Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Mugi Raharjo1
I Gusti Putu Diva Awatara2
1,2
Postgraduate Student of Environmental Science Sebelas Maret University
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the economic valuation of urban waste
management through community involvement Surakarta in creating a green economy.
The data collected is the primary and secondary data obtained from various publications
originating from the stakeholders and various information related to waste management.
Other data collected is data and information obtained directly from the field by
distributing a questionnaire (interviews) and results of coordination with relevant
agencies and through literature studies. Implementation of data collection is divided into
two stages, namely: the creation of data collection instruments, and data collection
activities. The data were then compiled and tabulated in accordance with the needs
analysis. Primary data interviews were analyzed to determine the feasibility of
alternative enterprises in managing the waste as a business opportunity household.
Presentation of the results of the analysis and interpretation of data and information on
the implementation of this study was prepared in the form of the final report.
The results of this study indicate that: 1) landfill waste Surakarta in 2008 as much as
1369.9 tons / day or 5479.6 M3 which consists of 48.2% and 51.8% of organic waste
inorganic, 2) the average waste disposed by society 1-1.5 kg per household per day, 3)
addition of organic waste, there are 18 kinds of inorganic waste generated in Surakarta
households that have economic value, which are grouped into 7 categories, namely:
plastic, cans, paper, glass, iron, copper, and aluminum, 4) activities that can be used as
an alternative enterprise in order to increase family income, among others, namely (a)
composting, (b) plastic garbage collectors, and (c) recycled paper, 5) manage the waste
into recycled products as business opportunities and private households more optimally
by applying participatory waste management system.
297
International Seminar on Climate Change
Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation
Solo, 4-5 March 2011
ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2
or natural processes that shaped solid. Waste on the environment, such as landfill was not
management is an activity aimed at a covered by a waterproof coating such as geo
systematic, comprehensive, and that textile, no water treatment, and still allowed
includes the reduction and sustainable waste the practice of open dumping and open
management. Based on the physical burning which causes many problems such
properties and chemical waste can be as groundwater contamination, odor and air
classified into: 1) there is an easy-rotting pollution.
garbage consists of organic waste like the
rest of vegetables, meat offal, leaves, etc., 2) However, the garbage on the side can make
waste that is not easily decompose, such as the problem in urban areas, can also be
plastic, paper, rubber, metal, remaining useful in strengthening the economic life of
building materials and so on; 3) waste in the society. Various types of waste generated by
form of dust / ash, and 4) hazardous waste households and industry if not properly
(B3) for health, such as garbage comes from managed, can potentially weaken the local
industries and hospitals which contain economy because it will absorb funds that
chemical substances and dangerous disease are big enough to handle both in terms of
agents. hygiene, health and the environment.
Garbage is not well managed will pollute the
To realize clean and green city, Surakarta environment and as a source of disease
City Government has launched various which in turn will inhibit the rate of motion
programs that basically aims to encourage of the local economy.
and enhance community capacity in waste
management. Surakarta been awarded a On the other hand, garbage can also be one
clean city because it has managed to get the important resource in raising the
clean city. Although it has got clean city that community's economy city of Surakarta.
does not mean there are no problems This condition will occur if the waste can be
regarding garbage, government and public managed professionally. Some of the
appreciation is always required to do so in opportunities derived from waste, such as
turn the waste management garbage can be aspects of the job opening from garbage
processed independently and be a resource. collection process, aspects of waste
Looking at the above phenomenon is very management and utilization and marketing
much needed waste management model is aspects of its product made from raw
good and right in an effort to create a clean garbage. In other words the business chain
and green urban areas in the city of will be created if the waste is managed with
Surakarta. economic approaches.
298
International Seminar on Climate Change
Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation
Solo, 4-5 March 2011
ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2
299
International Seminar on Climate Change
Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation
Solo, 4-5 March 2011
ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2
300
International Seminar on Climate Change
Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation
Solo, 4-5 March 2011
ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2
1. MEANS OF 6%
Understand
TRANSPORTATION 91.5%
PROVIDER,
DEPAR PERSONNEL AND n=200
TMEN EQUIPMENT
Figure 2. Community awareness of the
2. LEVY AND
economic value of waste in some districts of
EXPEDITE Surakarta Municipality
CITY OF
WASTE According to the respondents some trash can
ORDERLY, be resold to collectors or dealer sales of used
goods, among others, bottles, paper /
cardboard, plastics, tin, iron, and aluminum.
Figure 1. Waste Management System In addition, wet garbage like rotten rice,
Surakarta City cook the remaining waste can be utilized for
animal feed and also dumped as compost for
The waste is then transported by the garden plants. The economic value of waste
Sanitation Department's truck fleet, whose management in general come from two
numbers continue to grow each year. Details sectors, namely: (1) The formal sector, that
of fleet of garbage trucks that operate can be sector of economic value which is managed
seen in Table 1. by the government, and (2) The informal
Table 1. Haul fleet type, amount, sector, that sector of economic value which
and the volume of freight ritasi is managed by scavengers and garbage
Surakarta City Sanitation collectors. The economic value of Surakarta
Department City garbage from the informal sector, re
Source: Surakarta City Sanitation Department (2010) derived from the sale of materials that can
be recycled.
From the table above shows that every day Table 2. Types and garbage economical
there are 2020 m3 of waste (505 tons) of price
freight transported by a fleet owned by the
City Sanitation Department Surakarta. Of
the total volume of the waste this means that
only about 41% of the waste from the total
solid waste contained in places of temporary
waste disposal. Expected in the coming
years a fleet of haul trash to increase with a
total volume of waste generation Surakarta.
301
International Seminar on Climate Change
Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation
Solo, 4-5 March 2011
ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2
302
International Seminar on Climate Change
Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation
Solo, 4-5 March 2011
ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2
motivation, discipline, the need for facilities that can be used in the soil without harming
and infrastructure, boost morale, and the the environment. From the results of field
existence of both informal and formal observations, composting is one of the
institutions. alternative waste management business in
the city of Surakarta, who has a promising
Community involvement in waste business opportunities, in addition to a
management is one of the technical factors benefit in maintaining the cleanliness and
to cope with urban waste problem or an beauty of the city and reduce the number of
urban environment from year to year unemployed.
increasingly complex. The Japanese Persentage of Family Head
government only took 10 years to accustom
the people to sort garbage. Reduce (reduce),
Reuse (use of back) and Recycling
(recycling) is applied and the model relative
to economic value. This system is applied to
the scale of the region so that minimize the
quantity and complexity of waste. This
model will be able to cut a long transport
chain and the heavy burden of budget. Also Figure 4. The percentage of respondents
included in the community together which (families) based on the amount of organic
will provoke the management process and waste
the results are much more optimal than the
current way that applied. Raw materials composting organic waste
available is very large, both derived from
Therefore, in addition to community markets and households. Based on
participation, attention is also needed from interviews and questionnaires, society in
the government, especially local general dispose of organic waste is greater
governments and nongovernmental than 1.5 kg per day. If this value is
organizations as a factor in implementing multiplied by the number of households in
regional development and policy holders to the city of Surakarta, the volume of organic
accommodate the activities and programs for waste as raw materials are abundantly
sustainable urban waste management and available composting.
community participation so that the
cleanliness and beauty of the city of According to Santoso (1987), urban waste
Surakarta to materialized in order to composting business has some benefits in
improve the quality of urban living. The terms of economics, namely: to reduce the
solution in addressing the waste problem can amount of waste that will reduce the
be done by increasing the efficiency of all operational costs of waste disposal, reducing
solid waste management program that began landfill investment; competitive and
in regional scale (village and district level), economic value that can be sold.
then continued on a wider scale.
Apart from economic review, in terms of
Alternative Business Waste Management ecology, composting processes provide
Economic Value environmental benefits, including:
composting is a natural method of recycling
a. Compost organic matter and return to the biological
Compost is the result of fermentation of cycle; Reducing environmental pollution,
organic materials that change shape, because of the waste being burned, which is
blackish in color and odorless. Composting discharged into rivers or collected at the
is a process of decomposition of organic landfill will be reduced; Use of compost on
materials in high temperature so that agricultural land or plantations will increase
microorganisms can actively describe the ability of land in the water so there
organic substances that can produce material conservation hold water and fix and improve
303
International Seminar on Climate Change
Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation
Solo, 4-5 March 2011
ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2
soil fertility conditions (soil conservation). Based on interviews and questionnaires, the
In principle, the composting is done by some amount of paper in the waste by the public
people in Surakarta is divided into 3, each KK ± 0.2 to 1 kg per day. While
namely: (1) Composting using bio activator scavengers can sell 50-10 kg of paper per
EM-4, (2) Composting household scale, and day and collectors used items 3000-7000 kg
(3) Composting is simple. per month to a paper recycling plant. Seeing
Business community composting done the volume of paper circulating in the level
conventionally by using composting of scavengers and collectors as well as paper
technology and bio activator EM-4 is still waste being dumped very large, this is a
rarely done because the calculation of prospect for paper recycling efforts both
production costs are too high. Society in home and factory scale. Recycled paper can
general do composting for household scale be used as raw material for handicraft
and simple. products. How to make recycled paper also
does not require time and specialized skills,
b. Steaming Plastic Waste and everyone can do it as long as there is a
Being a plastic garbage collectors is a will and tenacity.
promising business opportunity. In addition
to improving family economy, these 5. CONCLUSIONS AND
businesses provide employment, which in SUGGESTIONS
turn can minimize the number of 5.1 Conclusion
unemployed in the city of Surakarta. The From the various descriptions, as mentioned
results of observation and primary data above, can be summed up as follows:
collection in the field indicates that produces a. Surakarta City in 2008 as much as 1369.9
household waste plastic bags of fruit per day tons / day or 5479.6 M3 which consists
varies 3-5, 6-8 fruits per day, and some have of 48.2% and 51.8% of organic waste
more than 8 pieces per day (Figure 5). inorganic.
b. The average waste disposed by public 1-
1.5 kg per household per day.
Percentage of Respondents
c. In addition to organic waste, there are 18
kinds of inorganic waste generated in
Surakarta households that have economic
value, which are grouped into 7
categories, namely: plastic, cans, paper,
glass, iron, copper, and aluminum.
d. Activities that can be used as an
alternative enterprise in order to increase
n= 200 family income, among others, namely (a)
composting, (b) plastic garbage
Figure 5. Percentage of respondents by collectors, and (c) recycled paper
number of plastic bag waste e. Managing waste into recycled products
as business opportunities and private
When viewed from the amount of plastic households more optimally by applying
waste being dumped each family head and participatory waste management system.
demand for this waste is high enough, it did
not rule out an alternative business as 5.2 Suggestion
garbage collectors provide business a. Any effort to separate household trash
opportunities and employment providers in economic value that can be used as raw
order to improve the family economy and material for recycled products in
reducing unemployment in the city of addition to provide additional family
Surakarta. income.
b. Local governments provide waste
c. Recycled Paper management facilities through the
provision of garbage can help in every
304
International Seminar on Climate Change
Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation
Solo, 4-5 March 2011
ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2
5. IFE, J.W., 2005. Community 15. Prijono, O.S. and Pranarka, A.M.W.,
Development: Creating Community 2006. Empowerment: Concepts, Policy
Alternatives-Vision, Analysiis and and Implementation. Publisher Centre
Practice. Melbourne: Longman. for Strategic and International Studies,
Jakarta
6. Isbandi Rukminto Adi. 2007. Asset-
Based Community Participatory 16. Rustam, 2002, Revenue According to
Planning: Towards Implementation of the Financial Accounting Standards No.
the Mind. Depok: FISIP UI Press. 23, Faculty of Economics, Department
of Accounting, University of North
7. Kastaman, R. and Kramadibrata, A.M, Sumatra.
and Daradjat. 2002. Developing a draft
Integrated Waste Management System
305
International Seminar on Climate Change
Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation
Solo, 4-5 March 2011
ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2
306