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International Seminar on Climate Change

Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation


Solo, 4-5 March 2011
ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2

ECONOMIC VALUATION STUDY ON URBAN WASTE


MANAGEMENT THROUGH COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN
CREATING SURAKARTA
GREEN ECONOMY

Mugi Raharjo1
I Gusti Putu Diva Awatara2
1,2
Postgraduate Student of Environmental Science Sebelas Maret University

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the economic valuation of urban waste
management through community involvement Surakarta in creating a green economy.
The data collected is the primary and secondary data obtained from various publications
originating from the stakeholders and various information related to waste management.
Other data collected is data and information obtained directly from the field by
distributing a questionnaire (interviews) and results of coordination with relevant
agencies and through literature studies. Implementation of data collection is divided into
two stages, namely: the creation of data collection instruments, and data collection
activities. The data were then compiled and tabulated in accordance with the needs
analysis. Primary data interviews were analyzed to determine the feasibility of
alternative enterprises in managing the waste as a business opportunity household.
Presentation of the results of the analysis and interpretation of data and information on
the implementation of this study was prepared in the form of the final report.

The results of this study indicate that: 1) landfill waste Surakarta in 2008 as much as
1369.9 tons / day or 5479.6 M3 which consists of 48.2% and 51.8% of organic waste
inorganic, 2) the average waste disposed by society 1-1.5 kg per household per day, 3)
addition of organic waste, there are 18 kinds of inorganic waste generated in Surakarta
households that have economic value, which are grouped into 7 categories, namely:
plastic, cans, paper, glass, iron, copper, and aluminum, 4) activities that can be used as
an alternative enterprise in order to increase family income, among others, namely (a)
composting, (b) plastic garbage collectors, and (c) recycled paper, 5) manage the waste
into recycled products as business opportunities and private households more optimally
by applying participatory waste management system.

Keywords: economic valuation, waste management, community involvement, green,


economy
volume of waste requiring management.
1. INTRODUCTION Waste management methods and techniques
Population growth, changing consumption do not use an environmentally friendly
patterns, and people's lifestyles have waste management in addition to going to
increased the amount of landfill waste, cause negative impacts on health will also be
species, and diversity characteristics of the very disturbing both the preservation of
waste. The increasing purchasing power of environmental functions residential
various kinds of staples and the technology environment, forests, rice fields, rivers and
and the increased business or activities oceans (Pratt and Soleh, 2008)
supporting the economic growth of a region
also contributed greatly to the quantity and Under the Act. 18 of 2008, the garbage is the
quality of waste generated. The increasing remains of everyday human activities and /

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International Seminar on Climate Change
Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation
Solo, 4-5 March 2011
ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2

or natural processes that shaped solid. Waste on the environment, such as landfill was not
management is an activity aimed at a covered by a waterproof coating such as geo
systematic, comprehensive, and that textile, no water treatment, and still allowed
includes the reduction and sustainable waste the practice of open dumping and open
management. Based on the physical burning which causes many problems such
properties and chemical waste can be as groundwater contamination, odor and air
classified into: 1) there is an easy-rotting pollution.
garbage consists of organic waste like the
rest of vegetables, meat offal, leaves, etc., 2) However, the garbage on the side can make
waste that is not easily decompose, such as the problem in urban areas, can also be
plastic, paper, rubber, metal, remaining useful in strengthening the economic life of
building materials and so on; 3) waste in the society. Various types of waste generated by
form of dust / ash, and 4) hazardous waste households and industry if not properly
(B3) for health, such as garbage comes from managed, can potentially weaken the local
industries and hospitals which contain economy because it will absorb funds that
chemical substances and dangerous disease are big enough to handle both in terms of
agents. hygiene, health and the environment.
Garbage is not well managed will pollute the
To realize clean and green city, Surakarta environment and as a source of disease
City Government has launched various which in turn will inhibit the rate of motion
programs that basically aims to encourage of the local economy.
and enhance community capacity in waste
management. Surakarta been awarded a On the other hand, garbage can also be one
clean city because it has managed to get the important resource in raising the
clean city. Although it has got clean city that community's economy city of Surakarta.
does not mean there are no problems This condition will occur if the waste can be
regarding garbage, government and public managed professionally. Some of the
appreciation is always required to do so in opportunities derived from waste, such as
turn the waste management garbage can be aspects of the job opening from garbage
processed independently and be a resource. collection process, aspects of waste
Looking at the above phenomenon is very management and utilization and marketing
much needed waste management model is aspects of its product made from raw
good and right in an effort to create a clean garbage. In other words the business chain
and green urban areas in the city of will be created if the waste is managed with
Surakarta. economic approaches.

Trash is a consequence of human activity. Waste processing activities may lead to


As the increase in population and economic multiplier effects through the use of
growth at this time most of the city waste appropriate technology. People are starting
management are still causing problems that to become aroused to create a variety of
are difficult to control. Uncontrolled waste supporting technologies for waste
occurs as a logical consequence of human management, ranging from technology
activity and industrialization, which in turn shelters in the household garbage to be used
have an impact on urban environmental as compost, waste utilization technology
issues such as the beauty of the city, public into economically valuable products and
health, and even further to the disaster marketing of waste processing. All
(methane gas explosions, landslides, air supporters of the resulting technology is
pollution from open burning and other etc.), very likely to do in the household as a
on the other side of waste management business opportunity. To get the various data
organized by the related department focuses and information used in order to take
only on the collection and transportation to advantage of business opportunities from
the place End Processing (TPA) without garbage in the city of Surakarta, it is
specific treatment. Most problematic landfill necessary to study Economic Valuation of

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International Seminar on Climate Change
Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation
Solo, 4-5 March 2011
ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2

Urban Waste Management Through empowerment to determine what the choice


Community Involvement Surakarta In of his life through dialogue process. Two
Creating the Green Economy. trends are giving (at extremes) as the
The formulation of this problem is how the opposite, but often to achieve the primary
economic valuation of urban waste trend through the first secondary trend
management through community (Sumodiningrat, 2002).
involvement Surakarta in creating a green
economy? 2.2 The concept of income / gains
The purpose of this study was to determine (profitability)
the economic valuation of urban waste Revenues according to economics is the
management through community maximum value that can be consumed by
involvement Surakarta in creating a green someone in a period with the expected state
economy. of the same at the end of the period as the
initial state. Understanding the emphasis on
2. LITERATURE REVIEW quantitative total expenditure on
2.1 Empowerment Concepts consumption for one period. In other words,
With regard to the meaning of the concept of income is the amount of wealth beginning of
community empowerment, IFE (1995) states the period plus the overall results obtained
that: Empowerment is a process of Helping during a period, not just consumed. The
disadvantaged groups and individuals to definition of income according to economics
Compete more effectively with other cover possible changes over total assets of a
interests, by Helping Them to learn and use business entity at the beginning of the
in lobbying, using the media, Engaging in period, and emphasizes the amount of static
political action, understanding how to 'work at the end of the period. Broadly speaking,
the system,' and so on (IFE, 2005). The income is the amount of initial wealth plus
above definition defines the concept of the change in the assessment period is not
empowerment (empowerment) in an attempt due to changes in capital and debt (Rustam,
to give autonomy, authority, and trust to 2002).
every individual within an organization, and
encourage them to be creative in order to 2.3 Public Participation in Creating
complete their duties as possible. On the Environmental Hygiene
other hand Paul in Prijono and Pranarka According to Wazir et al., (2001)
(2006) says that empowerment means a fair participation can be interpreted as a
division of power thus increasing the conscious person's involvement in social
political awareness and power in a weak interaction in specific situations. With that
group and increase their influence over "the understanding, a person can participate if he
process and results of development. finds himself with or in groups, through
various processes to share with others in
When viewed from operations of process, terms of values, traditions, feelings, loyalty,
then the idea of empowerment has two obedience and responsibility together.
tendencies, among other things: first, the
primary trend, namely the tendency of the Public participation by Isbandi (2007) is the
process that provide or divert some of the participation of society in the process of
power of strength, or ability (power) to identifying problems and potential that
communities or individuals become more exists in society, elections and making
empowered. This process can be decisions about alternative solutions to
complemented by efforts to build assets address the problem, the implementation
material to support the development of their effort to solve problems, and community
independence through organization, and involvement in the process of evaluating the
second, the secondary trend, namely a changes. Mikkelsen (2000) divides
tendency that emphasizes the process of participation into 6 (six) terms, namely:
stimulating, encouraging or motivating
individuals to have the ability or

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International Seminar on Climate Change
Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation
Solo, 4-5 March 2011
ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2

a. Participation is voluntary contributions of this study was prepared in the form


from the community to the project of the final report.
without taking part in decision making;
b. Participation is the "sensitization"
(sensitize) the community to increase 4. Research Results
receptivity and ability to respond to 4.1 Waste management in Surakarta
development projects; Still unresolved as far as urban garbage
c. Participation is voluntary involvement by handling this well, needed breakthroughs
the community in which appointed its and new innovations in the management of
own changes; solid waste management. As it is known that
d. Participation is an active process, which the pattern of waste disposal by landfill
mean the person or group concerned, take system (landfills) need a lot of rethinking
the initiative and use their freedom to do and again, is it still relevant to current
so; conditions, where urban land is increasingly
e. Participation is the consolidation of limited because of rapid population growth.
dialogue between the local community Disposal is done openly and garbage
with staff who do the preparation, disposal in the open also result in increased
execution, project monitoring, in order to intensity of pollution because in many cases
obtain information about the local the management of the landfill (garbage
context, and social impacts; dump) is still very bad start of the handling
f. Participation is the involvement of of waste water (leached) to the handling of a
communities in the development of self, very bad smell. In addition, the most
life, and their environment. disadvantaged and for this is not perceived
by the public is the issuance of billions of
3. RESEARCH METHODS dollars to create and manage the landfill.
Location of study business N Total Ritasi Volume
Vehicle Type Total
opportunities in the management of o (unit) (trip) transport
household waste through community 1 Tipper truck 1,116
93 2 trip 6 m3
involvement is in Surakarta. The data m3
collected is the primary and secondary 2 Arm roll 10
10 7 trip 700 m3
data obtained from various publications truck m3
originating from the stakeholders and 3 Arm roll
various information related to waste 4 7 trip 6 m3 168 m3
truck
management. Other data collected is 4 Tipper truck 3 2 trip 6 m3 36 m3
data and information obtained directly TOTAL 2,020
from the field by distributing a m3
questionnaire (interviews) and results
of coordination with relevant agencies The solution in addressing the waste
and through literature studies. problem can be done by increasing the
Implementation of data collection is efficiency of all solid waste management
divided into two stages, namely: the program that began in regional scale (sub-
creation of data collection instruments, district level / residential neighborhood),
and data collection activities. then continued on a wider scale. How the
The data were then compiled and ideal solution for dealing with waste in
tabulated in accordance with the needs urban areas is by taking out the trash as well
analysis. Primary data interviews were use it so that in addition to cleaning the
analyzed to determine the feasibility of environment, also produced a new use. This
alternative enterprises in managing the economically will reduce handling costs. For
waste as a business opportunity this reason urban waste management model
household. Presentation of the results of as a whole one of which is included removal
the analysis and interpretation of data of TPA model in stages.
and information on the implementation

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International Seminar on Climate Change
Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation
Solo, 4-5 March 2011
ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2

Waste management in Surakarta performed


Knowledge of the economic
by Sanitation Department as one of the
executive element of the Government in value of waste
managing the cleanliness of Surakarta Not understand
Surakarta. For more details of waste 2,5%
management in Surakarta can be drawn: Less
Understood

1. MEANS OF 6%
Understand
TRANSPORTATION 91.5%
PROVIDER,
DEPAR PERSONNEL AND n=200
TMEN EQUIPMENT
Figure 2. Community awareness of the
2. LEVY AND
economic value of waste in some districts of
EXPEDITE Surakarta Municipality
CITY OF
WASTE According to the respondents some trash can
ORDERLY, be resold to collectors or dealer sales of used
goods, among others, bottles, paper /
cardboard, plastics, tin, iron, and aluminum.
Figure 1. Waste Management System In addition, wet garbage like rotten rice,
Surakarta City cook the remaining waste can be utilized for
animal feed and also dumped as compost for
The waste is then transported by the garden plants. The economic value of waste
Sanitation Department's truck fleet, whose management in general come from two
numbers continue to grow each year. Details sectors, namely: (1) The formal sector, that
of fleet of garbage trucks that operate can be sector of economic value which is managed
seen in Table 1. by the government, and (2) The informal
Table 1. Haul fleet type, amount, sector, that sector of economic value which
and the volume of freight ritasi is managed by scavengers and garbage
Surakarta City Sanitation collectors. The economic value of Surakarta
Department City garbage from the informal sector, re
Source: Surakarta City Sanitation Department (2010) derived from the sale of materials that can
be recycled.
From the table above shows that every day Table 2. Types and garbage economical
there are 2020 m3 of waste (505 tons) of price
freight transported by a fleet owned by the
City Sanitation Department Surakarta. Of
the total volume of the waste this means that
only about 41% of the waste from the total
solid waste contained in places of temporary
waste disposal. Expected in the coming
years a fleet of haul trash to increase with a
total volume of waste generation Surakarta.

4.2 Economic Value of Rubbish


Discards of society are not all worthless.
There are some of the types of waste that has
a sale value (return value) and some can be
recovered. Based on interviews conducted
on 200 respondents spread across five
districts, most people understand the
economic value of waste (Figure 2).

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International Seminar on Climate Change
Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation
Solo, 4-5 March 2011
ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2

Price countries to produce products that


Type of waste Unit ultimately reached the consumers.
(Rp)
I. Plastic
SCAVEN
a. Plastic beverage cups 3500 kg
b. Bottles of mineral water 1500 kg GERS
COLLEC
c. Atom 3500 kg
II. Tin WAS TORS
a. Zinc / packaged 1000 kg
biscuit 11000 kg RECYCLI
b. Beverage cans NG
Paper 800 kg CONSU
a. Cardboard 1000 kg
b. White Paper 800 kg
c. Magazine 800 kg
d. Newspaper 150 fruit
MARK
e. Cement wrapping Figure 3. Waste Recycling Network
paper 400 fruit Diagram
Glass 100 kg
a. Bottles 4.3 Community Involvement in Urban
b. Glass 2500 kg Waste Management
Iron 3500 kg In essence the problem of managing
a. Iron concrete 2000 kg waste is not only the responsibility of
b. Iron super one party, but it is the responsibility of
c. Iron pipe 45000 kg all parties (stakeholders). One factor in
Copper 40000 kg the success of efforts to manage urban
a. Copper super waste to the city of Surakarta clean and
b. Copper baker 11000 kg environmentally sound manner in
VII. Aluminium 13000 kg accordance with the vision of Surakarta
a. Thick aluminum City Sanitation Department is the
b. Thin aluminum involvement / participation of local
Source: Primary Data August 2010 communities. Therefore, society is
essentially the source of initial accumulation
In general waste that has economic value are of garbage. For that, the public reason, must
materials that can be recycled is then offered play a role to perform certain functions in
back to the industries that need them. The the context of waste management. In this
price of waste can be recycled based on case, one of the important role that can be
information from several centers in run by the community is doing the
Surakarta garbage collectors are shown in separation of waste from its source (the
Table 2. individual producers of waste such as
households, schools, hospitals, etc.).
In the recycling network system (Figure 3), Public participation in waste management is
recycling waste is collected from sources the most important aspect to consider in an
such as residential, commercial area, Shelter integrated waste management system.
Temporary (TPS) and TPA. Most of the Community participation in the development
recycled waste is collected by scavengers process is divided into 4 stages, namely: a)
and then sold (delivered) to collectors. participation in the planning stages, b)
Collectors sort and classify them into several participation in the implementation phase, c)
items depending on the type and sell or participation in the utilization stage of
distribute it to the recycling plant directly or development results and d) participation in
through an agent in advance. Some waste is supervision and monitoring phase. Society
being recycled in the factories and some are continues to participate on development
sent to other cities or exported to foreign processes if there are factors that support,
among other things: the needs, expectations,

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International Seminar on Climate Change
Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation
Solo, 4-5 March 2011
ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2

motivation, discipline, the need for facilities that can be used in the soil without harming
and infrastructure, boost morale, and the the environment. From the results of field
existence of both informal and formal observations, composting is one of the
institutions. alternative waste management business in
the city of Surakarta, who has a promising
Community involvement in waste business opportunities, in addition to a
management is one of the technical factors benefit in maintaining the cleanliness and
to cope with urban waste problem or an beauty of the city and reduce the number of
urban environment from year to year unemployed.
increasingly complex. The Japanese Persentage of Family Head
government only took 10 years to accustom
the people to sort garbage. Reduce (reduce),
Reuse (use of back) and Recycling
(recycling) is applied and the model relative
to economic value. This system is applied to
the scale of the region so that minimize the
quantity and complexity of waste. This
model will be able to cut a long transport
chain and the heavy burden of budget. Also Figure 4. The percentage of respondents
included in the community together which (families) based on the amount of organic
will provoke the management process and waste
the results are much more optimal than the
current way that applied. Raw materials composting organic waste
available is very large, both derived from
Therefore, in addition to community markets and households. Based on
participation, attention is also needed from interviews and questionnaires, society in
the government, especially local general dispose of organic waste is greater
governments and nongovernmental than 1.5 kg per day. If this value is
organizations as a factor in implementing multiplied by the number of households in
regional development and policy holders to the city of Surakarta, the volume of organic
accommodate the activities and programs for waste as raw materials are abundantly
sustainable urban waste management and available composting.
community participation so that the
cleanliness and beauty of the city of According to Santoso (1987), urban waste
Surakarta to materialized in order to composting business has some benefits in
improve the quality of urban living. The terms of economics, namely: to reduce the
solution in addressing the waste problem can amount of waste that will reduce the
be done by increasing the efficiency of all operational costs of waste disposal, reducing
solid waste management program that began landfill investment; competitive and
in regional scale (village and district level), economic value that can be sold.
then continued on a wider scale.
Apart from economic review, in terms of
Alternative Business Waste Management ecology, composting processes provide
Economic Value environmental benefits, including:
composting is a natural method of recycling
a. Compost organic matter and return to the biological
Compost is the result of fermentation of cycle; Reducing environmental pollution,
organic materials that change shape, because of the waste being burned, which is
blackish in color and odorless. Composting discharged into rivers or collected at the
is a process of decomposition of organic landfill will be reduced; Use of compost on
materials in high temperature so that agricultural land or plantations will increase
microorganisms can actively describe the ability of land in the water so there
organic substances that can produce material conservation hold water and fix and improve

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International Seminar on Climate Change
Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation
Solo, 4-5 March 2011
ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2

soil fertility conditions (soil conservation). Based on interviews and questionnaires, the
In principle, the composting is done by some amount of paper in the waste by the public
people in Surakarta is divided into 3, each KK ± 0.2 to 1 kg per day. While
namely: (1) Composting using bio activator scavengers can sell 50-10 kg of paper per
EM-4, (2) Composting household scale, and day and collectors used items 3000-7000 kg
(3) Composting is simple. per month to a paper recycling plant. Seeing
Business community composting done the volume of paper circulating in the level
conventionally by using composting of scavengers and collectors as well as paper
technology and bio activator EM-4 is still waste being dumped very large, this is a
rarely done because the calculation of prospect for paper recycling efforts both
production costs are too high. Society in home and factory scale. Recycled paper can
general do composting for household scale be used as raw material for handicraft
and simple. products. How to make recycled paper also
does not require time and specialized skills,
b. Steaming Plastic Waste and everyone can do it as long as there is a
Being a plastic garbage collectors is a will and tenacity.
promising business opportunity. In addition
to improving family economy, these 5. CONCLUSIONS AND
businesses provide employment, which in SUGGESTIONS
turn can minimize the number of 5.1 Conclusion
unemployed in the city of Surakarta. The From the various descriptions, as mentioned
results of observation and primary data above, can be summed up as follows:
collection in the field indicates that produces a. Surakarta City in 2008 as much as 1369.9
household waste plastic bags of fruit per day tons / day or 5479.6 M3 which consists
varies 3-5, 6-8 fruits per day, and some have of 48.2% and 51.8% of organic waste
more than 8 pieces per day (Figure 5). inorganic.
b. The average waste disposed by public 1-
1.5 kg per household per day.
Percentage of Respondents
c. In addition to organic waste, there are 18
kinds of inorganic waste generated in
Surakarta households that have economic
value, which are grouped into 7
categories, namely: plastic, cans, paper,
glass, iron, copper, and aluminum.
d. Activities that can be used as an
alternative enterprise in order to increase
n= 200 family income, among others, namely (a)
composting, (b) plastic garbage
Figure 5. Percentage of respondents by collectors, and (c) recycled paper
number of plastic bag waste e. Managing waste into recycled products
as business opportunities and private
When viewed from the amount of plastic households more optimally by applying
waste being dumped each family head and participatory waste management system.
demand for this waste is high enough, it did
not rule out an alternative business as 5.2 Suggestion
garbage collectors provide business a. Any effort to separate household trash
opportunities and employment providers in economic value that can be used as raw
order to improve the family economy and material for recycled products in
reducing unemployment in the city of addition to provide additional family
Surakarta. income.
b. Local governments provide waste
c. Recycled Paper management facilities through the
provision of garbage can help in every

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International Seminar on Climate Change
Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation
Solo, 4-5 March 2011
ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2

district disaggregated so that waste has Reactor (Silarsatu). Community


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International Seminar on Climate Change
Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation
Solo, 4-5 March 2011
ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2

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