Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling

REPORT

Västerås, den 13 December. 2010

Thermal Engineering
Literature Review
Total Energy System

Projektarbete utfört av group 4: Teacher: Jan Sandberg

Photchara, WER015, pps10001@student.mdh.se

Sarut, WER015, swg10002@student.mdh.s

 Total Energy System 2010

Abstract
In many countries of the world, the ability supply electricity, heating and cooling load to
urban area is essential. Especially, the completely reducing or avoid using fossil fuel
combustion to product sustainable heat and electricity. This literature compares technologies
that use for small scale heat and power production in term of energy efficiency, environment
issues, and economic. These technologies and government policy would be work together to
increase potential of energy production.

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 Total Energy System 2010

Table of Contents
Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 0
Table of Figure ........................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 4
Purpose of Literature .................................................................................................................. 4
Report structure .......................................................................................................................... 4
Energy loss in transmission ........................................................................................................ 5
Heat transmission loss ............................................................................................................ 5
Electricity transmission losses ............................................................................................... 5
Electricity and heat Generation .................................................................................................. 6
Combine heat and power (CHP) ............................................................................................ 6
District Heating of Buildings ................................................................................................. 7
New CHP Power Plant ........................................................................................................... 7
Biomass .................................................................................................................................. 7
Small scale heat and power production ...................................................................................... 8
Decentralization of Energy Production .................................................................................. 8
Hybrid Energy System ........................................................................................................... 8
Economic ................................................................................................................................ 9
Environment Issue .................................................................................................................. 9
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 10
Appendix A District heating usage in 2009 ............................................................................. 11
References ................................................................................................................................ 13

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 Total Energy System 2010

Table of Figure
Figure 1 District heating and transmission losses ...................................................................... 5
Figure 2 Electricity and transmission losses .............................................................................. 5
Figure 3 Separate and combine heat and power comparison ..................................................... 6
Figure 4 Diagram of the house station ....................................................................................... 7
Figure 5 Economical comparison: diesel vs. hybrid system (life cycle costs) ........................... 8

Table 1 Energy consumption and production in Bullerö Inland, Sweden ................................. 9

Table 2 Standard result summary table ...................................................................................... 9
Table 3 Technology comparisons ............................................................................................ 10

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 Total Energy System 2010

Introduction
Present time, most of human activities cannot be operated without energy, for example
transportation, industry, working, and heating. Apparently energy becomes a big part of our
life. Furthermore the official long terms of government goal is convert current energy
production to renewable energy at least 50 percent, increase energy efficient use 20 percent
and reduces green house gas emissions 40 percent. Nowadays there are many technologies are
being used to produce the energy, wind turbine, solar cell, coal, and biomass power plant for
example. To choose appropriate energy power technology, many factors are taken in
consideration such as city size, climate, population density, fuel source, economic, energy
policy, and environment impact. In some cases education is the key factor which has to be
concerned. In higher level some energy management methods are used to improve energy
production.

Purpose of Literature
This literature focuses on Total Energy System, its shape, future situation and policy in some
countries which applies technology with energy most suitably. Why is small scale heat and
power generation (CHP) technology the best solution? Economic analysis and CO2 emission
perspectives are also included in this literature.

Report structure
This report is structured as follow:

Section 1: Introduction

Section 2: The concept of small scale CHP and DH

Section 3: Conclusion and recommendation

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 Total Energy System 2010

Energy loss in transmission

Heat transmission loss

Transmis
sion
losses 8%
(6 116
GWh)

Deliveries
of DH
92% (66
261
GWh)

Figure 1 District heating and transmission losses

Sources: SCB, 2009

As illustrated in Figure 1, the transmission losses are the main loss of Sweden DH [1]. The
total losses in DH network increase with increasing the supply water temperature. Moreover
losses during heat transfer can be reduced, by reducing electrical energy during hot water
transportation to consumers and by reducing heat loss in pipelines due to the water flow rate
in system increase, when water supply temperature reduce, resulting in higher cost of
pumping. For this reason heat losses should be reduce by reducing transmission distance
between heat supply and consumers [2].

Electricity transmission losses

Transmission
losses 10,2%

Deliveries of
Electricity
89,8%

Figure 2 Electricity and transmission losses

Sources: SVENSK energy, 2009

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 Total Energy System 2010
In 2009, total electricity consumption including transmission losses, large electric boilers in
industries and heating plants amounted to preliminary 138,4 Twh [3] The loss of energy in
transmission is main associated to distance of transmission. Figure 2 shows the proportional
between electrical transmission loss and total energy production.

Electricity and heat Generation

Combine heat and power (CHP)

CHP, widely recognized as a highly efficient energy conversion technique, is technology that
can be generating both usable heat and electrical power in single process. CHP systems are
attractive because they emit less CO2 than separate heat and electricity production. Figure 3
shown comparisons between separation of heat and electricity and CPH in term of energy
production and CO2 emission [4]. The CPH capacity required for small scale is between 1-30
MW.

Separate production of heat and electricity Combine heat and power

(natural gas) (natural gas)

21 units CO2 39 units CO2 18 units CO2 31 units CO2

55 electricity 50 electricity 80 heat 50 electricity 80 heat

115 fuel 100 fuel 170 fuel

215 fuel
Central thermal Industrial steam Industrial CHP
power plant boiler plant plant

Figure 3 Separate and combine heat and power comparison

Sources: IEA/OECD, 2009

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 Total Energy System 2010

District Heating of Buildings

District heating Circulation pump Space heating

DH Heat
Meter Exchanger
Expansion tank

Hot water tank

Cold water
Hot Water Heat
Exchanger

Figure 4 Diagram of the house station

Source: Energy and Buildings, 2004

Combination a district heating with individual heat pumps in the buildings is the best solution
for substitute tradition heat generator for example gas or oil boilers to reduce CO2 emission
and gain more efficient individual heat sources [5]. The principle diagram of the house hot
water station is shown in Figure 3 [6].

New CHP Power Plant

CHP is stand for “Combine Heat and Power” the plant has generate both electricity and heat
power instead of rejecting the waste heat to atmosphere. This development has increased up
overall efficiency of hold system almost a half of old one, Conventional Generation [7]. More
efficiency means that fuel consumption is reduced, green house gases emission are also
reduced. Sometime instead of heat generation cooling load is produced in hot country. In
Suvarnabhumi, Thailand use combine cooling and power technologies to generate both power
and cooling load for Suvarnabhumi Airport [8].

Biomass
CHP system can use many of fuel sources there are natural gas, biomass, coal, biogas and fuel
oil. Due to the green house effect renewable energy source, biomass for this case is widely
used as fuel in CHP power plant [9]. The biomass fuel has lower energy density comparing to
other fossil fuel, that mean large of fuels are transported from the fuel source to the plant site.
To reduce which cost capacity CHP power plant are reduced to smaller scale and construct in
rural area that have high fuel resource [10].

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 Total Energy System 2010

Small scale heat and power production

Decentralization of Energy Production

In Sweden, Residential and commercial heat used for space heating of buildings and sanitary
hot water in Sweden is distributed from centrally heat generation. However efficient way to
take more advantage of waste energy is “Decentralized Energy System” this can increase
more efficiency and reduce carbon emission from the total energy system [11]. The
decentralized energy system is to make a new energy network with many sub-small heat and
power plant. All sub-small plant is spread located inside city or rural then all of energy
production are connect to network grid, this decrease energy transmission distance from plant
to consumer the transmission loss is reduced. In additional about decentralized energy system,
when energy demands of some consumers are increased they can directly use the energy from
other lower energy demand [12]. There is a paper name “An Integrated method for
Decentralized Combined Heat and Power Planning” show result in Iran next 25 years, the
energy loss will be reduced from 20 to 8 % and 30 % of pollutant emission will be reduced
from decentralized generation technologies [13].

Hybrid Energy System

To transmit the energy power to really far away rural, there are a lot of grid extension costs.
The batter way to avoid this cost is to use a hybrid energy system (sometime called Energy
Decentralized), use both renewable energy source (free and clean energy but less
sustainability) and non-renewable energy source (cheap energy and more sustainability). The
system can solve both economic and pollution emission in the rural area. The paper name
“Hybrid power systems based on renewable energies” shows economical comparison of diesel
and hybrid system in Tanzania and India [14]. Both countries use photovoltaic/diesel hybrid
system.

Figure 5 Economical comparison: diesel vs. hybrid system (life cycle costs)

Source: Trama Tecno Amblental S.L.

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 Total Energy System 2010
Sometime hybrid energy system use combination of renewable energy source. In Bullerö
Island, Sweden use PV-Wind Hybrid system, the energy production for the system enough for
the city and construction cost was a half of sea cable installation to the grid. Table below
energy production and consumption from year 1997 to 1999 in Bullerö Island, Sweden [15].

Summary of accumulated energy in Ampere hours (Ah) at 48V, 1997-99

PV Wind Back-up Total Consumption
(Ah) (Ah) (Ah) (Ah) (Ah)
1997 15 099,7 3 936,9 1 804,0 20 840,6 18 643,4
1998 11 175,0 4 212,0 1 188,0 16 575,0 15 867,0
1999 13 754,5 4 093,0 766,0 18 613,5 17 873,0

Table 1 Energy consumption and production in Bullerö Inland, Sweden

Source: CADDET, 2001

Energy optimization is also worked to minimize the energy production cost in hybrid energy
system. The paper name “Performance-Objective Design of a Wind-Diesel Hybrid Energy
System for Scott Base, Antarctica” shows how to optimize the hybrid energy system in Scott
Base [16]. Fuel saving and payback period are shown in Table 2.

Northwind Enercon Fuel consumption Predicted

Payback
Wind Wind yearly fuel
Model period
Turbine Turbine Total Generator Boiler savings
(year)
(100MW) (330MW) (liter)
1 1 331151 274 731 56 420 61 441 13,5
2 2 295556 255 028 40 528 97 036 17,1
3 3 270064 237 216 32 848 122 528 20,3
4 1 219907 191 750 28 157 172 685 7,9
5 2 154766 133 924 20 842 237 826 11,4

Table 2 Standard result summary table

Source: Performance-Objective Design of a Wind-Diesel Hybrid Energy System for Scott Base, Antarctica

Economic
In case of economic viewpoint small-decentralized CHP system is the efficient way to invest
according to increasing of efficiency, fuel price, and life-cycle costs [17]. The paper name
“Small Cogeneration by Biomass Gasification on the Decentralized Energy Production”
shows energy economic analysis of some small hotel in Portugal, the payback period for
wood chips CHP system is 3.14 and 4.86 years [18]. In additional Photovoltaic/Biomass CHP
Hybrid System was use in the paper; this is the efficient way to increase flexibility of energy
production due to energy demand.

Environment Issue
The environment issues associated with Sweden government policy to reduce at least 40
percent green house gases emissions in 2020 [19]. Energy supply and conversion have impact
to environment because energy production process emits greenhouse gases to environment.

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 Total Energy System 2010
Fuel burning releases rise to emissions of substances for example NOX and SOX [3]. Moreover
transmission or distribution of energy affects the environment in direct and indirect ways.
Directly, through using resources in construction, operation and grid maintenance for example
green house gases emission from fuel combustion processes; and indirectly, through grid
losses during distribution [20]. The importance factor for develop sustainable energy and
efficient method to reduce greenhouse gases emission is using CHP to generate heat and
power [21].

Conclusion

In this study explores how to produce that and power in small scale instead large scale system.
Our approach involves literature review of heat and electric energy production and
distribution to consumers. The CHP is widely used to produce heat and power because they
have potential to produce high energy efficiency than separate production and prevent
significant CO2 emissions through the benefits of distributed. The decentralization concept is
important methodology to produce energy in small scale because of uses less transmission
media than traditional effect to raise more efficiency as shown in Table 3. While hybrid
system is the best way to support Swedish aim to increase renewable energy production.

Efficiency Environment Economic

CHP Reduce loss from Reduce emission green Increase production
separate production of house gases from heat and
heat and electricity electricity
Decentralize Reduce transmission Reduce land use Sell surplus electricity
loss to the grid
Hybrid system - Reduce non renewable Reduce long term
energy use variable cost
Table 3 Technology comparisons

In summarize combination of CHP, decentralization and hybrid system approach are the
effective energy management method that use for shift up energy efficiency and reduce
greenhouse gases emissions of the total energy production or system. In additional both
methods are suitable to operate on small scale system. However energy market is
unpredictable, energy optimization and sensitivity analysis are higher solution to improve the
sensitivity of the system.

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 Total Energy System 2010

Appendix A District heating usage in 2009

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 Total Energy System 2010

Heat only
CHP-plants plants Total
GWh GWh GWh
Production and deliveries of distric heat
Heat production from fuel: 29 607 13 663 43 270
– CHP 23 102 - 23 102
– Heat only 6 505 13 663 20 168
Flue gas condensing 2 917 785 3 702
Electric boilers 81 95 176
Heat pumps 1 510 3 913 5 423
Total production 34 115 18 456 52 571

Received heat out of the branch 1 056 2 036 3 092

Received heat from the plants within th
branch 2 136 14 578 16 714
Total turnover 37 307 35 070 72 377

Transmission losses 3 070 3 046 6 116

Deliveries of district heating 34 235 32 024 66 259

Use of electric energy and fuel

Use of electricity 1 804 1 908 3 712
– For fuel based heat production and
pumping 1 380 691 2 071
– Electric boilers 85 97 182
– Heat pumps 339 1 120 1 459
Use of fuels 36 842 15 252 52 094
– CHP-production 27 409 15 252 42 661
– Other fuel based heat only
production 9 433 - 9 433

% Efficiency CHP 84,3 - 84,3

% Efficiency heat only 69,0 89,4 81,6

Sources: SCB, 2009.

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 Total Energy System 2010

References

[1] Statistics Sweden. Electricity supply, district heating and supply of natural and
gasworks gas 2009. 2009. <http://www.scb.se/Statistik/EN/EN0105/2009A01
/EN0105_2009A01_ SM_EN11SM1002.pdf>.
[2] Comaklı K, Yksel B, Comaklı Ö. Evaluation of energy and exergy losses in district
heating network. Applied thermal engineering 2004, 24(1): 1009-1017.
[3] Svensk energy, The electricity year 2009. 2009. <http://www.svenskenergi.se/
upload/ Statistik/El%C3%A5ret/Sv%20Energi_El%C3%A5ret2009_ENG.pdf>.
[4] International Energy Agency, Cogeneration and district energy. 2009. <www.iea.org/
files/CHPbrochure09.pdf>.
[5] Lund H, Möller B, Mathiesen BV, Dyrelund A. The role of district heating in future
renewable energy systems. Energy 2010; 35(1): 1381-1390.
[6] Bøhm B, Danig PO. Monitoring the energy consumption in a district heated
apartment building in Copenhagen, with specific interest in the thermodynamic
performance. Energy and buildings 2004; 36(1): 229-236.
[7] Available in: http://www.epa.gov/chp/basic/efficiency.html, Efficiency Benefits.
[8] Available in: http://www.dcap.co.th/Default.aspx?pageid=20, District Cooling
System and Power plant (DCAP).
[9] Available in: Vetenskapligt underlag för klimatpolitiken, Miljövårdsberedningen,
Miljödepartementet; 2007. Report No.: ISSN 1653-2570.
[10] Available in: http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/technology_and_impacts/
energy_technologies/how-biomass-energy-works.html, How Biomass Energy works.
[11] Available in: http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/blog/climate/decentralised-energy-w,
Decentralized Energy.
[12] Available in: http://www.dreamingnewmexico.org/energy/distribution, Distribution.
[13] Available in: An Integrated method for Decentralized Combine Heat and Power
planning, by Seyed Mohammad.
[14] Available in: Hybrid power systems based on renewable energies.
[15] Available in: A PV-Wind Hybrid System on Bullerö Island, Sweden.
[16] Available in: Performance-Objective Design of a Wind-Diesel Hybrid Energy
System for Scott Base, Antarctica, by Jake A. Frye, University of Canterbury, 2006.
[17] Available in: http://www.ecogeneration.com/, Reduced energy costs
[18] Available in: Small Cogeneration by Biomass Gasification on the Decentralized
Energy Production, by J. Galvão, S. Leitão, S. Malheiro, T. Gaio
[19] Sweden energy agency. Energy in Sweden 2009. 2009. < http://213.115.22.116/
System/ViewResource.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&rl=default:/Resources/
Permanent/Static/ab6822c96d86401c8d2a5e362bdfa0d7/ET2009_30.pdf>
[20] Vattenfall AB, Life-cycle assessment Vattenfall’s electricity in Sweden. 2005.
<http:// www.vattenfall.com/en/file/2005_LifeCycleAssessment_8459810.pdf>.

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[21] Dzenajavicˇiene’ EF, Kveselis V, Kveselis C, Tamonis M. Economic analysis of the
renovation of small-scale district heating Systems - 4 Lithuanian case studies. Energy
Policy 2007; 35(1): 2569-2578.

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