Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
and Building
Received 30 June 2004; received in revised form 3 May 2005; accepted 30 June 2005
Available online 25 August 2005
Abstract
A series of laboratory model tests has been carried out to investigate the using of shredded waste tires as reinforcement to in-
crease the bearing capacity of soil. Shred content and shreds aspect ratio are the main parameters that affect the bearing capacity.
Tire shreds with rectangular shape and widths of 2 and 3 cm with aspect ratios 2, 3, 4 and 5 are mixed with sand. Five shred contents
of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by volume were selected. Addition of tire shreds to sand increases BCR (bearing capacity ratio)
from 1.17 to 3.9 with respect to shred content and shreds aspect ratio. The maximum BCR is attained at shred content of 40% and
dimensions of 3 · 12 cm. It is shown that increasing of shred content increases the BCR. However, an optimum value for shred con-
tent is observed after that increasing shreds led to decrease in BCR. For a given shred width, shred content and soil density it seems
that aspect ratio of 4 gives maximum BCR.
2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0950-0618/$ - see front matter 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.06.019
N. Hataf, M.M. Rahimi / Construction and Building Materials 20 (2006) 910–916 911
Nomenclature
a
civil engineering applications are growing recently.
Scrap tires are used in the production of paving material
which is called rubber modified asphalt and in retaining
walls as embankment materials [9]. More recently tires
were shredded into smaller pieces producing a bulk
material, which was used as subgrade fill alone or mixed
with granular soil to improve the engineering properties
of the soil [10–13].
The main objective of this study is to investigate the
feasibility of using shredded waste tires as reinforcement
to increase the bearing capacity of soil. Thus a series of
laboratory loading tests have been carried out on sand
reinforced with randomly distributed tire shreds to b
determine the effects of shred content and shred aspect
ratio on bearing capacity of reinforced soil.
2. Theory
70
the mixed material. Each layer was tamped and com-
60 pacted with a specific wooden plate, dropping from a
50 certain height (certain energy for each layer) before the
next layer was poured. Small cans were used to identify
40
sand density in different places in the tank. Relative den-
30 sity of sand ranged from 35% to 45% with respect to
shred content. Relative density decreased with increas-
20
ing shred content because shreds absorbed compaction
10 energy. Footing was loaded statically until failure
reached. The settlement of the footing was measured
0
for each load. The bearing capacity was obtained using
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
tangent method. In this method, two tangents were plot-
GRAIN SIZE
ted along the initial portion and latter portion of the
Fig. 2. Grain size distribution curve for sand. load–settlement curve and the load corresponding to
N. Hataf, M.M. Rahimi / Construction and Building Materials 20 (2006) 910–916 913
Table 3
Bearing capacity ratio (BCR) for reinforced sand
Tire shreds content (%) Size of shreds
2 · 4 cm 2 · 6 cm 2 · 8 cm 2 · 10 cm 3 · 6 cm 3 · 9 cm 3 · 12 cm
10 1.17 1.46 1.46 1.56 1.56 1.73 1.83
20 1.6 2.03 2 1.97 1.9 2.13 2.2
30 2.15 2.73 2.8 2.84 2.69 2.8 3
40 – 3.2 3.4 – – – 3.9
50 – 2.95 3.3 – – – 3.9
914 N. Hataf, M.M. Rahimi / Construction and Building Materials 20 (2006) 910–916
350
300 20% Tire Shreds
300
Load (.1 N)
200 30% Tire Shreds
250
50% Tire Shreds
100
200
40% tire chips
0
0 2 4 6 8
150
400
30% Tire chips 400
300
40% Tire chips 350
200 Unreinforced soil
50% Tire chips 300
100
250
Load (1.N )
0
600 U. Soil 0 1 2 3 4 5
Settlement (mm)
500 10% Tire chips Fig. 9. Load–settlement curves for 2 · 4 cm shreds with different shred
contents.
400
20% Tire chips
Load (.1 N)
300 and minimum BCR reached were 3.9 and 1.17 for 40%
30% Tire chips
tire shreds of 3 · 12 cm and 10% tire shreds of
2 · 4 cm, respectively.
200
The effect of shred contents on BCR is shown in
Fig. 12. As this figure depicts increasing shred content
100 increases BCR. However, it seems that there is an opti-
mum shred content (about 40%) after that BCR will not
0 increase further if shred content is increased.
0 1 2 3 4 5 The behavior of soil mixed with tire shreds in high
Settlement (cm) tire shreds content tends to be more influenced by the
Fig. 7. Load–settlement curves for 3 · 9 cm shreds with different shred tire shreds material and intensity of the composite mate-
contents. rial rather than the soil characteristics [8].
N. Hataf, M.M. Rahimi / Construction and Building Materials 20 (2006) 910–916 915
400 5. Conclusion
350
A series of laboratory test have been carried out on
Unreinforced soil
300 the model of shallow footing resting on reinforced
sand. Tire shreds were used as reinforcement elements.
250
Load (.1 N)
10% Tire Shreds Two parameters were selected to identify their influence
200 on bearing capacity of sand: shred content and shred
aspect ratio. It was found that addition of 10% shreds
150
20% Tire Shreds by volume increases BCR from 1.17 to 1.83 (increasing
100 bearing capacity from 17% to 83%), 20% tire shreds
increases BCR from 1.6 to 2.2, 30% tire shreds increase
50 30% Tire Shreds
BCR from 2.15 to 3, 40% tire shreds increases BCR
0 from 3.2 to 3.9 and 50% tire shreds increases BCR from
0 1 2 3 4 5
2.95 to 3.9 with respect to shreds width and aspect
Settlement (mm)
ratio.
Fig. 10. Load–settlement curves for 3 · 6 cm shreds with different Aspect ratio of 4 was found as the best aspect ratio
shred contents. for two widths used in this study (i.e., 2 and 3 cm).
Shreds of 4 cm length and smaller work improperly
as reinforcement because of the small length. Opti-
3.5 mum shred content found in this study is 40%, further
addition of shreds will not increase the BCR
significantly.
3 30% Tireshreds (b=2cm)
2.5 References
20% Tireshreds (b=3cm)
BCR
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2.5
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