LAB REPORT #01

POWER TRANSMISSION DISTRIBUTION &

UTLIZATION
INTRODUCTION TO SIMPOWER SYSTEMS & STUDY OF

POWER FACTOR ON SINGLE PHASE

NETWORK

SUBMITTED TO:

Sir Muhammad Abu Bakar

SUBMITTED BY:
Abdul Wahab Nasir
Roll no. 02
BS-EE (16-20)

Date: 02 February, 2019

Abstract

The purpose of the lab was to understand the usage of MATLAB software which has the
SIMPOWERSYSTEM library to measure the currents, voltages, power and with the help of that
one can calculate the power factor in the single phase. We used the mathematical tools like
product and powergui for the calculations and operations on the signals and displayed them on
the scope.

Objective
The main objectives of the lab session were:
1. To find impedance angle manually as well as with help of software.
2. To understand the importance of power angle.
3. To decide reactive power demand to improve power angle.

Circuit

Fig 1.1 Circuit Diagram

Simulated the above circuit under steady state condition and observed Current , voltage and
power waveforms from scope. The graph shows the waveforms of current, voltage and power.
Voltage and current are in phase and so power is positive for complete cycle.

Fig 1.2 Waveforms for 1) Current 2) Voltage 3) Power

Tasks

1) The impedance angle:

Impedance angle θ = θv – θi where θv = 0 deg and θi = -11.31

deg So impedance angle = 11.31 deg

2) The real and reactive load values from voltage and current.

Real power
P = VI cosθ

where V = 155.56 V , I = 0.325 A and θ = 11.31 deg

So P = 50 W

Reactive power
Q = VI sinθ

where V = 155.56 V , I = 0.33 A and θ = 11.31 deg. So,

Q = 10 VAR

3) Change the load such that the current angle becomes -50 degrees.

We get current angle of -50 degrees when inductive reactive power is set to 119.17 VAR.

Fig 1.3 Waveforms for θi = -50 deg 1) current 2) voltage 3) power

In the above graph, voltage and current are no longer in phase rather current lags voltage.
This is because we have increased inductive reactive power. Hence power takes negative
values as well in a cycle.

4) Make the power factor angle 0.8 lagging and observe the shape of
output power. What would be the impact of such power on appliances?
To make power angle 0.8 lagging we need current angle of -36.87 deg. So now we
have inductive reactive power of 75 VAR.

Fig 1.4 Waveforms for cosθ = 0.8 1) current 2) voltage 3) power

A 0.8 lagging power factor means the current drawn lags behind the voltage by a tiny fraction
of a second, so the peaks in current draw occur after the voltage peaks. In an electric power
system, a load with a low power factor draws more current than a load with a high power
factor for the same amount of useful power transferred. The higher currents increase the
energy lost in the distribution system, and require larger wires and other equipment.
The most probable reason could be that in an inductive load the coil charges and discharges
i.e. it consumes and dissipates reactive power simultaneously. This is only true for ideal case
(Power factor=1). In our case initially these charging and discharging cycles are disturbed.
5) Find the maximum power angle for which the shape of output power is
not distorted.
The output power is not distorted when inductive reactive power is set to 9 VAR. This task was
performed by hit and trial method. When the power angle of 13.87o was plugged in, It was
found that the distortion in the output power was negligible. At this value the power factor was
of 0.97.

Fig 1.5 Waveforms for QL = 9 VAR 1) current 2) voltage 3) power

Conclusion

Power factor correction of linear loads is quite important. A high power factor is generally
desirable in a power delivery system to reduce losses and improve voltage regulation at the
load. In the case of offsetting the inductive effect of motor loads, capacitors can be locally
connected. For this purpose power banks are used at the load sides.
Another direct consequence of an improved power factor are lower power losses. As our power
factor improves, the current required by load decreases and hence our I 2R decrease. Some
Electricity Tariffs are specially designed to encourage consumers to improve their power factor.
In these cases, having an improved power factor can greatly reduce electricity bill.

References

[1]. Lab manual, Professor Muammad Abu Bakar, PIEAS, Nilore, Islamabad.

[2]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor

[3]. http://www.electrical-installation.org