Ex.No.

2 (a)
VERIFICATION OF OHM’S LAW
Date:

AIM:
To verify the ohm’s law experimentally.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1 DC RPS (0-30)V 1
2 Voltmeter (0-50)V 1
3 Ammeter (0-10)mA 1
4 Resistors 2.2kΩ,1 kΩ Each one
5 Bread board - 1
6 Connecting wire - As required

OHM’S LAW:

At constant temperature, the current in a conductor is directly proportional to the

potential difference or voltage between the two ends of the conductor and inversely
proportional to the resistance of the conductor. It is represented by,

I=V/R
Wher
e,
I-Curre
nt in
mA V-
Voltage
in V
R-Resistance in Ω
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

+ -
A

(0-10) mA/MC
(0–30V) +
+
DC RPS
1K V
- (0-50)V/MC

MODEL GRAPH:

C
U
R
R
E
N
T

I ΔI
N
R=ΔV/ΔI
mA

ΔV

VOLTAGE IN VOLTS
PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. A known voltage is applied to the circuit through DC RPS (Regulated Power Supply).
3. The voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted.
4. By varying the supply voltage in steps note down the voltage and current readings.
5. Calculate the resistance value and compared it with theoretical value.
TABULATION:

Resistance(KΩ)
Input Voltmeter Ammeter
Theoretical
S. No Voltage Reading Reading Practical Color Multimeter
(V) (V) (mA) By graph
Coding Reading
MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:

Thus, the ohm’s law is verified experimentally.

1. The value of resistance by theoretical:
i. By color coding :
ii. By multimeter :
2. The value of resistance by practical:
3. The value of resistance by graph :
Ex.No.2(a)
VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
Date:

AIM:

To verify the Kirchoff’s Voltage Law experimentally.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1 DC RPS (0-30)V 1
2 Voltmeter (0-20)V/MC 4
3 Resistors 1.5kΩ,1 kΩ 2,2
4 Bread board - 1
5 Connecting wires - As required

THEOREM:

KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:

In any closed circuit, the sum of potential drop is equal to the sum of potential rise or in
other words in any closed circuit, the algebraic sum of electromotive forces and the voltage drop
across the impedance is zero.

PROCEDURE:

1. The Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The DC RPS is switched on and the input supply voltage is gradually increased.
3. For each set of input voltage, the voltage drop across each resistor is noted down using
voltmeter.
4. Now, verify Kirchoff’s voltage law by calculating the algebraic sum of corresponding readings.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
(0-20)V / MC
+ - +(0-20)V / MC-
V V
1KΩ
1.5KΩ
 +
+
1KΩ V
–
-

(0–30V)
(0-50)V/MC
DC RPS

TABULATION:

VIN V1 V2 V3 CALCULATED VALUE

S. No
(V) (V) (V) (V) VIN=V1 +V2 + V3(V)
MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:

Thus, the Kirchoff’s Voltage Law is verified experimentally.

Ex.No.2(a)
VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
Date:

AIM:

To design a circuit to verify the Kirchoff’s Current Law experimentally.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1 DC RPS (0-30)V 1
(0-15)mA/MC, 1
2 Ammeter
(0-10)mA/MC 2
3 Resistors 1.5kΩ,1 kΩ 2,2
4 Bread board - 1
5 Connecting wires - As required

THEOREM

KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

Kirchoff’s current law states that the algebraic sum of the currents meeting at any node or
junction is zero or in other words the sum of the currents flowing towards the junction is equal to
the sum of the currents flowing away from the junction.

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The DC RPS is switched on and the input supply voltage is gradually increased.
3. For each set of voltage, the current through the resistor are noted down using ammeter.
4. Now, Kirchoff’s current law is verified by calculating the algebraic sum of corresponding
readings.
 CIRCUIR DIAGRAM

(0-5)mA, MC (0-10)mA, MC
1KΩ + -
- +
A A

+
(0-10)mA, MC 1KΩ
A
+ -
–
(0–30V)
1.5KΩ
DC RPS
TABULATION
OBSERVED VALUE CALCULATED
VALUE
S. No VIN I1 I2 I3 I1 =I2 +I3 (mA)
(V) (mA) (mA) (mA)

MODEL CALCULATION
Pre viva Questions
1. State Ohm’s law.
2. State Kirchhoff’s current law.
3. State Kirchhoff’s voltage law.
4. Define Voltage, Current, and Resistance.

Post viva Questions

1. What is current division rule?
2. What is voltage division rule?
3. What are the applications of Regulated Power Supply?
4. Give the equivalent resistance when ‘n’ number of resistances is connected in series.
5. Give the equivalent resistance when ‘n’ number of resistances is connected in parallel.

RESULT

Thus, the Kirchoff’s Current Law is verified experimentally.

Ex.No.:2(b)
VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Date:

AIM:

To verify the Thevenin’s theorem for the given circuit

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-20) mA MC 1
2 Voltmeter (0-20) V MC 1
3 Resistor 220Ω, 100Ω, 330 Ω Carbon 2, 1
4 Bread Board - - 1
5 DC RPS (0-30) V - 1
6 Digital Multimeter - - 1

STATEMENT:

THEVENIN’S THEOREM:

Thevenin’s theorem states that any circuit having a number of voltage sources, resistances
and open output terminals can be replaced by a simple equivalent circuit consisting of a single
voltage source in series with a resistance.
PROCEDURE:

TO FIND Vth:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram shown in figure 2.

2. Switch on the DC source and apply the voltage.
3. Note down the Vth values by using multimeter for different input voltages.

TO FIND Rth:
1. Rig up the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in figure 3 and measure the R th using
digital multimeter.

TO FIND THE LOAD CURRENT (IL):

1. Now construct the equivalent circuit as shown in figure 4.
2. Set the source voltage Vs=Vth and note down the ammeter reading I L for different values of
Vth.
3. Verify load current for different input values with the theoretical calculations.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
GIVEN CIRCUIT:

Fig.1

CIRCUIT FOR MEASURING Vth:

CIRCUIT FOR MEASURING Rth:

 THEVENIN’S EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

TABULATION FOR THEVENIN’S VOLTAGE AND THEVENIN’S RESISTANCE:

S. Vin Vth (Volts) Rth (Ohms)

No. (V) Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical

TO FIND IL:

S. Load Current IL (mA) Load current IL (mA)

Vth (Volts)
No. For Thevenin’s Circuit for given Circuit
MODEL CALCULATION:
Pre viva Questions

1. State Thevenin’s theorem.

2. State Norton’s Theorem.
3. What are the conditions to apply the Thevenin’s Theorem?
4. What is the importance of Thevenin’s Theorem?

Post viva Questions

1. What is meant by a linear network?

2. How do you calculate Thevenin’s Resistance?
3. Give the usefulness of Thevenin’s Theorem.

RESULT:
Thus, the Thevenin’s theorem was verified for the given circuit.
Ex. No.: 2(c)
VERIFICATION OF NORTON’S THEOREM
Date:

AIM:
To verify the Norton’s Theorem for the given circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Apparatus Range Type Quantity
1 Ammeter (0-10/20) mA MC 1
2 Voltmeter (0-20) V MC 1
3 Resistor 220Ω, 100Ω Carbon 2, 1
4 Bread Board - - 1
5 DC RPS (0-30) V - 1
6 Digital Multimeter - - 1
7 Decade Resistance Box - - 1

STATEMENT:

NORTON’S THEOREM:

Norton’s Theorem states that any circuit with voltage sources, resistances (impedances) and
open output terminals can be replaced by a single current source in parallel with single resistance
(impedance), where the value of current source is equal to the current passing through the short
circuit output terminals and the value of the resistance (impendence) is equal to the resistance seen
into the output terminals.
PROCEDURE:

TO FIND NORTON’S CURRENT (IN):

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram shown in figure 2.

2. Switch on the DC source and apply the voltage.
3. For different input voltages, note down the Norton’s Current IN values by using ammeter.
TO FIND Rth:
1. Rig up the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in figure 3 and measure the RN using
digital multimeter.
TO FIND THE LOAD CURRENT IL:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram shown in figure 5.
2. For different values of Norton’s current, note down the ammeter reading IL.
3. Verify current load current IL for the given circuit with the Norton’s circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
GIVEN CIRCUIT:

Fig.1

TO FIND NORTON’S CURRENT (IN):

Fig.2
CIRCUIT FOR MEASURING Rth:

Fig.3

NORTON’S EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

Fig.4

(FOR CALCULATING LOAD CURRENT)

Fig.5
Tabulation for Norton’s theorem:
To find Norton’s Current (IN):
Vin IN (mA) RTH (Ohms)
S. No.
(Volts) Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical

Norton’s Equivalent Circuit:

Load Current IL (mA) Load Current IL (mA)

S. No. Vin (V) IN (mA)
from Norton’s circuit from given circuit
MODEL CALCULATION:

Post viva Questions

1. State Reciprocity Theorem.
2. State Norton’ Theorem.
3. State Thevenin’s Theorem.
4. Define unilateral and bilateral circuits.

Pre viva Questions

1. What are dependent sources?
2. Define branch.
3. How to calculate Norton’s equivalent resistance?

RESULT:

Thus, the Norton’s theorem was verified for the given circuit.
Ex. No.: 2(d) VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Date: THEOREM
AIM:

To verify the maximum power transfer theorem for the given circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity(Nos.)

1 Variable Resistor (0-10)KΩ - 1

2 Resistor 220Ω - 1
3 Ammeter (0-50)mA MC 1
4 Voltmeter (0-10)V MC 1
5 DCRPS (0-30)V - 1
6 Bread Board - - 1
7 Connecting wires - - As required

STATEMENT:

Maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power is delivered from a source to
a load when the load resistance is equal to the source resistance.
i.e., RS = RL

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set the DC source voltage to 10 V.
3. Load resistance (RL) is adjusted in steps and in each step ammeter and voltmeter readings
are noted.
4. For every reading, power transferred to the load is calculated and tabulated.
5. It is verified that the maximum power is delivered when RL=RS
6. The experimental values are verified with the theoretical value.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 TABULATION:

Vin=
S. No. Load Resistance
Theoretical Value Practical Value
(RL Ohms)
IL (mA) VL (V) PL (mW) IL (mA) VL (V) PL (mW)
MODEL CALCULATION:
Pre viva Questions

1. State the maximum power transfer theorem.

2. What are the applications of maximum power transfer theorem?

3. What is the difference in the application of maximum power transfer theorem to AC and
DC?
4. Is it possible to find maximum power in any circuit without drawing its equivalent
Thevenin’s circuit?

Post viva Questions

1. Give the expression for maximum power in DC circuit.

2. Give the value of Load voltage of D.C circuit under maximum power transfer condition.

3. Under what condition the maximum power is delivered to a load in D.C circuit?

4. Under what condition the maximum power is delivered to a load in A.C circuit?

RESULT:

Thus, the maximum power transfer theorem was verified.

Ex.No.:2(e)
VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
Date:

AIM:
To verify superposition theorem for the given circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Quantity (Nos.)
S. No Apparatus Required Range Type
1 DC RPS (0-30)V - 2
2 Resistor 220Ω, 330Ω - 2, 1
3 Ammeter (0-50) mA MC 1
4 Bread board - - 1
5 Connecting wires - - as required

STATEMENT:

Superposition theorem states that in any linear network containing two or more sources, the
response in any element is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by individual sources
acting alone, while the other sources are non-operative.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the diagram to shown in figure 1.

2. Set the DC source voltage Vs1= 10 V and Vs2= 5 V.
3. Note down the ammeter reading (I).
4. Connections are given as per the diagram to shown in figure 2.
5. Set the DC source voltage Vs2= 10 V and note down the ammeter reading (I1).
6. Connections are given as per the diagram to shown in figure 3.
7. Set the DC source voltage Vs1= 5 V and note down the ammeter reading (I2).
8. Verify the current I=I1+I2.
9. Repeat the procedures for different values of input.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

WITH VOLTAGE SOURCE (Vs2):

WITH VOLTAGE SOURCE (Vs1):

TABULATION:

With Vs1 and Vs2:

Vs1 Vs2 Current I
(Volts) (Volts) (mA)

With Individual Voltage sources:

With Vs1 (Vs2=0) With Vs2 (Vs1=0)

Total current
Vs1 Current I2 Vs2 Current I1 I = I1 + I2 (mA)
(Volts) (mA) (Volts) (mA)
MODEL CALCULATION:
Pre viva Questions

1. Define active and passive elements.

2. Define an ideal voltage source.
3. Define an ideal current source.
4. What is meant by source transformation?

Post viva Questions

1. State Superposition Theorem.
2. What is meant by a linear system?
3. Give the usefulness of Superposition Theorem.
4. How will you apply Superposition Theorem to a linear circuit containing both dependent
and independent sources?
5. State the limitations of Superposition theorem.

Result:

Thus the superposition theorem was verified.