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A BERT tester typically consists of a test pattern generator and a receiver that can be set to the
same pattern. They can be used in pairs, with one at either end of a transmission link, or
singularly at one end with a loopback at the remote end. BERT testers are typically stand-alone,
specialized instruments, but can be personal computer-based. In use, the number of errors, if any,
are counted and presented as a ratio such as 1 in 1,000,000, or 1 in 10E06.
Broadcast A transmission addressed to all stations on a network.
Burst Mode Burst mode is a data transmission mode in which data is sent faster than
normal. There are a number of techniques for implementing burst modes. In a data bus, for
example, a burst mode is usually implemented by allowing a device to seize control of the bus and
not permitting other devices to interrupt. In RAM, burst modes are implemented by automatically
fetching the next memory contents before they are requested. This is essentially the same
technique used by disk caches.
The one characteristic that all burst modes have in common is that they are temporary and
unsustainable. They allow faster data transfer rates than normal, but only for a limited period of
time and only under special conditions.
Cable BERT (1) 3 cables with phase adjuster for ParBERT N4868A booster module. (2)
Short cable kit, 2.4mm (m) to 2.4mm (m), semi-rigid cable (intended for N4903A J-BERT
connection of Interference Channel with DATA OUT).
These errors indicate that packets were received with (1) a bad FCS and an integral number of
octets (FCS Errors), and (2) a bad FCS and a non-integral number of octets (alignment errors).
CRC errors can cause an end station to freeze. If a large number of CRC errors are attributed to
a single station on the network, replace the stations network interface board. Typically, a CRC
error rate of more than 1 percent of network traffic is considered excessive.
Default Gateway The preferred system for providing access outside the local subnet. A
gateway is a form of router. In order for a station to access the stations on other subnets or the
Internet, it must know the address of the system that controls access; this system is the default
gateway.
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is a procedure that enables devices entering or
re-entering the network to request that certain parameters will be automatically assigned to them.
DHCP assigns a unique IP address. A device may request a subnet mask, default router
address, name server address, and or other parameters and addresses.
DHCP server Any of several kinds of devices that provide DHCP services. These commonly
include file servers and routers.
Both alignment errors and FCS errors can be caused by equipment powering up or down or by
interference (i.e., noise) on unshielded twisted-pair (10BASE-T) segments. In a network that
complies with the Ethernet standard, FCS or alignment errors indicate bit errors during a
transmission or reception. A very low rate is acceptable. Although Ethernet allows a 1-in-108 bit
error rate, typical Ethernet performance is 1-in-1012 or better.
File Server A generic term for a device that provides files upon request. It overlaps other
commonly used terms such as Novell server, NT server, and Unix server, which are more specific
because they indicate the operating system running in the file server. File servers often provide
other functions such as remote access, DHCP, or security related services.
Flags A three-bit IP header field that and is used to control or identify fragments. They are (in
order, from high order to low order): (1) Reserved; must be zero. (2) Dont Fragment (DF). (3)
More Fragments (MF). If the DF flag is set and fragmentation is required to route the packet, then
the packet will drop. This can be used when sending packets to a host that does not have
sufficient resources to handle fragmentation. When a packet is fragmented, all fragments have
the MF flag set except the last fragment, which does not have the MF flag set. The MF flag is also
not set on packets that are not fragmented an unfragmented packet is its own last fragment.
Fragment Offset Configurable IP header field used for QoS verification testing. Part of round
trip delay measurement or round trip latency measurement. Configurable IP header fields include
(TOS, TTL, Protocol, and Frame Offset). See also Bandwidth Sweep.
The fragment offset field, measured in units of eight-byte blocks, is 13 bits long and specifies the
offset of a particular fragment relative to the beginning of the original unfragmented IP datagram.
The first fragment has an offset of zero. This permits a maximum offset of 65,528 ((2^{13}-
1)\times8) that would exceed the maximum IP packet length of 65,535 with the header length
included.
Frame Data organized in bytes encapsulated with a header and a trailer containing
information regarding the data. Frame and packet are sometime used interchangeably.
Framed Framed indicates that the test signals are framed (i.e., all ones). Framed adds
framing information to the Keep Alive signal. Pseudo-random repeating pattern. Tests circuits
ability to reliably transport data between the transmitter and the receiver.
The fragment offset field, measured in units of eight-byte blocks, is 13 bits long and specifies the
offset of a particular fragment relative to the beginning of the original unfragmented IP datagram.
The first fragment has an offset of zero. This permits a maximum offset of 65,528 ((2^{13}-
1)times8) that would exceed the maximum IP packet length of 65,535 with the header length
included.
Frame Type The format of the frame. Some examples are: SNAP/IP, SNAP/IPX, 802.3/
802.2, Ethernet II/IP, Ethernet II/IPX, 802.3/IPX, 802.2/IPX.
FTP File Transfer Protocol - Internet protocol used for transferring files from one computer to
another.
Hop A data link through a bridge or router between stations on a network. For example,
trilithic.com is 6 hops away from my PC.
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol - The IP layer protocol for handling errors and control
messages.
ID Identification is an IP header field that is primarily used for uniquely identifying fragments of
an original IP datagram. Some experimental work has suggested using the ID field for other
purposes, such as for adding packet-tracing information to datagrams in order to help trace back
datagrams with spoofed source addresses.
IP Internet Protocol. The protocol developed and used on the Internet. It is now used in nearly
all public and private networks. It provides an addressing structure that allows relaying of packets
in a manner that is logically separated from the underlying physical network. It is a connectionless,
best effort protocol designed to work across dissimilar networks.
IP Address A four-byte address always written in decimal with each byte separated by dots.
This is an address normally assigned through software and associated with a hardware address
of a network interface card. It can also be associated with a resource on the network such as an
SNMP agent.
IPG Interpacket gap, interframe gap (IFG), or interframe spacing. Ethernet devices must
allow a minimum idle period between transmission of Ethernet frames. A short recovery time
between frames enables devices to get ready for reception of the next frame. The minimum
interframe gap is 96 bit times (the time it takes to transmit 96 bits of raw data on the medium).
This is 9.6 ìs for 10 Mbits/s Ethernet, 960 ns for 100 Mbits/s (fast) Ethernet, 96 ns for 1 Gbits/s
(gigabit) Ethernet, and 9.6 ns for 10 Gbits/s 910 gigabit) Ethernet.
Layer 3 handles IP; IPv6; IP NAT; IPsec; Mobile IP; ICMP; IPX; DLC; PLP; and routing protocols
such as RIP and BGP.
L3 is responsible for logical addressing; routing; datagram encapsulation; fragmentation and
reassembly; error handling and diagnostics.
L4 Layer 4 (OSI model). This transport layers overall job is to enable communication
between software application processes on different computers. Layer 4 handles TCP and UDP,
SPX, and NetBEUI/NBF. This layer is responsible for logical addressing, routing, datagram
encapsulation, fragmentation and reassembly, error handling, and diagnostics.
Latency The time interval starting when the last bit of the input frame reaches the input port
and ending when the first bit of the output frame is seen on the output port.
Locate Using SNMP, find and identify the switch or hub port that a station is connected to.
MAC Media Access Control, IEEE 802.3ae.
MAC Address The unique address of each hardware component, NIC card, hub, switch, etc.,
on a network. These are assigned by the manufacturer of the networking equipment when the
hardware is produced.
MAC Loopback The process of transmitting and receiving packets at the MAC layer and
reporting delay, the quantity transmitted and received as well as any errors which occur.
MPLS Multi Protocol Label Switching is a data-carrying mechanism that is part of the family of
packet-switched networks. MPLS operates at an OSI Model layer, which is normally considered
to lie between traditional definitions of Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) and Layer 3 (Network Layer).
So, it is often called a Layer 2.5 protocol. It can be used to carry many different types of traffic:
IP packets, native ATM, SONET, and Ethernet frames.
Multicast A subset of a Broadcast where a packet is only delivered to a subset of all possible
destinations that share a multicast address.
NFS Server Network File System - A Sun Microsystems protocol allowing computers on the
same network use data stored on other computers as if it were on local disks. An NFS server is
usually a UNIX server.
Optical Cable A technology that transmits light rather than electricity through a fiber that is
made of thin, flexible glass or plastic. Fiber optic cables are replacing older copper cables for
most telecommunications applications.
The wide range of power values makes dB a convenient unit to express the power levels in an
optical system. The gain of an amplifier or attenuation in fiber is expressed in dB. The decibel
does not provide a magnitude of power, however it states the ratio of output power to input power.
Packet Arrival Interval (PAI) An algorithm used for time synchronization and sub-micro
second accuracy.
Packet Sequence Errors Truly excessive jitter can lead to packet sequence errors where
severe traffic congestion in packet switched networks causes packets to take alternative routes to
the same receiver. This can result in out-of-order packet arrivals that damage either speech or
video or both.
Payload IP datagram or the data you transfer in the IP packet. It is usually encrypted and/or
authenticated.
Ping Packet InterNet Groper is a commonly used test that determines whether a device can
be reached. Generally, from a command line, a user types ping 0.1.2.3 <Enter> to determine
whether the device at IP address 0.1.2.3 can be reached. The response is often an indication of
the success of the test and a time stamp designating the length of the query-response, usually in
milliseconds. The ping tests reachability by sending an ICMP echo request to a destination and
waiting for a reply.
POP Post Office Protocol is an e-mail post office protocol that allows a single user host
system to connect to a server and download e-mail.
Protocol This field defines the protocol used in the data portion of an IP datagram.
QinQ See VLAN stacking
RFC 2544 This particular Request for Comments (RFC) standard is a benchmarking
methodology for network interconnect devices. It defines a specific set of tests that measure and
register the performance characteristics of network devices. The MetroNet 5000 supports
throughput, latency, frame loss, and back-to-back frames without loss, all varying frame sizes
defined in RFC 2544 standard on optical 10G XFP, 1G/100M and copper 10/100/1000 BASE-T.
RIP Routing Information Protocol - An interior gateway protocol that allows groups of hosts on
LAN share routing information.
Router A device that forwards traffic between subnets or connected networks.
Regarding TCP communication, the RTT time is calculated from the 3-way handshake by
measuring the time between segment transmission and ACK receipt.
SAP request Service Advertisement Protocol is a Netware protocol for publicizing the current
network address of available services.
Server A computer or service that is shared among stations on the network. Any device on
the network that provides services upon request.
SFP Small form-factor pluggable (SFP) is a compact, hot-pluggable optical transceiver used
in optical communications for both telecommunication and data communications applications. It
interfaces a network device mother board (for a switch, router or similar device) to a fiber optic or
unshielded twisted pair networking cable. It is a popular industry format supported by several fiber
optical component vendors.
SFP transceivers are designed to support SONET, Gigabit Ethernet, Fibre Channel, and other
communications standards. The SFP standard is expanding to SFP+, which will be able to
support data rates up to 10.0 Gbits/s (that will include the data rates for 8 gigabit Fibre Channel,
and 10GigE SFP+ module versions for optics as well as copper are being introduced. In
comparison to Xenpak, X2 or XFP type of modules. SFP+ modules leave some of the circuitry to
be implemented on the host board instead of inside the module.
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is an Internet e-mail protocol used to send or transfer e-
mail between hosts.
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol is a standard protocol used to manage nodes
on an IP network.
SNMP agent Devices that are being managed in a network can contain an SNMP agent. A
network management program or device sends a query to the agent. The agent retrieves the
requested value from a database stored in the managed device and sends the reply. SNMP
agents often retrieve and reply with statistics about the managed device. Examples include
utilization values on ports, address tables that are stored, and vendor profiles. The protocol used
to communicate the information is the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).
Network test access ports were developed as portable diagnostic tools to gain temporary, out-of-
band, non-intrusive access to traffic between two network devices. The monitored traffic is
sometimes referred to as pass-through traffic. While the ports that are used for monitoring are the
monitor ports.
TDR Time-domain reflectometry is a cable diagnostics measurement technique that is used
to determine the characteristics of electrical lines by observing reflected waveforms.
Throughput Objective: To determine the DUT throughput as defined in RFC 1242.
Time to Live A field in an IP packet which indicates how long the packet should be allowed to
exist before being discarded.
TPID Tag Protocol Identifier is a 16-bit field set to a 0x8100 value that identifies the frame as
an IEEE 802.1Q-tagged frame.
Traceroute A ping-like network utility tool that reveals the number of hops to the destination
as well as the time delays to each hop along the way. Traceroute is useful for locating bottlenecks
in network traffic.
TTL See Time to Live.
Type of Service A field in an IP packet that controls the quality of service that the packet
requires. The internet is a best effort network, using the Type of Service bits; higher grades of
service can be requested. If the network equipment supports better service, i.e., VoIP, better
service will be provided.
Using the VLAN Stacking (QinQ) feature, service providers can use a single VLAN to support
customers who have multiple VLANs. Customer VLAN IDs are preserved, and traffic from
different customers is segregated within the service provider infrastructure, even when the traffic
appears to be on the same VLAN.
Web Server A network server that contains files that describe Internet pages. The pages are
usually developed in a language named Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). A companys home
page is an example of an HTML file that can be retrieved from a web server.
WINS Server A type of name server used in the Microsoft NT environment. WINS stands for
Windows Internet Name Services. It is a variation of DNS.
Management Ports
RJ-45
USB
Test Modes
Packet Capture/Analyzer
Throughput Analysis (Traffic Generation/Filter/ Packet Capture)
IP Tools (Ping, Trace Route, DHCP, ARP)
Monitoring (Tap); In-service Test mode
Loopback (Layer 1, 2, 3, 4)/ Auto Loopback (Smart Loopback)
RFC2544
BERT(Framed(Layer 1, 2, 3, 4)/Unframed)
Cable Test (TDR, Cable Finder, optic power measurement)
Packet Flooding (MAC, VLAN, IP, Payload)
Network Discovery
IP scan
VoIP/IPTV
Loopback
L1/L2/L3/L4 Loopback (Address Swapping)
Frame/Packet Performance & Statistics
Remote Loopback
Auto (Smart) Loopback
RFC2544 Testing
Throughput Test
Latency Test
Frame Loss Test
Back to Back Test
Report: Printable report, Configuration,
Tabular and graphical results, Convert to CSV and PDF format
Physical Testing
Link Speed, Link Status, Cable Status
Optical Power Measurement
Rx Power
Wavelength
Vendor name , Serial Number, Part Number/Rev. CJPAT, CRPAT Generation
VoIP (Optional)
Call summary, Call degradation measurement
Vocoder related information
Call packet statistics
IPTV (Optional)
IP Scan
Statistics per IP address
MPEG-TS analysis (PAT/PMT/PID)
Enhanced IPTV test features
Interface Status
Link Up/Down, Speed, Duplex , Activity, Optic Power
Auto negotiation Acknowledgement/Advertisement status
Stream Status
Frame/Packet Format, Selected stream status, ARP status
Measurement
Timed measurement, Tx/Rx Independent/Syncd Mode, Throughput Summary
Aggregation Status
Tx/Rx Frame Statistics
Tx/Rx Packet Type Statistics (Uni/Multi/Broad-cast/Extra)
FCS Error
Num. of Tx/Rx Pause, Num. of Runt/Jumbo
Tx/Rx Frame Size Distribution
Frame Rate
Usage
Current Bandwidth (%) Instantaneous
Max/Average/Min BW- Cumulative
Current Frame Per Second-Instantaneous
Max/Average/Min FPS - Cumulative
Stream Error
Num. of Late Frame (i.e., Out-of-sequence)
Num. of Duplicated Frame
Num. of Lost Frame (i.e., Frame Loss)
Num. of L3 Checksum Error
Num. of L4 Checksum Error
Num. of Bit Error
Service Distruption
File Management
Interface
USB, RJ-45 Ethernet
Type
Measured Log Data (Text/CSV/PDF)
Screen Captured File (.png file)
Packet Captured Data (.cap file)
File Transfer
USB
FTP
Remote Control
Remote Control Using VNC Client
Remote Software Download
Screen Capture
Capture Snapshot of Screen Display Output
General Specifications
Operating Temperature: 0 to 40 °C
Storage Temperature: -20 to +70 °C
Humidity: 10% ~ 90%
Dimension: 172.5 (W) x 227 (H) x 58.5 (D) mm
Weight: 1.3 Kg (2.87 lbs) with Battery
User Interface: 5.7 Color TFT-LCD (Touch Panel), Keypad
Power: AC/DC Adapter: Input 100~ 240V, 50 ~ 60 Hz, 1.7A, Output 14 to 21 VDC, 3A
Battery: Removable/Rechargeable Li-Ion
Battery Run Time : 4 hours typical
Internal Memory: 2GB SD
MetroNet 5000 - Section IV: Appendix
4-21
Warranty Information
Trilithic, Inc. warrants that each part of this product will be free from defects in materials and
workmanship, under normal use, operating conditions and service for a period of one (1) year
from date of delivery. Trilithic, Inc.s obligation under this Warranty shall be limited, at Trilithic, Inc.s
sole option, to replacing the product, or to replacing or repairing any defective part, F.O.B.
Indianapolis, Indiana; provided that the Buyer shall give Trilithic, Inc. written notice.
Batteries are not included or covered by this Warranty.
The remedy set forth herein shall be the only remedy available to the Buyer under this Warranty
and in no event shall Trilithic, Inc. be liable for incidental or consequential damages for any alleged
breach of this Warranty. This Warranty shall not apply to any part of the product which, without fault
of Trilithic, Inc., has been subject to alteration, failure caused by a part not supplied by Trilithic, Inc.,
accident, fire or other casualty, negligence or misuse, or to any cause whatsoever other than as a
result of a defect.
Except for the warranty and exclusions set forth above, and the warranties, if any, available to the
Buyer from those who supply Trilithic, Inc., there are no warranties, expressed or implied (including
without limitation, any implied warranties of merchantability of fitness), with respect to the
condition of the product or its suitability for any use intended for it by the Buyer or by the purchaser
from the Buyer.