Section 22/Chapter 1

INSPECTING,
SURVEYING AND
MAPPING
Revised by Carl E. Peterson

The reasons for inspecting property are: (1) to evaluate the location. For storage areas, identify the product(s)
danger to life from fire, and (2) to evaluate and determine stored.
ways for minimizing fire danger to buildings and contents. C. Names of tenants in a building of multiple occu-
Inspections are made by fire protection engineers, building pancy, including their location and amount of
and fire officials, insurance representatives, and others space occupied.
similarly qualified. 3. Construction.
In order to properly evaluate the protection for a a. Types of construction. For mixed construction,
property or specific hazard, a tour or inspection of the show a table of buildings and report percentage of
premises must be made. Three essential results of the each type construction.
inspection should be: b. Exterior exposure.
1. Other buildings.
1. A permanent precise, and complete narrative report 2. Outside storage, processes, parking.
describing the fire protection features and fire hazards 3. Grass, brush.
2. A plan indicating the physical characteristics and c. Interior exposure.
layout of the premises. d. Fire areas, walls, and partitions.
3. Recommendations for improvement (if necessary). e. Protection or lack of protection of horizontal open-
ings.
This chapter provides a list of the key items contained f. Protection or lack of protection of vertical openings.
in the written narrative report, a list of the important 4. Life safety.
features to observe when surveying a properly, and some a. Exit facilities.
guidelines for drawing (mapping) a site plan. Also in- 1. Adequacy.
cluded are a chart of standard plan symbols and a legend 2. Deficiencies.
of standard addreviations. b. Exit illumination and emergency lighting.
c. Interior finish.
INSPECTION d. Evacuation plan and drills.
Functions performed during an inspection, an d the 5. Common hazards.
compilation of the narrative report resulting from the a. Heat, light, power, air conditioning.
inspection, are discussed in detail in the NFPA Inspection b. Housekeeping, brush and grass.
Manual (NFPA 1982). The following list forms an outline c. Ordinary combustibles.
of the key items that should appear in the written report: d. Electrical appliances.
e. Smoking.
1. Properly identification. 6. Special hazards.
a.
Name of company and address. a. Finishing processes.
b.
Date of report. b. Flammable liquids.
c.
Name of inspector. c. Flammable gases.
d.
Building identification. d. Welding and cutting.
2. Property use e. Cooking.
a. General property use; e.g., educational, mercantile f. Chemicals and plastics, etc.
industrial, warehouse. g. Electronic equipment.
b. Specific uses, state each principal use and its h. Others.
7. Water supply.
a. General description including adequacy and reli-
Mr. Peterson is Manager, Fire Service Management Systems on ability.
The staff of NFPA.
INSPECTION, SURVEYING, AND MAPPING 22-3

b. Fire flow requirements, availability determined by posure –E- (COPE). These major classifications of impor-
tests. tant features are comprised of many components, as
c. Storage requirements. Shown here.
d. Sources of supply 1. Construction..
e. Storage facilities. a. Building(s) identification.
f. Pumps. b. Dimensions.
g. Distribution system and appurtenances. 1. Buildings.
h. Maintenance, inspections, and devices. 2. Distances to exposures, other properties.
8. Extinguishing systems and devices. 3. Width of construction.
a. Automatic sprinkler systems. c. Date of Construction.
1. Types. d. Height of building(s); i.e., number of floors, ceiling
2. Coverage, temperature rate of sprinklers, pipe heights, concealed spaces, etc.
schedules, spacing of sprinklers. e. Construction material of:
3. .Adequacy. 1. Walls.
4. Tests and maintenance. 2. Floors.
b. Special hazard system----carbon dioxide, foam, dry 3. Roofs.
chemical, halon. f. Location of fire division walls and type of material.
1. Types. g. Location of fire doors and/or other horizontal
2. Hazard protected. protected/unprotected opening(s).
3. Adequacy. h. Location of stairways, elevators, and other vertical
4. Tests and maintenance. protected/unprotected openings.
c. Portable extinguishers. i. Type of windows; i.e., plain glass, wire glass, etc.
1. Type and coverage j. Location and type of suspended ceilings.
2. Tests and maintenance. k. Location of roof parapets.
d. Stand pipe and fire hose systems. l. Chemical location, construction, and height.
1. Type. m. Location of fire escapes.
2. Tests and maintenance. 2. Occupancy.
9. Alarm and detection systems. a. Floor by floor listing of major occupancy processes.
b. Location, size, content, and construction of tanks
a. Automatic fire detection systems. and/or cylinders.
1. Type, coverage, connected to fire alarm. c. Ratings for boilers, furnace.
2. Power supply. d. Cooling towers, dust collector, silos, cranes, con-
3. Maintenance and test. veyors, and other special equipment.
b. Local evacuation alarm systems. e. Electrical transformers.
1. Type, coverage, connected to fire alarm. 1. Capacity.
2. Power supply. 2. Ownership.
3. Maintenance and test. 3. Protection.
10. Fire prevention. 4. Cutoffs.
a. Building inspection program. 3. Protection.
1. Frequency, scope, recording forms. a. Automatic sprinklers.
b. Fire protection system inspection program. 1. Type of System---wet pipe, dry pipe with/without
1. Type, Frequency, scope, recording forms. accelerator or exhauster, deluge, preaction.
c. Employee fire safety training. 2. Diameter.
1. Adequacy and frequency of training. 3. Approximate location.
2. Reference material. b. Control valves for water supplying sprinkler system
d. Fire brigade program. Fire pump.
1. Type of brigade. 1. Location.
2. Training. 2. Size.
3. Special equipment provided. 3. Type of valve.
11. Recommendations. 4. Label status of valve, only if it is normally ‘’shut’’
c. Fire pumps---label symbol with following items.
SURVEYING 1. Capacity rated---gpm, psi (L/min, kpa)
2. Type---centrifugal, vertical turbine, rotary, or
There are many different routes to choose when tour- steam.
ing a property; a particular route is selected according to 3. Name of manufacturer.
personal preference and convenience. The inspector 4. Type of motor dive---diesel, electric, gas, gaso-
should choose a standard touring procedure with which line, or team.
he/she is comfortable, and should adopt that pattern for 5. Suction pressure---head or lift (in feet, or meters.)
normal use. It is important for the inspector to pass 6. Starting mechanism---automatic or manual.
through the building and the plant yard systematically d. Water tank, gravity tanks, suction tank for fire
without leaving any space uncovered. pumps.
A thorough understanding of the features depicted on 1. Capacity---gpm, psi (L/min, kpa).
a complete plan is absolutely necessary. The features of 2. Height.
any property can be placed in on e of four categories: 3. Pipe arrangement to yard main or fire pump.
Construction –C-; Occupancy –O-; Protection –P-; and Ex- 4. Percent of capacity for fire protection use.
MISCELLANEOUS DATA
e. Public water supplies.
1. Type of system ---gravity, direction pumping.
2. Size of all water mains and locations in relation to
plant.
3. Location , size, and type of control valves.
4. Type of water service---high and low pressure or
fire service only.
f. Yard water mains by symbols only.
1. Location.
2. Size.
3. Connection arrangement to all supply sources
available.
4. Type of fire---cement line, cast iron, etc.
g. Fire alarm and detection system.
1. Water flow detection and sprinkler risers.
2. Location of main control valve/panel type detec-
tion units.
3. product of combustion---rate of heat rise, fixed
temperature.
4. Fire department alarm box.
h. Location and type of check valves and water
meters.
i. Hydrants.
1. Public.
2. Private.
3. Frost proof.
j. Fire department pumper connections.
4. Exposure.
a. Indicate proximity, construction, and occupancy of
buildings or structures facing the four sides of the
building being surveyed.
b. Location of rivers or other natural exposures ( i.e.,
forests).
c. Railroad tracks.
d. Yard storage.
By formulating a short checklist similar to the preced-
ing for each COPE feature, the inspector will be assured of
having all the necessary-information for preparing a good
sketch after the tour. Utilizing such check lists to make
rough. Hand drawn sketches of every individual section,
floor, or building will reduce the difficult of preparing the
finished plan.
The symbols in Figure 22-1A are used to represent the
General location and type of the COPE features of a facility.
Occasionally, the use of a symbol alo ne will not suffi-
ciently describe the situation. In that case, it is also
necessary to also label that point on the plan. Table 22-1A
gives a list of standard abbreviations that can be used.
Although brief, the list nevertheless provides all of the
abbreviations commonly needed. Abbreviations for Use on
Drawings and on Text, prepared by the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI 1972), list additional, less com-
monly used abbreviations.
MAPPING
Once the necessary information has been collected, a
site plan can be readily drawn. A good, practical approach
is to split the preparation into three parts:
1. Building sketch.
2. Addition of fire protection equipment.
3. Detailing occupancy and specific processes or hazards.
The initial step is to outline the shape of the building,
using an appropriate architect/engineer scale on an ade-
quately sized sheet of paper. Once the shell is complete,
the other important construction features referenced in the
preceding section on surveying should be added, and
various construction material labeled.
The inspector should draw sufficient sectional views
to show all vertical areas of the plant. Figure 22-1B
illustrates what a typical, simple, “site sketch” looks like
when completed.
The second step is to plot the fire protection facilities
and equipment on the finished building sketch. Two
important points should be noted. First, water supplies--
public or private [yard] mains---are continuous from a
point of origin to the individual automatic sprinkler risers.
Conversely, the automatic sprinkler systems within the
building are not entirely shown. [NOTE; Sprinkler sched-
uling and spacing is referred to in the body of the narrative
inspection report). Secondly, when space limitations pro-
habit drawing all the equipment on the plan at approxi-
mate actual locations ( due to size, quantity of symbols, or
labeling requirements), a small side sketch ( not drawn to
scale) can be used effectively.
The last step in completing the plan is to label the
internal occupancy or processes of each area of the plant,
and any yard storage or processes of interest.
The symbols and plans in this HANDBOOK will enable
any inspector to develop a building plan in accordance
with widespread convention, these symbols are based on
NFPA 174, Standard for Fire Protection Symbols for Risk
Analysis Diagrams. However, many organizations use
their own, slightly different set of symbols and layouts.
When trying to take information from a plan developed
from another source, it is essential to refer to the legend of
symbols used by that organization to accurately interpret
the information.
At one time, colors were to describe the type of
construction materials used for walls. Today, color-coded
plans are being replaced by black and white drawings to
facilitate preparation and for economic reasons, so con-
structure type is being noted narratively.
Table 22-1B identifies colors that should be used if
TABLE 22-1B. Color Code for Denoting Construction
Materials for Walls
color Interpretation
Brown Fire resistive protected steel
Red Brick, hollow tile
Yellow Frame-wood, stucco
Blue Concrete, stone, or hollow concrete block
Gray Noncombustible (sheet metal or metal lath
and plaster) unprotected steel
the plan is to be colored. As can be seen from the table,
only four basic construction types are coded. To avoid
Confusion on complicated plans, construction materials
Can be labeled in accordance with the abbreviations in
Table 22-1A.
 FORMS USED IN FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT

Unit: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Address: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Assessment Area: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Number of People Employed: -------------------------------------------------------------------

Maximum Total Number of People in Workplace: ------------------------------------------

Findings of the Assessment and Priority Action Plan: ---------------------------------------

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Signature: Dated:

Appointment:
 Stage-1
IDENTIFICATION OF HAZRDS

A. Combustible Materials and Fire Spread

(Tick the appropriate Box)

1. Have you highly flammable substances (e.g. paints, thinners, solvents, solvent-based
adhesives, flammable gases (LPG) in the workplace? YES NO

If YES what are they

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2. Are quantities of combustible waste allowed to accumulate in the workplace?

If YES what is the waste material and where does it

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3. Are quantities of combustible materials (e.g. paper, packaging, fabrics, clothing)

displayed or stored in the workplace?

If YES what is/are the materials and where is/are they stored or displayed
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4. Have you plastic or rubber materials – especially in the form of foam

(e.g. Polyurethane foam) in the workplace?
If YES what type are they and where are they stored or used?
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5. Are extensive areas of walls or ceilings covered with comestible linings?

If YES what is the lining material concerned and which areas of the workplace are covered?
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6. Are there any other readily combustible materials in the workplace which present
a significant hazard?

If YES what are they and where are they stored or used?
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B. Source of Heat

7. Does the work activity involve processes such as incineration, cooking, welding,
flame- Cutting or frictional heat?

If YES specify which are

involved?----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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8. Does the workplace have oil or gas burning equipment?

9. Is smoking permitted?

10. Are there exposed ducts or flues?

11. Are there light bulbs and fittings near combustible materials?

12. Is electrical equipment or wiring faculty or damaged?

If YES specify what is damaged/fault and where

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13. Does the electrical equipment have ‘’wander’’ or extension leads?

14. Are there multi-point adaptors in electrical sockets?

15. Is arson a potential problem?

If YES what are problem areas concerned?

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16. Are there any sources of heat in the workplace?

If YES what are they?

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STAGE-2
IIDENTIFICATION OF ANY PEOPLE WHO
ARE AT RISK INCLUDING
ANY ESPECIALLY AT RISK

Having identified hazards about the workplace, consideration needs to be given to both staff
and other that may be present in the workplace

1. Does staff work in areas of high fire risk? YES NO

If YES, who are they and where are they situated?

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2. Are there staff and others present who my be unable to quickly to a fire or be unaware of
the danger caused by fire?

If YES, who are they and where are they situated?

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3. a. Do staff work in remote area? Or:

b. Do staff difficult or lengthy escape routes?

If YES, who are they and where are they situated?

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10. Is there any staff particularly at risk?

If YES, who are they, what is the special risk and where are they situated?
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Any staff, who has been identified as being especially at risk, should be named on a Fire Plan.
If it has identified that anyone in at risk in a fire, the removal or reduction measures under
Stage-3 should be considered.
 STAGE-3
REMOVAL OR REDUCTION
OF
HAZARDS INDENTIFIED

If any people been identified at risk under Stage-2 and any of the question number 1 to 6 of
Stage-1 have been ‘’YES’’:

1. Can any readily combustible materials and highly flammable substances be remove or
2. significantly reduced?` YES NO

If NO, specify which material and reasons why:

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2. Can any readily combustible materials and highly flammable substances be replaced with
safer alternatives?

If NO, specify which material and reasons why:

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3. Can highly flammable substances be stored in fire-resisting stores away from sources of
ignition?

If NO, specify which material and reasons why:

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4. Can ventilation arrangements be improved in those areas where flammable liquids or

gases are stored or used?
If NO, specify which material and reasons why:
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5. Can large areas of combustible wall and ceiling linings be removed; covered or treated to
reduce the rate of flame spread across the surface?

If NO, specify which material and reasons why:

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6. Can any damage upholstered furniture be replace or repaired?

7. a. Can the general housekeeping be improved?

b. Can arrangements for disposal of waste and rubbish be improved?

If NO, specify problem areas/arrangements and reasons why:

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8. Can unnecessary sources of heat be removed from the workplace?

If NO, specify which sources of heat, where located and the reasons:
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9. Can sources of heat be replaced by safer alternative sources?

If NO, specify which sources of heat, where located and the reasons:
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10. Is the heat-producing equipment being used in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions?

If NO, specify the equipment concerned and the reasons why:

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11. Can naked flame heaters and radiant heaters be placed with fixed convector heaters or a
central heating system?

If NO, specify reasons why not:

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12. Can the various sources of heat be separated from readily combustible materials and/or
highly flammable substances by. For example, fire resisting enclosures?
If NO, state the circumstances and the materials and the reasons why separation is not
possible:
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13. Can protective devices such as electrical circuit breakers and thermostats be provided
and maintained?

If NO, specify equipment concerned and the reasons why electrical protection cannot be
provided and maintained:
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14. Can it be determined that all electrical protection cannot be provided and maintained:

If NO, specify the reasons why not:

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15. Can it be determined that all electrical equipment is adequately maintained?

If NO, specify the equipment concerned and the reasons why not:
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16. Will any damaged equipment be replaced or repaired?

If NO, specify the location and reasons why they will not be cleaned/repaired:
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17. Where contractors/maintenance workers are on site, can an appropriate system be

adopted for the monitoring of ‘’hot work’’ (including a permit system)

If NO, specify reasons why not:

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18. Can tungsten filament bulbs be replaced with fluorescent tube in areas where there is a
possibility that combustible materials may be ignited?

If NO, specify areas concern and the reasons why the tungsten filament bulbs cannot be
replaced:
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19. Where smoking is permitted, can a smoking policy be which provides for safe smoking
areas and for prohibition elsewhere?

If NO, specify reasons why not:

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20. In high risk areas, can the prohibition of matches, lighters and naked flames be enforced?
NO, specify the reasons why not:
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21. Can appropriate security measures against the risk of arson be provide and maintained?

If NO, specify reasons why not:

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STAGE-4
ADEQUACY OF
FIRE SAFETY STANDARDS

A. MEANS OF ESCAPE

1. Are evacuation times and/or length of escape routes satisfactory?

2. Are corridors/stairways protected where necessary?

3. Are corridors/stairways and the exit doors of an adequate width?

4. Do the doors on escape routes open in the direction of travel where appropriate?

5. Are all door fastening suitable and are they simple to use?

6. Are all fire doors self-closing where appropriate?

7. Are there sufficient fire exit signs?

8. Are the escape routes adequately lit?

9. Is there suitable emergency escape lighting where appropriate?

10. Are all exit routes unobstructed?

11. Are there a sufficient number of water extinguishers and/or hose reels?

12. Are there suitable and sufficient extinguishers for any special risks?

13. Are all extinguishers visible ore their located by suitable signs?

B. FIRE WARNING DEVICES

14. Are there suitable arrangements for giving a warning of fire?

15. Are there a sufficient number of operating call points?

16. Is there fire warning system clearly audible throughout the workplace against any
everyday background noise?
17. Is automatic fire or smoke detection provided where necessary/appropriate?

18. Can all routes be safety used?

C. MAINTENANCE AND TESTING

19. Do all door fastenings operate easily?

20. Where a self-closing or hold-open device is in use, does it work satisfactorily?

21. Can all exit signs be clearly seen?

22. Are all extinguishers available for use?

23. Where sprinklers or other fixed firefighting systems are installed have they bee tested and
Serviced regularly?

24. Does the fire warning system work?

25. Does all emergency lighting, where appropriate work?

a. Is EVERY answer to questions 1-26 above have been ‘’YES’’ this indicates that the
workplace has an adequate standard for fire safety, and the Emergency Plan should
now be prepared or updated:

b. If ANY of the above answer are ‘’No’’ all possible steps must be taken to bring the
workplace up standard as set out in the Home Officer Guide. If this cannot be done,
go to Stage-4 Improvement Measures.

STAGE-4
IMPOROVEMENT MEASURES

If it has been decided that the fire safety measures NEED IMPOROVEMENT, because of the
remaining risk to the people present in the premises, one or more of the following measures
need to be adopted:

A. Means of Escape

(Tick the appropriate box where action is

taken)

1. Provide additional escape routes and exits.

2. Provide protected routes.

3. Provide additional exit and directional signs.

4. Install additional emergency escape lighting.

5. Make special provision for people who are confined to bed or have disabilities by:

a. Reducing the length of the escape routes.

b. Providing wider exit routes.

c. Improving the signage and providing additional fir action notices.

d. Increasing the number of trained staff in an evacuation.

6. Limit the number of people in the workplace.

B. Fire Fighting Equipment

7. Provide suitable additional fire fighting equipment including specialist equipment

for specific hazards.

8. Provide sprinklers or other suitable fire suppression system.

C. Fire Warning

9. Install a more effective fire alarm system (e.g. replacing a manually-operated alarm
with an electrical fire warning system)

10. Improve the way that people a alerted to a fire (e.g. supplementing alarm with
visual signals, using public address systems.

11. Install automatic fire detection.

12. In small workplace, rearrange the work activity so that any outbreak of fir can be
seen immediately by people present.

13. Ensure that there an adequate number of trained staff to assist in an evacuation.

D Training

14. Ensure that are aware of the standard of housekeeping required and enhancing the
level of fire safety training.

15. Ensure that specific training is given to staff who readily combustible materials,
highly flammable substances or sources of heat on a regular basis.

16. Draw up procedures to ensure that outside builders, contractors and maintenance
workers receive the necessary fire safety information.

Note:
Having now complete all the
stages of the Fire Risk
Assessment for the Workplace,
including recording the
findings, the
FIRE PLAN
for the workplace should now be prepared or
reviewed/updated