Objective

The aim of the Project is to develop a test bed to check whether a traditional
lubricant can be replaced by a bio-lubricant when used to reduce friction in the
operation of the omnipresent deep groove ball bearing, quintessential part of
machinery needed to deploy and extent the benefits of modern design trough all
nations, this technology transfer is the cornerstone of social development.

Justification

Traditional resources (fuels and lubricants) are either depleting or polluting the
environment to no avail, thusly the prospect of returning to the good days of old,
when the use of vegetable oils and animal fats as lubricants was all the rage
(circa 1650 B.C) is not only socially responsible but public demand, industrial
concern, and government agencies have brought us to this point in history in
which legislation is now in place to incentivize the use of these renewable
energy sources and friction combat agents. As stated in the article IX of the”
2002 Farm Bill” and successive iterations in the U.S.A. and “Ley de Promoción
y Desarrollo de los Bioenergéticos” from 2008 in Mexico.

“80% of energy consumption of human beings relies on fossil fuel, which not only leads
to the crisis of world energy sources supply due to its non-reproducibility and
imbalance of region distribution, but also results in the deterioration of air quality and
global warming”
Olah G A, Goeppert A, Prakash G K S. Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy.

As stated before both fuels and lubricants are polluting agents, the goal of this
research is to assess if there are real possibilities of performing the substitution
if not at 100%, perhaps a mixture of mineral and bio-lubricants can make the cut
and buy us some time.

Better ways to protect the ecosystem or reduce, or reduce the negative impact of spills
or leakage of lubricants must be outlined. Krzˇan, B., Vizˇintin, J., Tribological
properties of environmentally adopted universal tractor transmission oil based on
vegetable oil. Tribol. Int. 2003, 36, 827–833

Shortsightedness in the people making the purchase of lubricants will be an

obstacle that is why we need to evaluate the performance, the life cycle and
what are the regulations both globally and in our home country.

By performance we understand that the lubrication properties of our bio-

lubricants must me tested, compared and should measure up to those of their
mineral based counterparts to determine the effect on material wear (surface
finishing when machining) , the amount needed to establish the lubrication film
and their behavior at any given point of pressure and temperature (lubricant
stability)

Life Cycle means whether it can be reused (one of the two advantages when
compared to grease lubrication) either directly or for secondary uses and the
extent to which its production is fossil fuel independent (that would be
tantamount to the labor of Sisyphus).

Regulation Some countries are well ahead of the pack with regulation that’s
been in place for at least 10 years; we have to check if norms are in place in our
environment by the time we start experimenting to try and meet their criteria to
get results that are really useful.

We’re still reading tons of papers to understand what we can expect

from the fluids and to avoid wasting time with variables that have
already been isolated or discharged as irrelevant to the life cycle of
the single row deep groove ball bearing.

Is in this semester that I’m taking the “Design of Experiments”

subject and since I’m still new to reading PAPERS, I will need guidance
to select the best procedure to perform my intended (LCA)
comparative life cycle assessment.

Over 2 billion gallons (~7.5 billion liters) of lubricants are produced annually in the
United States (Energy Information Administration, 2004). Of these, over 900 million
gallons (~3 billion liters) are used for industrial purposes, with approximately 100
million gallons (~380 million liters) dedicated to metalworking operations including
aluminum rolling (Honary, 1996). The U.S. agricultural sector produces approximately
two and a half billion gallons of vegetable oils annually, with 2% of these stocks
currently used in nonfood applications (Ash and Dohlman, 2006; Kinney, 1998).
Biolubricants are increasing in popularity due to superior technical properties and
environmental concerns associated with petroleum lubricants (Pearson and Spagnoli,
2000; Honary, 2001). Recent chemical modifications improve the oxidative stability of
vegetable oils, demonstrating their potential to compete with mineral oils in longer-term
applications (Honary, 1996; McManus, et al., 2003; Kassfeldt and Goran, 1997; Pal
and Singhal, 2000).
It is often assumed that bio-based products are environmentally preferable to
petroleum products due to their renewable nature. To determine the validity of this
assumption, a comparative LCA allows a quantitative comparison of the energy and
material flows throughout the stages of each product, from creation to disposal or
reuse (Vignon, et al., 1992). A significant body of work is available on the life cycles of
bio-based transportation fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, and various databases
catalogue the environmental impacts of agriculture (MacLean, et al., 2000; Sheehan, et
al., 1998; Fu, et al., 2003; Shapouri, et al., 1995; Lave, et al., 2000). One study
focusing on rapeseed oil for use in hydraulic applications shows greenhouse gas
emissions reductions for biolubricants but increased impacts of eutrophication, smog
production, and energy use (McManus, et al., 2004).
En este momento estoy comenzando a bosquejar los capítulos de
introducción, una breve pero concisa introducción a la terminología
que usaré, pues no hay todavía una convención clara en castellano.

Tribology
En esta definición estoy trabajando todavía, no quiero que sea paja, y
tampoco que sea típica o hueca.

Tribology is a complex interdisciplinary subject that deals with some common,

omnipresent and diverse phenomena.

On an overall basis, friction uses up, or wastes, a substantial amount of the

energy generated by mankind, while a large amount of productive capacity is
devoted to replacing objects made useless by wear.
While some of these phenomena have desirable effects, many tribological
effects are serious nuisances and designers struggle to somehow curb their
undesired effects. This branch of mechanical engineering encompasses three
items: Friction (be it High, Low or constant), Wear (adhesive, Abrasive,
corrosive, surface Fatigue) and Lubrication (Boundary, Solid)
También estamos investigando como se calcula la vida útil de los
rodamientos en los lugares (no muy numerosos) en que se ha
implementado un programa de mantenimiento preventivo.

The basic dynamic load rating of rolling bearings is defined as the constant load
applied on bearings with stationary outer rings that the inner rings can endure
for a rating life (90% life) of one million revolutions. The basic load rating of
radial bearings is defined as a central radial load of constant direction and
magnitude, while the basic load rating of thrust bearings is defined as an axial
load of constant magnitude in the same direction as the central axis.

This basic dynamic load rating is calculated with the equations shown in the
following table, based on the theory of G. Lundberg & A. Palmgren, and was
adopted by ISO R281-1962, later this became the standard ISO 218-1990.

Classification Ball Bearing Roller Bearing

Radial Bearing
bm f c ( i cosα ) Z 3 Dw bm fc ( i Lw ec o αs ) Z 4 Dw e
2 3
0.7 1.8 7 29
9 27

Single α = 90 ° 2 1.8 7 3 29
row bm f c Z 3 Dw bm f c Lw e Z D
9 4 27
Thrust we

α≠
Bearing
bm f c ( cosα ) tanα Z 3 Dw bm fc ( Lw ec o αs ) t a nα Z D
2 3
0.7 1.8 7 29
9 4 27
90 ° we
bm :Rating factor depending on normal material and quality of
manufacturing
f c : Coefficient determined from shape, processing accuracy, and
material
Quantity symbols in i : Number of rows of Rolling elements in one bearing
equations α : Nominal angle of contact (°)
Dw :Diameter of ball (mm)
Dwe :Diameter of Roller used in calculation (mm)
Lwe :Effective length of roller (mm)