and material to study
• Used to collect assignments/project
• Used for online timed exams
• Important communications (please regularly check the email associated to Moodle)
• Office hours:
• By email: send your questions to walter.lucia@concordia.ca
• Using Zoom.us:
• Fridays from 10 AM to 12:00 PM (EST). Use the zoom link: https://concordia-
ca.zoom.us/s/97176292603
• By appointment. Send an email to walter.lucia@concordia.ca

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Recommended Textbooks and Resources
• Texbook: there is no required texbook
• Resoruces:
• Eric D. Knapp and Raj Samani, “Applied Cyber Security and the Smart Grid”, Syngress,
2013.
• W. Lucia, “Smart Grids and Control Systems Security: lecture slides and class notes”,
Available online on Moodle, 2020.
• Bernd M. Buchholz, Zbigniew Styczynski, “Smart Grids – Fundamentals and
Technologies in Electricity Network”, Heidelberg: Springer, 2014.
• Y. Xiao, “Security and Privacy in Smart grids”, CRC press, 2013.
• S. Goel, Y. Hong, V. Papakonstantinou, D.Kloza, “Smart Grid Security”, Springer
London, 2015.
• P. Antsaklis and A. N. Michel, “Linear Systems”, Birkhauser Boston, 2005.
• A. Bemporad, “Identification, Analysis and Control of Dynamical Systems”, Available
online: http://cse.lab.imtlucca.it/~bemporad/intro_control_course.html

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Marks Distribution
• Midterm Exam (30 %): Online Moodle timed exam on October 22
(During Lecture 7). If a student misses the midterm, the marks will be
added to the final exam

• Project and Project Presentation (30 %)

• Final Exam (40 %): Online Moodle timed exam, date TBA

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Important Information and class
requirements
• Grading: the instructor reserves the right to conduct an individual
oral examination after each exam to verify the student's response to
specific questions.
• In case of oral examination (using Zoom) student must agree to video and
audio recording

• Examination Rules: all student are expected to access to internet and


hardware equipment (computer, webcam, microphone). Ability to do
online timed exams.
• see the class outline available on Moodle for further details

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Project and Presentations Guidelines
• The project report must be a technical survey paper of 8 pages on a selected
topic concerned with the security of Smart Grids (some topics will be suggested
on Moodle). Groups must send a project proposal by email to me
(walter.lucia@concordia.ca) no later than October 4. (I will get back to you
saying if the project proposal is approved or it requires changes)
• The proposal should include: description of the project idea and name of
students in the group. Group are of maximum of 2 people (virtually, using Zoom
or Microsoft Teams).
• For a selected topic, the survey should be based on (minimum) 3 recent and
relevant papers (from 2010 onward and with a number of google scholar
citations above 25). Two groups cannot work on the exact same topic.
• 5 bonus marks are given to groups providing experimental results.
• The Project needs to be presented in class during Lecture 12 and 13. The
presentation slides must be uploaded on Moodle on November 25 at 8pm
(EDT). If a student cannot present live, then a pre-recording must also be
uploaded on Moodle
• Project report deadline is on December 6 at 8pm (EDT).
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Introduction to Smart Grid

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Lecture Outline
• What is a Smart Grid
• Why Smart Grids are so important today
• Smart Grid expected outcome
• Greater Resiliency
• Greater Efficiency
• Environmental Performance
• Common components in Smart Grid
• Substation Automation
• Phasor measurement units
• Advance metering infrastructure
• Smart Grid Architecture and Security Concerns

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What is the Smart Grid
• A Smart Grid is a modern electricity system. It
uses sensors, automation, communications and
computer to improve the flexibility, security and
safety of electricity systems (A smart Grid is a so-
called Cyber-Physical System).

• Despite the number of various definitions for


Smart Grids, there are some key objectives
expected from the Smart Grid (According to the
Canadian Electricity Association)
• Improve grid resilience
• Improve environmental impact
• Improve efficiency

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Why Smart Grid are so important today
• Modern society heavily relies on the energy provided by the
electricity systems
• Beside inconvenient we experience as consumers, when there is a
power outage, the impact for a business can be significant:

“The financial impact of power disruption was demonstrated during the August 2003 blackout,
which affected 45 million people in eight US states and 10 million people in parts of Canada.
Healthcare facilities experienced hundreds of millions of dollars in lost revenue from canceled
services, legal liability, and damaged reputations. Six hospitals were in bankruptcy 1 year later*”

*Lawrence Bernie, Hancock Martin, Stieva Ginni. White Paper: How unreliable power affects the business
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value of a hospital? Schneider Electric; December 2010.
Need for Next Generation of Energy Delivery
Systems
• Need for Resiliency:
• We need a better way to deal with power outages and ensure grid resiliency/
countermeasures to unforeseen situations,
• Need for Better Efficiency and Less Environmental Impact:
• We need to improve the efficiency of the energy delivery system because the
energy demand is expected to grow exponentially in the next 20 years

Smart Technologies (communication, computation, automation) can play


an important role to bring the power grid resiliency and efficiency to a
level only previously dreamed about
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Grid Resiliency

• The term resiliency refers to the capability of a given entity to


withstand from unexpected actions, and recover very quickly
thereafter

• The Smart Grid should be able to detect and withstand environmental


threats (both intentional and unintentional) and recover in a timely
fashion.

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Environmental Performance
• All governments worldwide are trying to reduce CO2 emissions. Smart
grids can contribute to this end
• Greater efficiency
• Integration of renewable technologies
• Reduction in the need for new power plants
• Support for electric vehicles
• Smarter appliances
• Example: A research study in the US predicted what follows*:
“improving the efficiency of the US national electricity grid by 5% would
be the equivalent of eliminating the fuel use and carbon emissions of 53
million cars”*
*See the PDF “how the smart grid promote a green future” (other material folder on Moodle)
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Greater Efficiency

• The Electric Power Research Institute (EPR) predicted that the annual
growth in electricity consumption will be approximately 0.7% from
2008 to 2035 thanks to the efficiency improvement that will be
produced by the smart grids.

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Integration of Renewable Technologies
• Supporting the proliferation of
renewable generation sources will
have considerable environmental
benefits.
• E.g. solar panels on domestic roofs
• Reduce the energy loss associated to
energy transmission
• Smart grids enable the integration
of a high number of decentralized
generation technologies

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Reduction in the need for new power plants
• Build power plants is expensive
• Nuclear plants can provide a lot of energy, but they are the most
expensive to build (upward 3 billion dollars each)
• Traditional plants (gas and coal) are less expensive (around 1.5 billion
dollars each) but there is not enough gas or coal to increase the
number of these plant as needed for the increasing demand of energy.
• Smart grids are fundamental to integrate multiple decentralized
renewable generation sources.

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Support for Electric Vehicles
• Smart Grid is considered as an imperative to support the rise in the
adoption of electric vehicles for at least two reasons:
• Smart charging infrastructure
• Mitigating the load constraints of the grid
• Nowadays load required by electric cars is not a problem because the
proliferation of electric vehicles remains low! (but they will increase by
a lot)
• Can electric car reduce emissions? Where the electricity comes from?
• Mostly from fossil fueled power plants!!
• But the newer and smarter grid is intended to decrease our dependence on
these sources and utilize more renewable methods.

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Smarter Appliances
• Appliance are becoming always smarter and more connected (IoT)
• Amongst their capabilities they can:
• Detect power fluctuation and prevent damages or major emergencies
• The appliances can run at low-price periods (and this is very important for smart
grids to reduce the pick loads)

• Drawback:
• Privacy: All the personal information (e.g. Energy consumption) can go on the
network and someone can steal them!

• Smart grids in general are subject to security and privacy risks!


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Operational Efficiencies

• Almost half of the energy loss is due to the costs associated with the
transmission and network distribution (see formula above)
• R is called resistance (it is proportional on how long are the transmission lines)
• 𝑖 𝑡 is called current (somehow related to the energy demand)
• p(t) is the power dissipated

The grid is inefficient over long distance or if there are picks in energy demand!

• Endeavor Energy estimates that smart grid can save up to $2billion over 15
years
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Efficiency advantages of Smart Grid

• Consumer
• Can run non-urgent appliances during off-peak hours and save money (reduce 𝑖(𝑡))
• Producer
• Can provide lower price during off-peak hours (reduce 𝑖(𝑡))
• Peak demand cycles can be reduced. The peak demand causes significant
operational inefficiencies in today’s electricity network (A large amount of energy
need to be produced in short time and transmitted).
• Energy saving
• By taking advantages from local renewable energy sources we can reduce the long-
distance energy transmission (reducing R).
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Smart Grid: Core Components

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Core Components in Smart Grid

• Substation Automation

• Synchronized Phasor measurement units (PMUs)

• Advanced Metering Infrastructure

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Substations
• A substation has:
• transformers to convert the energy between two transmission voltages
• voltage control/power factor correction devices such as capacitors, reactors or static VAR
compensators
• large amount of protection and control equipment
• E.g. Step-Up Transformer
Current (i), Voltage (v) and Power (p) in input (primary side)

Current, Voltage and Power in output (secondary side)

with

Therefore, for an ideal transformer:

If we keep the same power reducing the current, then we reduce the energy loss in the lines
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Substation Automation
• In order to improve the network reliability there is a growing trend to
automate the operations within substations
• Substation automation refers to the capability of making autonomous
most of the substation tasks. This means that data collected from
Intelligent electronic devices (IED) are given to control/automation
algorithms which produce proper control actions/countermeasures.

Automation Objective: reduce (in an autonomous way) the occurrence of


outages and shorten the duration of outages when they occur.

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Phasor Measurement Units
• Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) are in charge of measuring energy
parameters such as Magnitude and Phase.
• PMU are located all over the network to obtain an accurate status of
the grid
• These information are exploited to balance the loads on the network
and reduce the chance of blackouts

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Advanced Metering Infrastructure
• Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) refers to the infrastructure
supporting smart meters used in the today Smart Grid
• Smart Meters can transmit some information regarding the electricity
use of customers
• AMI exploits a two-way communication network between the meter
(the customer) and the operator (the provider).
• Currently, almost no regulations exist to restrict the exchanged
information (raising some privacy concerns)

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Smart Grid Architecture and Security Concerns

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How is Smart Grid architected? (1/2)
• Smart Grid is not an a single easily defined system
• Smart Grid is given by the complex interconnection of multiple intelligent
components used for:

• Generation of energy
• Transmission of energy
• Distribution and Metering

• Understand each component and how they are interconnected is


fundamental to understand the Smart Grid vulnerabilities 31
How is Smart Grid architected? (2/2)

• Architecturally, a smart grid has mostly the same components of an old energy
distribution system (the same since decades!!)
• With Smart Grid, components can provide information about their respective
tasks. A centralized unit (control center) can collect all these information to
improve reliability and efficiency
• New components include synchronized phasor measurement units, energy
management systems, meteorological and environmental monitoring systems
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Smart Grid: capabilities and security concerns
• A Smart Grid, equipped with sensing and communication capability can
be viewed in human terms
• Monitoring and sensing = eyes, ears, nose and sensory receptors of the brain
• Communication system = mouth, vocal chord and the ears
• Automation system = arms, hands, motor function of the brain
• Unfortunately, intelligence, communications, and automation represent a
significant cyber security challenge.
• Manipulation of any one of these capabilities can affect the entire Grid
• Reliable and real-time communications are essential.

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Risks and Malicious Attackers
• Risk
• A manipulated reading of a Phasor Measurement Units might initiate an
unnecessary load shedding (load reduction) to protect the electricity power system
from a total blackout
• The interruption of the metering network might prevent an end user from being
billed
• The manipulation of automation systems within a substation might cause a loss of
service to an entire community.
• Attacks Motivations
• Theft of information
• Disruption of sabotage (e.g. through manipulation of automated systems)

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Summary and key points
• Cyber security and Smart Grids are big businesses today
• Cyber security of Smart Grid is a very big issue that may have serious repercussion
for every single one of us.
• Failures of smart grids and power blackouts:
• Stranded passengers on trains
• Traffic lights no longer working
• Etc.
• A failure can be provoked by a physical component failure or cyber attacks
• In the past most of the electric blackouts were due to physical failures
• In the next generation of smart grids, where everything is interconnected, security
represents a big issue that needs to be properly faced (e.g. integrity and availability)
• Nowadays grids process an unprecedented wealth of personal data, therefore
user's privacy is another important issue
• Next generation of smart grid must consider security and privacy aspects and
implement control systems capable to mitigate any risk 35
Next Lectures Roadmap

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Next Lectures (Tentative)
Lecture 2-6:
• Smart Grid Architecture: generation, transportation and distribution systems. Network
standards, consumer privacy risk, and grid vulnerabilities.
• Cyber-attacks involving smart grid, targets, attack tools and methods.
• Privacy concerns with the smart grid
• Security Model for SCADA, ICS and Smart Grid
• Securing the Smart Grid
• Securing the Supply Chain
Lecture 7: Midterm Exam
Lecture 8-11:
• Introduction to Control System, Feedback Control
• Cyber-attacks involving Feedback Control Systems, State Estimation, Attacks against
Smart Grid
Lecture 12-13: Project Presentations
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Thank you!

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