MODULE NO.

AND TITLE: Lecture Module 04: Aircraft Material Testing and Inspection
NAME: ANTEOLA, ZOE ANGEL MHAE D.
YEAR & SECTION: BSAeE 2-1
DATE ACCOMPLISHED: January 17, 2020

LEARNING CHECK 1
Directions:
a. Create a tabulated summary about the different types of destructive testing. Include a
short/ brief description and cite their functions and/or applications.
TYPE OF DESTRUCTIVE DESCRIPTION APPLICATION
TESTING

Tensile test function by Tensile testing finds out

pulling the material and how strong a material is
see how it will react to and how long would it be
the forces being applied. stretched before breaking.
Specifically, to find its
Applied to be able to verify
strength and how much
if it meets the necessary
it will elongate.
strength and lounge
1. TENSILE TEST requirement needed in a
product or service.

Determines the behavior Specimen were

of a material through compressed and calculated
crushing. to determine information
such as elastic and
proportional limit, yield
point and strength, as well
as compressive strength.
According to ASM
2. COMPRESSION TEST Handbook Volume 8,
compression testing is a
useful procedure for
measuring the plastic flow
behavior, as well as the
ductile fracture limits of a
material.
 Also called as traverse More than making sure
beam test. It measures that the material fits to the
behavior of materials desired quality that a
that is subjected to product needs, it can also
simple beam loading. be used as a quality
control test forbutt-welded
joints.
Simple test that can
evaluate both ductility and
3. BENDING TEST soundness of a material.

Measure the strength of Applied in three broad

any material against its categories, failure testing,
maximum twisting proof testing and
forces. operational testing
Commonly, this is use in
material mechanics to
measure how much twist
a material can withstand
before it cracks.
4. TORSION TEST

5. HARDNESS TEST Hardness test measures -Enables to evaluate the

the resistance to properties of a certain
bending, scratching, material such as, strength,
abrasion or cutting and ductility and wear
it makes it dependent to resistance.
other properties. It also
It can help you determine
measures the resistance
if the material is suitable
to plastic deformation.
for where it is going to be
applied.
6. HYDROSTATIC TEST Test leakage of weld Can be applied to filling the
joints and to determine vessel or pipe system with
the axial and tangential a liquid, usually water
strains of thick and thin which may be dyed to aid
cylinders by using strain visual leak detection.
gauges and strain
meters.

7. CHARPY IMPACT TEST Also known as Charpy V- Can be used as a quick

notch test, is a and easy quality control
standardized high strain- check to determine if a
rate test which material meets specific
determines the amount impact properties or to
of energy absorbed by a compare materials for
material during fracture. general toughness.
Measure of given material’s
notch toughness and acts
as a tool to study
temperature-dependent
ductile-brittle transition.
b. Review video presentation Hardness, Toughness and Elasticity Testing. Research and
create an informative essay out of it.
Destructive testing is a great way to determine the different properties that a
material have, tests like hardness test, toughness test and elasticity test are the examples
of destructive testing. A material undergoes destructive testing so that the person or a
group of people who would use or study the material would be able to define and analyze
the material that is being used. It actually analyses certain points such as the weaknesses,
behavior, performance and strength of the material, if it fits to where it will be applied, as
well as when it will reach its failure point. Destructive material provides as specific
measurements, direct, and more accurate. Yet, it has its own disadvantages like its time-
consuming and expensive as well.
Hardness tests include both Brinell and Rockwell testing, both testing uses machines
for the process to be done. Brinell testing presses the specimen by the use of hard indenter
and every press have an exact value of force, this will evaluate how the material would
react to depending on the amount of force applied. The machine used on Brinell testing
have a camera that permits the machine to see the results through a monitor. Now the
Rockwell Hardness Test, it typically works through pressing a loaded object called indenter,
the indenter has a specific dimension, it will be pressed to the surface of the material that
you’re testing. The results were calculated depending on the impression left by the
indented and the depth of penetration.
Toughness test include Impact testing, it has two types, the Charpy and Izod
testing. Charpy test were used to be able to evaluate the materials resistance to breakage
through flexural shock. The test works through striking the specimen with a hammer
designed on a pendulum arm and the specimen was securely attached on each end. The
results were calculated depending on the energy absorbed by the specimen, the decrease
in motion of the pendulum arm will precisely determine the amount of energy absorbed.
The Izod is used to evaluate the relative toughness or impact toughness of a material. The
specimen would specifically be fixed one end of a notched specimen in a cantilever position
by means of a vice, a pendulum will strike on it, and the amount of energy absorbed by the
specimen will be calculated due to the breaking energy.
Now the elasticity test, its purpose is to evaluate materials performance while
undergoing to a bending action. The process works through clamping the test piece into
the conical mandrel, a flexion action is done to the specimen as soon as the lever was
pulled. Then, the material will be observed as soon as the flexion was done, it will be
observed for any cracking or defects done.
LEARNING CHECK 2
Directions: Choose four (4) Non-destructive Testing/ Inspection and group them by two.
Create a Venn diagram of the grouped Non-destructive Testing/ Inspection. Discuss their
differences and sameness.

MAGNETIC PARTICLE
INSPECTION
MAGNALO INSPECTION
This is only applicable to Both uses light
for detecting
ferromagnetic materials. defects on
Used for gears, threaded pars
Defect in indicated through materials and for aircraft engine
an approximate size and For ferrous components.
outline of shape. Its is made materials
in open light. Inspection is made under black
Identifies light.
external
detects surface and surface This uses magnetic field and
subsurface defects, cracks, defects. shows neon glow when detect
seams, porosity, inclusions, was found.
and very sensitive for
locating small tight cracks.

ULTRASONIC
INSPECTION ACOUSTIC EMISSION
INSPECTION
Used to inspect welds,
dimensional measurement, -Detects
thickness, flaw detection defects on Mounting a small sensors on
and corrosion. structural computer test and the
Capacity to inspect formation sensors converts stress
subsurface flaws on a waves to electrical signals.
-Emits
volumetric level.
sound
Displayed on a cathode ray forms When applied, one test can
tube was the sound energy detect all of the activated
that passes through the flaws in a structure.
specimen.
LEARNING CHECK 3
1. Create a summary for different Aircraft Airworthiness Inspections.
A. PRE-FLIGHT INSPECTION
 FAA approved Minimum equipment List and it includes equipment’s that, if not
functions or operates, it may be grounded at allow to be flown with flight
restrictions.
 All of the aforementioned items are verified by the pilot along with per-forming a
visual walk-around inspection.
B. FAR PART 91 REQUIRED INSPECTIONS
 FAR Part 91 contains the General Operating and Flight Rules of aircraft and specifies
the inspections required to determine the airworthiness of an air-craft
 If the aircraft is operated for compensation or hire, it must have a "100-hour"
inspection of the same scope as an annual inspection performed every one hundred
hours of operation.
C. ANNUAL INSPECTION
 The most common type of inspection required for small general aviation aircraft is
the annual inspect- tion. Within every 12 calendar months, the aircraft must have a
complete inspection performed to determine if the aircraft meets all the
requirements for its certification.
 The FAA specifies the details of both an annual and a 100-hour inspection in
Appendix D of 14 CFR Part 43. Appendix D includes a list of items entitled, "Scope
and detail of items (as applicable to the particular air-craft) to be included in annual
and 100-hour Inspections."
 Annual inspections must be performed by an A&P technician holding an Inspection
Authorization (IA) or an inspector authorized by a certified repair station with an
airframe rating.
D. 100-HOUR INSPECTION
 If the aircraft is operated for compensation or hire, it must be given a complete
inspection of the same scope and detail as the annual inspection every 100 hours of
operation unless it is maintained under an FAA-approved, alternative inspection
program such as a progressive inspection program.
 The A&P technician who inspected the aircraft must make the proper entries in the
aircraft's maintenance records and approve the aircraft for return to service before
the 100-hour inspection is considered complete.
E. PROGRESSIVE INSPECTION
 A progressive inspection is exactly the same in scope and detail as the annual
inspection but allows the work-load to be divided into smaller portions and per-
formed in shorter time periods.
 Progressive inspection schedules must ensure that the aircraft will be airworthy at all
times and con- form to all applicable FAA aircraft specifications, type certificate data
 sheets, airworthiness directives, and other data such as the manufacturer's ser-vice
bulletins and service letters.
 Before a progressive inspection schedule may be implemented, the FAA must
approve the inspection program.

F. CONTINUOUS INSPECTION
 Continuous inspection programs are similar to progressive inspection programs,
except that they apply to large or turbine-powered aircraft and are therefore more
complicated. Like progressive inspection programs, they require approval by the FAA
Administrator.
 Airlines utilize a continuous maintenance program that includes both routine and
detailed inspections. However, the detailed inspections may include different levels
of detail. Often referred to as “checks,” the A-checks, B-checks, C-checks, and D-
checks involve increasing levels of detail.
G. CONFORMITY INSPECTION
 A conformity inspection is an essential element of all aircraft inspection programs
and performed to determine whether the aircraft conforms to or matches its
approved specifications.
 A conformity inspection is essentially a visual inspection that compares the approved
aircraft specifications with the actual aircraft and associated engine and components.
 Not specifically required by name, but it is inherently required at every inspection
interval due to the nature of the inspection; to determine whether the aircraft
conforms to its certification specifications.
H. SPECIAL INSPECTIONS
 Special inspections are scheduled inspections with prescribed intervals other than
the normally established inspection intervals set out by the manufacturer.
 Examples of special inspection items may include oil change information after an
engine overhaul, the inspection and replacement of hoses at engine over-haul, and
magnetic compass compensation every 1000 hours.
Altimeter and static system inspections and certifications
o Considered special inspections.
o Every aircraft operated under Instrument Flight Rules must have its
altimeters and static systems inspected and certified for integrity and
accuracy every 24 calendar months as required by FAR Part 91.411.
ATC transponder inspections
o Considered special inspections.
o The radar beacon transponder that is required for aircraft operating in
most areas of controlled airspace must be inspected each 24 calendar
months by any of the following: a certificated repair station approved
for this inspection, a holder of a continuous airworthiness maintenance
 program, or the manufacturer of the aircraft on which the transponder
is installed.
Emergency locator transmitter (ELT) inspection
o Considered special inspections.
o FAR Part 91.207 requires the ELT inspection every 12 months. The
inspection entails checking for proper installation, battery corrosion,
operation of the controls and crash sensor, and the ELT signal.
I. CONDITIONAL INSPECTIONS
 A conditional inspection is an unscheduled inspection conducted as a result of a
specific over-limit, or abnormal event.
1. Hard landings/ Overweight Landings
2. Overstress Condition
3. Flight into severe turbulence
4. Flight into volcanic ash
5. Over-temperature conditions
6. Bird strike
7. Lightning strike
8. Foreign object damage (FOD)
9. Fire Damage

2. Compare the following inspections, cite their commonality and differences:

A. 100-HOUR INSPECTION VS. ANNUAL INSPECTION

- Annual inspections and 100-hour inspections, they have differences in some forms
like regulation time, but they actually have same inspection and detail. Components
that are attached to the engine such as propellers were done annually while
adjusting fuels and brakes were done in every 100-hour inspection.
- When an aircraft undergoes in 100-Hour Inspections or Annual Inspection and failed,
they are deemed un-airworthy until repairs or discrepancies are signed and
corrected.
B. SPECIAL INSPECTION VS. CONDITIONAL INSPECTION
- Special inspection has prescribed intervals with the scheduled inspection aside from
normal inspections. While conditional inspection has time-dependent to natural
events that causes abnormalities and breakage in an aircraft.
- Both are time-dependent inspection, wherein special is conducted in prescribed
intervals and conditional is when breakage occur.
C. PROGRESSIVE INSPECTION VS. CONTINUOUS INSPECTION
- Both are done like the annual inspection while they differ in progressive inspection
due to the workload that is divided into smaller portions and actually done in shorter
period of time. And in continuous, larger aircrafts are done.
REFERENCES:
https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=4145#:~:text=How%20the%20Izod%20Im
pact%20Test,known%20as%20the%20breaking%20energy.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/charpy-impact-
test#:~:text=This%20test%20consists%20of%20striking,motion%20of%20the%20pendul
um%20arm.
https://www.struers.com/en/Knowledge/Hardness-
testing#:~:text=A%20hardness%20test%20is%20typically,impression%20left%20by%20a
n%20indenter.