JET Manual 05: Low-Pressure Equipment

JET Manual 05
Low-Pressure
Equipment
Version 1.1
JET Manual 05 Low-Pressure Equipment
InTouch Content ID# 4127829
Version: 1.1
Release Date: July 31, 2006
Owner: Well Services Training & Development, IPC
Schlumberger private
Document Control
Revision History
Rev Effective Date Description Prepared by
Copyright © 2006 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.

This work contains the confidential and proprietary trade secrets of Schlumberger and may not
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the express written permission of the copyright owner.
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“Schlumberger,” the Schlumberger logotype, and other words or symbols used to identify the
products and services described herein are either trademarks, trade names, or service marks of
Schlumberger and its licensors, or are the property of their respective owners. These marks may
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Services Marks page: http://www.hub.slb.com/index.cfm?id=id32083
An asterisk (*) is used throughout this document to designate a mark of Schlumberger.
Other company, product, and service names are the properties of their respective owners.
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction 5
1.1 Learning objectives 5
1.2 Safety warning 5
2.0 Location Rig-Up 7
3.0 Equipment Overview 9
4.0 Transport Units 11
5.0 Fluid Transfer Units 13
6.0 Fluid Transfer/Pressurizing Units (Blender) 19
7.0 Storage Units 21
7.1 Suction piping on tanks 22
7.2 Tank openings 23
7.3 Switching tanks 24
7.4 Pre-job priming of hoses 24
7.5 Tank strap calculations 25
8.0 Manifold Units 27
9.0 Couplings 29
9.1 Hammer type 29
9.2 Quick couplers 29
9.3 Quarter-turn couplers 30
9.4 Flange-type coupling 30
9.5 Cam-lock type 30
10.0 Low-Pressure Piping and Hoses 33
10.1 Low-pressure hoses 33
10.1.1 Suction hoses 33
10.1.2 Discharge hoses 34
10.1.3 Care (maintenance) and handling 35
10.2 Unions 35
10.2.1 Butterfly valve 37
11.0 Fluid Types and Management 47
11.1 Fluid flow principles 48
11.1.1 U-tubing 49
11.1.2 Pumping from a pit 50
12.0 Standard Operating Procedures 53
JET 05 Low-Pressure Equipment | iii

13.0 Troubleshooting 57
14.0 Safety Issues 59
15.0 Glossary 61
16.0 Check Your Understanding 63
iv | Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction
This training module introduces new Well Potential sources of injury for equipment
Services equipment operators to the operators working in a low-pressure area are:
information they need to operate in the low-
pressure fluid jet handling operational area. • ingestion of chemicals
• chemicals in the eyes
1.1 Learning objectives • exposure of the skin to acid and other
Low-pressure fluid handling is defined as the chemicals
skills needed to transport, transfer, and store • rupture of hoses
fluids from location to location, and includes
• failure of low-pressure fittings
the various types of storage and transfer
equipment. • fume exposure
• fire resulting from exposure of a flammable
Upon completion of this training, you should be
substance to an ignition source.
able to
Death and injury can occur while working in
• identify the various types of fluids used on low-pressure areas.
location
• identify the various fluid transporters and
tanks
• identify the various low-pressure couplings
and their limitations
• troubleshoot and maintain low-pressure
fluid-handling equipment
• perform basic tank volume calculations
• perform basic low-pressure fluid transfer
functions safely.
1.2 Safety warning

Equipment operators must clearly understand
that working in the low-pressure area does
NOT reduce or eliminate the potential for
personal injury. The exposure to potential injury
in low-pressure areas can be higher than in
high-pressure areas.
JET 05 Low-Pressure Equipment |

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| Introduction
2.0 Location Rig-Up
When looking at a location’s functional areas, • pressurizing pumps (centrifugal pumps)

the arrangement of the equipment from and high-pressure pumps to pump the fluid
location to location will be similar in many
• high-pressure piping to move fluid from
ways, regardless of the type of treatment being
high-pressure pumps to the well.
performed.
Each of these functions requires advance
The primary activity of Well Services is the planning. Depending on the type of treatment
pumping of fluids and slurries. To perform the being performed, all or some of these activities
functions involved in pumping fluids on location, may be required. The following figures provide
the following equipment is required: a general view of a typical location rig-up and
the locations of these functions.
• storage for the fluid to be pumped
• transfer pumps and low-pressure piping to
transfer the fluids
Figure 2-1. Multiple Pump Truck Location

Note: Note:
The objective of this training The shaded area in the general
module is to explain the general location graphic above coincides
equipment layout and the typical with the color of each section.
flow process that takes place at
a wellsite. Many local best work
practices may be applicable. In some services, the treatment requires
equipment that may combine some of the
functions described above. For instance, in a
single-pump acid job, the pressurizing pump
and the triplex pump can be part of the same
unit. Regardless of the configuration, individual
functions still exist on location.
Transport
Pump truck
High pressure
discharge
Coiled tubing
Coiled tubing unit
Figure 2-3. Single-Pump Truck Location
| Location Rig-Up
3.0 Equipment Overview
Specific equipment is designed to perform each

of the wellsite functions perviously defined.
To identify each unit, a modeling system is

used. This modeling system is a combination
of three letters followed by three numbers; for
example, CPS-361 stands for Cement Pump
Skid-361 and SBT-612 stands for Stimulation
Blender Truck-612.
The first letter classifies the equipment’s type

of service: S = Stimulation and C = Cementing.
The second letter categorizes the equipment
function. The third letter defines how it is
assembled and whether it is mounted on a
transport truck, trailer, or skid.
The numbers describe the various features

of the individual unit and relate to specific
characteristics of the components used to
build it.
CPS-361
3 = type of pumps mounted on the skid
(G-pump)
6 = double pumps that are diesel-driven
1 = time frame during which the unit was built
SBT-612
6 = vortex pump
1 = 6x4 truck chassis
2 = time frame during which the unit was

manufactured

10 | Equipment Overview

4.0 Transport Units
Typical model numbers Configuration

Transport units are constructed in several
Note: arrangements. Depending on the treatment
The numbers in the model requirements and geographical location, a
designation provide further information transport unit can be configured as a tractor
about the size and/or components of and trailer, a truck-mounted tank, or a skid-
each unit. mounted tank.
Transport trailer capacity for trailer

Application transports:
The transport classification refers to a set of

equipment that is primarily used to haul fluids.
Depending on the situation and the type of
treatment, a transport may carry a variety
of fluids. These fluids can be any one or a
combination of the following common fluids:
• acid—multiple types and mixtures

• KCl (potassium chloride) water
• CaCl (calcium chloride) water
• potable water Figure 4-1. Transport Trailer
• mud One compartment: 8,000 galUS (~31 m3)

• frac fluid additives.
Two compartments: 2,500 galUS (~10 m3)
each
Note:
Some of the trucks used in the Three compartments: 1,666 galUS (~6.5 m3)
field are called vacuum trucks. each
These trucks are not designed or
owned by Schlumberger; however, Truck-mounted transports
in some situations, they can be
used to transport fluids to location. Some locations cannot use tractor-trailer units
The most common use of vacuum because of the terrain. Also, because of weight
trucks is to remove remaining fluids limitations or highway regulations, the amount
from frac tanks after a treatment. of fluid that can be carried is limited. In these
cases, we use tanks that are mounted on a
truck chassis.
JET 05 Low-Pressure Equipment | 11

Skid-mounted tank
It is common to have a skid-mounted transport
tank at a location. These tanks can be moved
on a tractor-trailer or mounted on a flatbed
truck.
Common names:
Float transport
Bobtail transport
Figure 4-2. Truck-Mounted Transport Capacity for skid-mounted tanks:
Capacity for truck-mounted transports: One tank: 1,000 galUS (3.785 m3)
One tank: 3,000 galUS (~11.5 m3) One tank: 1,500 galUS (~ 5.6 m3)
One tank: 2,000 galUS (~7.5 m3)
Transport unit
Transport unit
Figure 4-3. Transport Units — Operational Location
12 | Transport Units

5.0 Fluid Transfer Units
Typical model numbers:

Stimulation Utility Float: SUF-261
Stimulation Utility Skid: SUS-331
Application
Transfer units (or pumps) are typically found
at large wellsites where fluids must be moved
from storage tanks to work tanks during the
course of the treatment. The transfer is per-
formed using a low-pressure, high-volume
centrifugal pump driven by a diesel engine.
Figure 5-1. Transfer Unit Mounted Skid
Configuration
Transfer units are mounted either on a skid
or on a trailer. The size of the transfer pump
is kept as small as possible so that it can be
placed in small congested areas.
Note:
The transfer unit is often confused
with the back-side pump. The
back-side pump keeps pressure on
the annulus during the treatment,
preventing a large pressure
difference and possible tubing
burst. Figure 5-2. Missile Skid (Manifold Unit)

Figure 5-3. Transport Units Operational Location
The following are the more common pump
Chemical additive and transfer pumps types used on locations:
In addition to the high-pressure and low-
pressure pumps used on location to move • diaphragm pumps, air-driven
fluids from storage tanks into the well, other • piston pumps, air-driven
pumps are used to mix chemicals, fuel trucks,
and transfer pre-gelled systems. These pumps • centrifugal pumps
are referred to as the chemical, additive, and • positive displacement piston pumps
transfer pumps.
• gear (lobe) pumps
All the pumps discussed in this section are low- • vane pumps
pressure, low-volume pumps. They are used to
• hand pumps.
transfer fluids on surface, for the purposes of
• gel transfer
Note:
• fueling equipment Pump manufacturers may vary
• transferring chemicals to mixers or holding depending on the geographical
tanks. location
14 | Fluid Transfer Units

Diaphragm pumps, air-driven
The diaphragm pump has a rubber diaphragm
designed to move back and forth to create a
pumping action that moves fluids. This pumping
is similar to the action of squeezing a plastic
bottle with water. As the diaphragm moves, the
fluid is pushed out of the discharge valve and
displaced. The same action causes new fluid to
enter through a suction valve in preparation for
being discharged.
The diaphragm pump is air-driven, using air

supplied by an air compressor unit or one of the
trucks on location. Figure 5-5. Diaphragm Pump, Air-driven
This pump is commonly used to move chemical Positive displacement piston pump,
additives. multiple pistons
The positive displacement piston pump is a
small version of the high-pressure triplex pump
used for pumping into the well. The pistons are
moved by a crank assembly that causes the
piston to reciprocate and move fluid. This pump
can be driven either by hydraulics or a small
diesel engine.
One common use for the small piston pump is

the injection of activator fluid on frac jobs.
Figure 5-4. Diaphragm Pump, Air-driven
Figure 5-6. Positive Displacement Piston Pump
Refer to JET Manual 2 Triplex Pumps for more

information.

Centrifugal pumps
In addition to the large high-volume, low-
pressure centrifugal pumps on the transfer and
pressurizing equipment, smaller centrifugal
pumps may also be used on location. The
centrifugal pump may be electrically driven (AC
power), hydraulically driven, or diesel driven.
The spinning action of the centrifugal impeller
creates fluid flow. Refer to JET Manual 1 -
Treating Equipment for more information.
This pump can be used in chemical transfer.

Figure 5-8. Gear (Lobe) Pump
Internal gear
Internal gear pumps carry fluid between the
gear teeth from the inlet to outlet ports. The
outer gear (rotor) drives the inner or idler gear
on a stationary pin. The gears create voids as
they come out of mesh and liquid flows into the
cavities. As the gears come back into mesh, the
volume is reduced and the liquid is forced out of
the discharge port. The crescent prevents liquid
from flowing backwards from the outlet to the
inlet port.
Figure 5-7. Centrifugal Pump
Gear (lobe) pumps

Gear pumps consist of two matching gears with
teeth that overlap and interlock.
The gears rotate in opposite directions, allowing

the overlapping teeth to create a pumping
action. These pumps are used on the POD
(SBT-612) blender to move liquid additives.
Figure 5-9. Gear (Lobe) Pump Internal Gear
External gear
External gear pumps use gears that move in
and out of a mesh. As the teeth emerge from

of the mesh, liquid flows into the pump and is
carried between the teeth and casing to the
discharge side of the pump. The teeth move
back into the mesh and liquid is forced out of
the discharge port. External gear pumps rotate
two identical gears against each other. Both
gears are on a shaft with bearings on either
side of the gears.
Figure 5-11. Vane Pump
Figure 5-10. Gear (Lobe) Pump External Gear
Vane pumps
The vane pump consists of a drive drum on
which multiple sliding vanes are mounted.
When the drum turns, centrifugal force causes
the vanes to slide out, moving against the pump Figure 5-12. Vane Pump Diagram
chamber wall. The drive drum is set off-center
in the pump chamber, so that when the vanes Hand pumps
follow the inside diameter of the pump chamber, In the vane-type hand pump, the movement of
a pumping action is created. the handle rotates the vanes in the housing,
moving the fluid.
The vanes—blades, buckets, rollers, or slippers
—work with a cam to draw fluid into and out of Hand pumps are commonly used to transfer
the pump chamber. The vanes may be in either lubricants and some chemicals.
the rotor or stator. The vane-in-rotor pumps are
made with constant or variable displacement
pumping elements.
Vane pumps are commonly used in the transfer

of liquid CO2.


6.0 Fluid Transfer/
Pressurizing Units (Blender)
Typical model numbers Configuration

Table 6-1. Typical Model Numbers Fluid transfer/pressurizing units are available in
three configurations:
• Tractor-trailer: Stewart and Stevenson

blenders
• Truck-mounted: Schlumberger POD design
• Skid-mounted: Schlumberger POD design
Application
Fluid transfer/pressurizing units are designed to
supply fluids directly to the suction sump of high
pressure pumps.
The fluid transfer/pressurizing unit is designed

to perform additional functions, such as
Figure 6-1. Tractor-Trailer
• adding sand to the fluids being moved from
the work tanks to the triplex pumps
• injecting liquid and solid additives into the
fluids. Common names:
Blender
Auger blender
Note: Arctic blender
It is common to use the blender for Skid blender
transferring fluids especially after a
job; however, this is not its primary
function.

Figure 6-2. Truck-Mounted Figure 6-3. Skid-Mounted
Pressurizing unit
Fluid transfer
Figure 6-4. Fluid Transfer/Pressurizing Units—Operational Location
20 | Fluid Transfer Pressurizing Units (Blender)

7.0 Storage Units
Typical model number

Stimulation Storage Float: SSF-511
Application
Storage refers to the area and equipment used
to contain the fluids that will be pumped into the
well.
Configuration
Tank storage is available in both vertical and
horizontal arrangements.
Vertical tanks are cylindrical with skid rails for Figure 7-1. Vertical Tank
loading onto a flatbed truck running the length
of the cylinder.
Horizontal tanks can be either cylindrical or

box-shaped. As a general rule, the cylindrical
horizontal tanks are moved with a flatbed trailer
and a winch truck. The box-shaped tanks
require only a winch tractor to move them.
Common capacities for storage tanks

• Vertical cylindrical with 250 bbl (13,000
galUS = 50 m3)
• Horizontal cylindrical with 500 bbl (26,000
galUS = 100 m3) Figure 7-2. Horizontal Tank
• Horizontal box shaped 500 bbl (26,000

galUS= 100 m3)
Common names:
Frac tanks
Acid tanks
Work tanks

Storage tanks
Figure 7-3. Storage Tanks Operational Location
7.1 Suction piping on tanks

Not all tanks are constructed the same way
internally. Depending on the type of tank and
the location, the internal piping varies.
There are two types of internal piping layout:
1. Tanks with a dip pipe (gooseneck) that

curls down to the flat bottom of the tank.
2. Tanks without a dip pipe in the inside of

the tank. Figure 7-4. Frac Tank
22 | Storage Units

Warning:
Never enter a tank without the
proper authorization, equipment,
and backup personnel.
Confined space permit required.

Refer to Well Services Safety
Standards 12.
Figure 7-5. Vertical Cylindrical Tank

Warning:
When entering a tank, beware of
Most tanks used in fracturing have a dip pipe to fall hazards.
allow as much fluid as possible to be removed
from the tank. A dip-type suction will be able to
suck more fluid out of the tank without loosing Vertical tanks
prime. The older vertical tanks are more likely
On vertical tanks, there is generally a single
not to have a dip pipe inside. It is important to
opening in the top of the tank, which is used for
become familiar with the types of tanks that
strapping (measuring) the fluid level.
are provided at your location. Pumpable fluid
volume is directly related to tank and piping
Horizontal tanks
configurations.
On older-style tanks, the opening is in the top-
back side of the tank, which makes it difficult
7.2 Tank openings to gauge the tank and watch the suction dip
All tanks have an opening that permits the fluid pipe. Because the dip pipe cannot be seen, it
levels to be checked before and during a job. is important to leave more fluids in these tanks
Depending on the style and age of the tank, the before switching than in the newer style. Refer
openings are located in different places. The to the Tank Switching Procedure in Section 12,
openings allow you to measure the remaining Standard Operating Procedures.
fluid in the tank and determine when it is
necessary to switch to another tank. The newer-style tank has the top opening in the
front, which improves visibility and the ability to
gauge the tank. In addition to the top opening,
there is a viewing hatch on the front of the tank,
Warning: which can be opened after the fluid has fallen
Never use a cigarette lighter or below that level. The ability to open the front
flashlight that is not spark-resistant, hatch and view the internal suction dip pipe
or any other flame source to look increases the chances of moving the maximum
inside a tank. amount of fluid out of the tank without losing
prime in the hoses and pressurizing pumps.

7.3 Switching tanks 7.4 Pre-job priming of hoses
During the course of a treatment, it is often Priming is a term used to indicate that the
necessary to switch from one tank to another. piping and equipment are filled with the fluid to
Depending on the type of treatment, the reason be pumped. All air in the system must be
for switching can be
completely displaced by the fluid being
• to change fluid type pumped. The system in this case consists of
the low-pressure piping (suction and discharge
• because the tank is empty.
hoses), centrifugal manifolds, and triplex pump
The sequence in which the valves are opened suction.
and closed can have a dramatic effect on low-
pressure and high-pressure piping used on Priming is accomplished by ensuring that
location. Improper switching of suction valves fluid from the source tank is flowing through
can affect the performance of the equipment, all the hoses on the low-pressure side and
as well as create safety and service quality being pumped by the pressurizing unit through
concerns. the manifolds and pumping units up to the
wellhead. The triplex pumps will be stroking at
Never close the fluid source to a pressurizing this time to ensure that all pistons are filled and
unit or triplex pump during pumping. When priming the pumps.
changing fluid sources, the valve from the full
tank must be opened before completely closing
the valve of the empty tank.
Improper switching consequences

Elimination of the fluid source during pumping
is referred to as starving the pumps or losing
prime. When this happens, it can cause
equipment damage; also, the high-pressure
treating lines will jerk back and forth without
warning. This creates a significant risk that
anyone in the high-pressure treating pipe area
could be injured.
Warning:
Never close the fluid source to a
pressurizing unit or triplex pump
during pumping. When changing
fluid sources, the valve from the
full tank must be opened before
completely closing the valve of the
empty tank.
24 | Storage Units

7.5 Tank strap calculations 4. Calculate the volume for L2 as follows:
For tank volume calculation, refer to the Volume = bbl/in × H1 × 12 in/ft
i-Handbook at http://software.sugarland.oilfield.
slb.com/Section_STS/Commercial/ihandbook/.
Figure 7-6. Volume Calculation Example 1
To calculate the volume for a frac tank:
1. Calculate bbl/in for L1 as follows: bbl/in

= 0.00143 × L1 × W
2. Calculate bbl/in for L2 as follows: bbl/in

= 0.00143 × L1 × W
3. Calculate the volume for L1 as follows:

Volume = bbl/in × H1 × 12 in/ft

To calculate the volume for cylindrical tanks,
use one of the following equations:
Figure 7-7. Volume Calculation Example 2
Calculation in Oilfield Units:
Calculation in metrics:
V(ltr) = 7.8 × (Dmtr )2

h(cm)
26 | Storage Units

8.0 Manifold Units
Typical model numbers

Common names:
Stimulation Utility Float: SUF-338
Missile
Pig
SUF-341
Manifold trailer
Manifold skid
Application
In some treatments, multiple pump trucks are
required. To provide an adequate supply of
fluid to all the triplex pumps, a manifold system
is used to simplify the rig-up and improve
rig-up time. This manifold system has both
low-pressure and high-pressure piping in the
assembly. Low-pressure piping allows the
blender to feed fluid to the suction of the triplex
pumps attached to the manifold.
Configuration
These units are available in tractor-trailer
configuration and skid configuration.
Figure 8-1. Float-Mounted

Manifold unit
Figure 8-2. Manifold Units—Operational Location
28 | Manifold Units

9.0 Couplings
Couplings are used to connect 9.1 Hammer type

• hose to hose This type of coupling has hammer lugs, which
are used to tighten the union with a hammer.
• hose to tank
• hose to manifold
9.2 Quick couplers
• hose to chemical container
This type of coupling has a sliding sleeve on the
• hose to chemical pump. female part, which allows the male part to be
In fluid handling, there are many styles of inserted. When the sliding sleeve is released,
couplings that are available in the field. Not all the male portion of the coupling is locked into
of these styles are approved for use in the field place and a passage way for the flow opened.
by Schlumberger or by our clients because
of safety or operational concerns. Refer to Disconnected hoses are closed and will not
the Treating Equipment Manual for more leak fluids.
information.
Note:
The purpose of this section is to
identify the types of couplings that
will be seen in the field. Some
unions have limited approval for
use in specified applications only.
Warning:
Never assume that a particular Figure 9-1. Quick Couplers
type of coupling is approved for use
because it is available on location Application
or at the district. If in doubt, contact Quick couplers are commonly used in hydraulic
your supervisor or the service systems. They are also used in chemical
quality coach at your location for a transfer applications.
list of approved couplings.
The advantage is a quick connection makeup.

The disadvantage is that internal pressure must Application
be bled from the system before attempting to
Flange-type coupling is used in a wide variety
disconnect the coupling.
of equipment operating in low-pressure
applications. The most common use is the
9.3 Quarter-turn couplers assembly of butterfly valves into low-pressure
suction manifolds.
This type of connection requires the two halves
to be turned quarter one turn in opposite The advantage is that it provides a simple,
directions to make the connection complete. rugged, and safe method of making
low‑pressure connections.
The disadvantage is that it requires time to

disassemble.
Figure 9-2. Quarter-Turn Couplers
Application
Quarter-turn couplers are most commonly used
in air systems. They are also used on brakes in Figure 9-3. Flange Type Coupling
tractor-trailer units.
The advantage is a quick connection makeup. 9.5 Cam-lock type

The cam-lock coupling type is held together
The disadvantage is that internal pressure must by two levers on the female side, which cam
be bled from the system before attempting to (break) over into a groove on the male portion
disconnect the coupling. of the coupling to lock them together.
9.4 Flange-type coupling

The flange-type coupling uses flanges to
connect the piping systems together. In some
cases this type of connection can be used to
connect a hose to a steel piping system.
30 | Couplings
Figure 9-4. Cam-Lock Type
The advantage is that it is a simple coupling to

operate and provides quick connection makeup.
The disadvantages are as follows:
• Cam levers wear with time.
• Frequent leaking problems occur.
• Pressure cannot be released at the
coupling.
• It is not approved for use by Schlumberger
except on liquid add units.

32 | Couplings
10.0 Low-Pressure Piping and Hoses
Low-pressure equipment consists of various

types of hoses, fittings, unions, and butterfly
valves. These parts are required to connect to
low-pressure pumps, such as the centrifugal
pump.
Butterfly valve
Figure 10-2. Suction Hose
Disharge hose
Suction hose to frac tank
Figure 10-1. Low-Pressure Treating Equipment
Figure 10-3. Thread

10.1 Low-pressure hoses
Low-pressure hoses are used
• on the suction side of positive displacement

pumps
• on the suction and discharge sides of
centrifugal pumps
• in the transfer of dry bulk material
• in the transfer of fluids from one point to
another.
10.1.1 Suction hoses

Suction hoses connect the fluid tank to the Figure 10-4. Wing
centrifugal pump. This type of hose is hard
because it is made of fabric that is woven with The most common low-pressure suction hose
wire coil to prevent it from collapsing when the is the 4-in hose. However, there are situations
pump sucks the fluid from the tank. in which an 8-in or a 3-in hose is used. Suction

hoses are commonly used between a storage the transfer can be from bulk container to bulk
tank and a centrifugal pump for blending or container.
pumping.
When transferring liquid, the discharge hose
is used on the discharge side of a centrifugal
pump or frac blender.
Note:
The Treating Equipment Manual
The primary function of a discharge hose is to
clearly defines the type of end
allow the movement of fluids to the suction side
connections (King nipples)
of high-pressure triplex pumps.
approved for use with a suction or
discharge hose. It also specifies Discharge hoses are usually 4-in diameter and
the type and number of clamps to 15 ft in length. Maximum fluid flow for discharge
be used when attaching the end hoses is slightly higher than for suction hoses
connection to the hose. (8 to 10 bbl/min) because of their expansive,
flexible properties. Heavy sand slurries,
however, are an exception requiring a reduction
in maximum flow rate to approximately 5 bbl/
Warning: min.
A suction hose must never be
connected to the discharge side
of any pump, especially triplex or Warning:
other positive-displacement pumps. Discharge hoses CANNOT be used
It should also never be used as a on the discharge side of triplex
discharge hose on cement silos. or other high-pressure pumps or
Before use, carefully examine the on the suction side of centrifugal
suction hose for cracking or other pumps. Before using the hose,
signs of wear or damage. check it carefully for any signs of
cracking or damage. The pressure
rating of the hose is between 100
and 125 psi.
Note:
Review the Treating Equipment
Manual for hose specifications for
cold climate.
10.1.2 Discharge hoses

A discharge hose is a soft, collapsible hose Figure 10-5. Suction Hose
made up of layers of fabric and rubber. It is
used to transfer both liquid and dry materials,
such as cement and sand. With cement, the
transfer can be from bulk container to bulk
container or bulk container to mixer. With sand,
34 | Low-Pressure Piping and Hoses

10.1.3 Care (maintenance) and handling
Carefully inspect the hose lines on a regular
basis to determine serviceability of hoses and
fittings.
Note:
Never twist hoses in service.
Bending hoses to a tight radius
imposes stress on the structure,
which reduces performance. As
a rough guide, 1 ft of radius is
allowable per inch of hose diameter Figure 10-6. Without O-Ring
(i.e., a 4-in hard hose cannot be
bent into a radius smaller than 4 ft.
To support the hose from a considerable

amount of jerking and prevent extreme stresses
where much flexing occurs, move the fittings on
the hose to the end of the shank.
Store hoses in cool, dark, and dry conditions.

Since hoses are made from rubber, they are
very susceptible to deterioration when exposed
to direct sunlight, oil, chemical contamination,
and ozone (a special form of oxygen). Ozone,
which is extremely damaging to rubber, is Figure 10-7. With O-Ring
produced by the vicinity of arc lamps, welding,
or other electrical machines.
Note:
When using unions and caps, it
10.2 Unions is important to make sure that the
threads are clean and undamaged.
4-in FMC Weco unions are used in the suction
Lubricate the threads before rig-up.
lines of Well Services units. One type has a
metal-to-metal seal, and the other has an
O-ring sealing at the male sub. Its acme thread
allows fast makeup and break-out. Caps are used to ensure leak-proof (pressure/
vacuum) makeup at suction below the triplex
pump and at the end-of suction lines when
needed.

The union model numbers define the following
design aspects of the union:
• thread detail
• material of construction
• pressure rating.
The model number does not define the
manner in which the union is connected to a
piece of equipment or hose. The unions are
manufactured so that they can be attached by
threads or welding. They can also be machined
into an integral part, in which the 206 and 207
Figure 10-8. Cap unions are machined as part of a one-piece
adapter. The integral part and King nipple
adapters are used to connect the union to the
hose.
Figure 10-9. Two-Piece Blanking Cap
When closing a 4-in line, always use a Weco

wing and a two-piece blanking cap. When
removing the cap, you can loosen the union in Figure 10-10. Single-Hump King Nipple
one-turn. The operator will immediately know if
pressure is held in the line. You cannot perform
this procedure with a 4-in, one piece cap. If
pressure is held in the line, removal of the one-
piece cap causes it to suddenly release and
creates a safety hazard.
Note:
Refer to the Treating Equipment
Manual for the part number of the
two-piece blanking cap.

The valve is in the Open position when the
handle is aligned with the disc and parallel to
the pipe/hose.
During operation, butterfly valves should be

checked for leakage. Using a faulty valve
results in a loss of pressure. If leakage occurs,
change the expendable parts in the valve
where necessary.
Figure 10-11. Double-Hump King Nipple
10.2.1 Butterfly valve

Low-pressure butterfly valves are generally
used on low-pressure suction and discharge
lines. The maximum working pressure of these
valves is 175 psi.
Butterfly valves are generally used in Well

Services infill and discharge lines, in low- Figure 10-12. Closed Position (Handle Aligns with Disc)
pressure suction and discharge piping on
cement units, and on POD and conventional
blenders.
Note:
Never force a butterfly valve to
open or close. Using excessive
force results in valve damage or
breakage.
A butterfly valve should always be closed

slowly to prevent the water-hammer effect,
Figure 10-13. Open Position (Handle Aligns with Disc)
which can cause breakage or abrupt pressure
changes.
The valve is in the Closed position when

the handle is aligned with the disc and
perpendicular to the pipe.

Figure 10-14. Butterfly Valve Configuration

10.2.1.1 Butterfly valve disassembly
To disassemble the buttefly valve, complete the
following steps. Roll pin
STEP 01 Close the valve and remove it from

the line. Turn the valve to the Open position.
The handle may be left on the upper stem
or taken off by removing the cap screw and
washer.
Roll pin
Figure 10-17. Roll Pin Location
Figure 10-18. Removing Top Pin wth a Punch
Figure 10-15. Closed Butterfly Valve In Line STEP 03 Pull the upper and lower stems
from the body. If the stems cannot be removed,
grasp the stem in a vise and gently tap the
body with a hammer. You can use a twisting
motion between the body and stems to easily
remove the stems.
Figure 10-16. Removing Handle
STEP 02 Remove the upper and lower roll

pins with a drift pin or pin punch and hammer.
Figure 10-19. Removing Stems

Figure 10-20. Screwdriver Groove Figure 10-22 Removing Seat
STEP 04 Remove the disc from the seat. 10.2.1.2 Butterfly valve maintenance
INSPECT 01 Inspect the disc and stems.
If worn or pitted, substitute with new ones.
INSPECT 02 When replacing the seat,

install new O-rings.
O-ring
Figure 10-21. Removing Disc
STEP 05 Remove the seat from the body.

The seat may have to be tapped lightly and O-ring
evenly around the edge from one end. Be

careful not to damage the inside of the body.
Figure 10-23. O-Ring Locations
INSPECT 03 Lightly but thoroughly

lubricate the seat and O-rings to facilitate
assembly. Spread the lubricant on the inside
diameter (ID) of the seat.

10.2.1.3 Butterfly valve assembly
Screw
Handle
Retainer pin
Washer
O-ring Handle
Upper stem
Release spring
Bolts
Handle release
Lock nuts
Retainer pin
Nuts Body
O-ring
Seat
Retainer pin
Disk
Lower arm
O-ring
Figure 10-24. Assembly Order
To assemble the butterfly valve, complete the

following steps.
STEP 01 Place the well lubricated O-rings

in the top and bottom holes of the seat.

STEP 03 Slide the disc into the seat.
Figure 10-25. Insert Lubricated O-Rings
STEP 02 Place the seat in a vise with the Figure 10-27. Insert Disc
stem holes parallel to the vise jaws.
STEP 04 Center the disc by inserting the
upper and lower stems.
Figure 10-26. Seat in Vise
Figure 10-28. Removing Seat

Note:
Use smooth jaws to protect the seat
from damage. Apply slight pressure STEP 05 Remove the seat/disc sub-
to distort the seat. assembly from the vise.
STEP 06 Using the upper stem, rotate the

disc to the partially closed position.
Warning:
Excessive pressure damages the
seat.

Figure 10-29. Closing Disc in Seat Figure 10-31. Seat in Body
STEP 07 Remove the upper stem. STEP 10 Lubricate the upper and lower
stems. Place the third O-ring on the upper
STEP 08 Lubricate the body ID with silicon stem.
spray. Using the lower stem, lay the seat/disc
assembly on top of the body using a right-angle
alignment fixture to align the stems.
Figure 10-32. Upper
STEP 11 Install the lower stem into the

Figure 10-30. Seat on Body body.
STEP 09 Insert the seat far enough to get Note:

started and then remove the lower stem. Using
The lower stem is in the correct
slight pressure, insert the seat/disc assembly
position when the roll pinhole in the
completely into the body.
body is aligned with the groove in
the stem.

STEP 14 Install the handle on the valve so
that it aligns with the disc.
Figure 10-33. Groove in Stem
STEP 12 Align the indicator groove on top

of the upper stem so that it is parallel with the Figure 10-35. Attach Handle
disc.
STEP 15 Install the cap screw and washer
STEP 13 Install the upper stem into the to retain the handle.
body by pushing the stem while slightly turning
back and forth to allow the stem to align with
the disc hex.
Note:
The upper stem is in the correct
position when the roll pinhole is
aligned with the groove in the stem.
Figure 10-36. Handle Screws
10.2.1.4. Butterfly valve installation

with flanges
Valves should be closed for installation and
not opened until the flanges are pulled up tight.
Use the outer dimension (OD) of the valve’s
body to center the valve between the flanges.
Damage to the disc may occur if the valve is
Figure 10-34. Indicator Groove on Stem Aligned with Disc opened before the flanges are pulled up tight.

Disc position can be determined by a slot in the
top of the square shafts or by the keyway in the
keyed shafts.
Figure 10-37. Flange
Important:
Always make sure that the handle
is aligned with the disc to indicate
valve position.


11.0 Fluid Types and Management
Schlumberger provides a variety of pumping Fluid management

services. Each service has a number of fluid
The first step in fluid management is to
systems that are used to perform various
ensure that proper fluid types and amounts
treatments on the client’s well. A general
are available on location before starting the
understanding of the categories of fluids
treatment. The next step is proper separation
associated with each service is essential.
and sequential use of the various fluids.
Each fluid is formulated and mixed to perform
It is not the responsibility of the equipment
a particular function and has specific effects
operator to handle fluids independently;
on the well. Understanding these functions and
however, it is important to understand the
effects leads to safe and successful treatment
basics and importance of fluid management.
of the well. Some of these fluid functions are to
Fluids are divided in the following types:
• provide a chemical reaction with the
formation
• base mix fluids
• transport sand from the wellbore into the
• treatment fluids
formation
• control fluids.
• protect the formation from damage by fresh
water Base mix fluids
• control pressure in the well Base mix fluids are used to mix a variety of
systems that are used in the well treatment.
• clean the wellbore mud filter cake to ensure
cement bonding with the formation
Potable water (fresh water)
• physically isolate the formations from each
In many cases, fresh water will be checked for
other (cementing fluids).
various chemicals to ensure that it is acceptable
To ensure that the well is given the best as a base mix fluid.
possible chance to become a successful oil
and/or gas producer, fluid management is Potassium chloride (KCl) water
essential.
Fresh water mixed with a potassium chloride
percentage concentration as required for the
Important: specific need. The concentration is based on
Ensure that all fluids are handled the weight of the water.
with the proper safety and
Calcium chloride (CaCl) water
environmental controls. Always
read and comply with all MSDS Fresh water mixed with calcium chloride.
information for each specific
chemical mixture.

Treatment fluids cavitation of the wellbore as well as protect the
producing formations from intrusive damage
Acid
from various other fluids during drilling. There
The term acid identifies a large group of fluids are many mud systems that use water or oil
that are used to react with the formation to as a base fluid. These systems can be used to
stimulate the well’s ability to produce oil and/ remove debris from drilling.
or gas. Some of the common acids used are
hydrochloric (HCL), hydrofluoric (HF), or a Water systems
combination of the two.
Water systems are used to control fluids by
displacing a treatment fluid, acid, or fracturing
Cement slurry
fluid to a given location in the well or formation.
This is a mix of dry cement with a base fluid
(mostly fresh or seawater) with chemical Others
additives to control the properties of the cement
This category includes a variety of fluids that
slurry and the set cement.
can be used on location, such as the activator
fluid that causes the fracturing fluid to become
Spacer
thick, and the special fluids that are used to
This is a mix of gel, water, and solids (such pressure-test treating lines on energized fluids
as bentonite, or barite). Its function may be to (CO2 and N2).
control pressure in the well or displace fluids
ahead of it.
11.1 Fluid flow principles
Fracturing fluids The movement of fluids on location is a
Fracturing fluids include a number of fluid dynamic process. The vast majority of the
systems that are used in various treatment flow is controlled by low-pressure or high-
types to improve the ability to produce oil and/ pressure pumps. Some fluids are moved by
or gas. gravity (balancing levels between tanks and
vessels) using the height difference or density
Control fluids difference.
Control fluids are used to limit the well’s ability Fluid weight
to flow, control the placement of fluids to a
desired place in the well, and chemically protect The weight of the fluid creates pressure at
the wellbore equipment. the bottom of a tank. This pressure is directly
related to the height of the fluid in the tank
Mud and is referred to as hydrostatic pressure
(hydrostatic head), P2, expressed in pounds per
Mud is a mixture of fluids and solids that square inch (psi).
produces a fluid with a desired weight in
lbm/galUS (pound per gallon) or SG (specific Hydrostatic pressure
gravity). The weight of the mud in the well
provides the ability to control the pressure of The pressure (P1) at the bottom of the tank is a
the fluids contained in the formations. This is direct result of the column of fluid above P1.
typically the case during rig drilling operations.
Mud systems are also used to condition The pressure at P1 can be modified by
or protect the open wellbore. They prevent increasing or decreasing the following:
48 | Fluid Types and Management

• the height of the fluid in the tank above P1 fluid type (water, acid, or mud) does not affect
the resulting pressure.
• the weight of the fluid (lbm/galUS) in the
tank P2 P(bar) = 0.0981 × sg × H(m)
• the pressure (P3) in the empty tank space example : 1,200 mtr – of – 1.95 sg – fluid
above the fluid. P(bar) = 0.0981 × 1.95 × 1,200
Pressure equation – – – – = 229.5 bar
P1 = P2 + P3
The heavier the fluids in the tank, the more

11.1.1 U-tubing
pressure the column of fluid creates at point P1.
The resulting pressure is due to the height of
the fluid column above point P1.
To calculate the total pressure at P1 as a result

of P2, complete the following steps.
Note:
The volume of the tank does not
have any effect on the pressure at
P1.
Figure 11-1. U-tubing

1. Convert the weight of a fluid from lbm/
galUS into psi/ft of depth using the The term U-tubing is defined as the
conversion factor of .052. movement of fluid between two containers
via a connecting pipe, caused by a pressure
2. Multiply the resulting number by the difference between the tanks (points Pa and Pb
height of the fluid in the tank. This in the Fig. 11-1 above).
number will be the pressure created by
the column of water in the tank. The heavier the fluid in the tank, the more the
pressure will be at Pa or Pb. If Pa and Pb are
Example: equal, there will be no fluid flow from tank to
10 ppg (1.2 sg) fluid in a tank tank. If the fluids have the same weight and
height in each tank, there will be no difference
Oilfield units: in the pressure, and the fluid will not flow
through the U-tubing when the valves are open.
0.052 × 10 lbm/galUS = 0.52 psi/ft of depth This situation is referred to as balanced tanks.
Metric:
0.0981 ×1.2 sg = 0.12 bar per meter of

depth. This calculation takes into account
the weight and height of the fluid. When
performing the calculation, remember that

Example a treatment on a well. However, priming hoses
A heavy fluid (10 lbm/galUS) in Tank 1 with a and centrifugals with fluids from a pit lacks the
height of 8 ft would be in balance with Tank 2 advantage of having the hydrostatic head of
that has a fluid (8.34 lbm/galUS) and a height fluids in a tank to help with priming.
of 9.6 ft. The Pa and Pb values in the two
tanks would be equal to 4.16 psi. Instead of having the height of the fluid in the
If either the weight or height of the fluid differs tank to help push fluid through the hoses to the
from Tank 1 to Tank 2, the results will be centrifugal pumps, the fluid has to be pushed
U-tubing. up through the hose to the centrifugal pump
using a different method.
Advantages
The distance the fluid moves using this method
U-tubing can be used to prime hoses, is limited. This operation can be difficult if not
centrifugal pumps, and triplex pumps. performed correctly.
Disadvantages
If care is not taken, the fluid in Tank 1 can Note:
contaminate the fluid in Tank 2. When there is an external fluid
leak in unions and the fluid is not
flowing, the centrifugal pump starts
Caution: pulling air instead of fluid, causing it
The potential effects of U-tubing to cavitate and lose prime.
must be carefully evaluated before
opening the valves between
connected tanks.
Theory of operation
The spinning action of the impeller in the
centrifugal pump pulls air out of the hoses
11.1.2 Pumping from a pit placed in the pit. This removal of air, also
called pulling a vacuum, allows the fluid to be
pushed up into the hose using the atmospheric
pressure on the surface of the fluid in the pit.
Once the fluid reaches the spinning centrifugal
pump, the fluid continues to be sucked up
through the hose and then through the
centrifugal pump.
Figure 11-2. Pumping From a Pit
It is common practice in many areas to use

fluids from a pit (hole in the ground) to perform

Note:
When pulling fluid from a pit, clean
all unions on the hoses to be used
to ensure that the unions seal.
Any leak in the hose between
the centrifugal pump and the pit
will make it difficult or impossible
for the centrifugal pump to pull a
vacuum in the hose.


12.0 Standard Operating Procedures
Schlumberger has established standard

operating procedures for many processes and Note:
operations that take place on location. Some The maximum flow rates are for
of the standards dictate the equipment and/or ideal conditions. Adjustments
components that can be used. Other standards should be made in the maximum
set forth operational limits on equipment or rate per hose for particular
establish the method by which a particular conditions such as multiple hoses
operation may be performed. between the blender and pump,
multiple hoses between the
The information in this section identifies some manifold and pump, or heavy sand
of these standards. concentrations.
Pressure ratings
The hoses used on the low-pressure side have
the following pressure ratings: Warning:
Do not exceed 10 bbl/min per 4-in
Table 12-1. Pressure Ratings hose during a job. This applies to
Size Application Max. Pressure the hoses located between
(in) (psi)
4 Suction 100
• the tanks and blender
8 Suction 100
• the blender and manifold trailer
• the manifold trailer and pump truck.
4 Discharge 100
Maximum flow rates Rigging up low-pressure piping

Table 12-2. Maximum Flow Rates Clean and oil all low-pressure unions before
Size Application POD Rate S&S Type Rate Max. Length making connections between hoses. Suction
(in) (bbl/min) (bbl/min) (ft)
4 Suction 4 8 20
hoses require only one clamp to hold the hose
8 Suction 20 35 20
to the king nipple. Discharge hoses must have
4 Discharge 10 10 20
two clamps holding the hose to the king nipple.
Inspect and replace any damaged O-ring in the

low-pressure male union.

step 04 Once the signal is given, close
Warning: the empty tank valve and completely open the
Do not make up suction hoses with valve of the full tank.
dirty unions or damaged O-rings.
A leak at the unions will make it Positioning tanks on location
difficult to obtain and maintain When positioning a transport or tank on
prime on the hose and centrifugal location, every effort should be made to have
pump. the tank level slightly slanted toward the
discharge end of the tank. This position of the
transport or tank is important for the following
Changing fluid source reasons:
The blender (pressurizing unit) must have • the ability to deliver the promised volumes
continuous fluid flow to the suction side of the to the client
centrifugal pump. When changing from one
tank to another, perform the following steps. • the added cost of disposing of the
remaining fluid after a job
Two people changing tanks: • the possibility that the tank may not be
movable because of the remaining fluids.
Step 01 Have a clear understanding of the Operation of discharge valves on transport
signals to be used to initiate the change. trailer
The newer transport trailers have air‑actuated
Step 02 Have a clear line of sight between
discharge valves from the various
you and the person monitoring the fluid level in
compartments. For the valves to function
the tank.
properly, the procedure below must be followed.
Step 03 When the signal is given to switch

the tanks, open the valve of the full tank. Step 01 Locate the transport on level
ground.
step 04 When the valve on the full tank is
open, close the empty tank valve. Step 02 Set the parking brake.
One person changing tanks: Step 03 Disconnect the air service line
from the trailer brakes to the auxiliary service
Step 01 Have a clear understanding of the connection.
signals to be used to initiate the change.
step 04 Control the valves from the panel
Step 02 Have a clear line of sight between located on the front fender on the street side of
you and the person monitoring the fluid level in the unit.
the tank.
Step 03 Before making the switch, open

the full tank valve about 1/4 to 1/2 turn to allow
the fluid to start flowing.
54 | Standard Operating Procedures

Note:
The valves are spring-loaded to
close. Air pressure must be applied
to open the valves.
The actuator stem has a white mark on it that

indicates whether the valve is open or closed.

56 | Standard Operating Procedures

13.0 Troubleshooting
Table 13-1. Hoses and Low-Pressure Piping
Hoses and Low-Pressure Piping

Symptom Solution
Leaking union 1. Ensure the wing nut is tight.

2. Break the connection and clean the sealing surfaces of the male and
female subs.
3. Inspect and replace the O-ring in the male sub if required.
Leaking hose at the king 1. Tighten the bolts holding the clamps around the hose.
nipple
2. Remove the hose from the king nipple and inspect the king nipple for
corrosion or damage.
3. Replace if necessary.
Damaged hammer lugs 1. Remove the hose from the king nipple on the male sub end.
on wing nut 2. Remove then replace the wing nut with a new piece.
Leak in hose body Remove the hose from service and replace it.

Table 13-2. Butterfly Valve
Butterfly Valve
Symptom Solution
Leaking from the stem Refer to Section 10.2.1.

of the valve
Leaking through the Refer to JET 1 Treating Equipment, Section 3.2.1.

valve (http://www.hub.slb.com/display/index.do?id=id2521189)
Difficult to open or close 1. Grease the stem in the valve breakdown.

2. Remove and replace the valve.
Leak between the 1. Make sure that the bolts holding the valve in place are evenly tight all
installation flanges the way around.
2. Remove the valve and ensure that there are no foreign objects between
the seat and the flange face.
3. If the sealing surface of the seat is damaged, remove and replace.
Air-actuator valve Ensure that the source air from the tractor has been switched to the valve
malfunction belly valve supply line of the trailer. The valves are spring-loaded to close and must
on the transport does have air to open.
not open
Butterfly valve Refer to Section 10.2.1.

disassembly and
assembly
Table 13-3. Low-Pressure Blanking Caps
Low-Pressure Blanking Caps

Symptom Solution
Leaking blanking cap 1. Ensure that the cap is completely seated on the female sub.
2. If difficult to seat, remove, clean, and oil the ID threads.
3. Inspect and replace the cap O-ring.
58 | Troubleshooting
14.0 Safety Issues
It must be clearly understood that when When working in a low-pressure area, check
an equipment operator is working in a low- the following:
pressure area, the potential for personal injury
is NOT reduced or eliminated. The exposure • All discharge hoses (soft hoses) must have
to potential injury in low-pressure areas may two clamps holding the king nipple in the
be higher than high-pressure areas. Potential hose.
sources of injury for equipment operators
• When possible, ensure two-piece blanking
working in a low-pressure area are
caps are used. This allows the pressure
behind the cap to be relieved before
• ingestion of chemicals
the threads of the wing nut become
• chemicals in the eyes disengaged.
• exposure of the skin to acid and other • When removing a one-piece cap, ensure
chemicals that there is no pressure behind the cap on
the line.
• rupture of hoses
• When opening a butterfly valve, NEVER
• failure of low-pressure fittings
stand in front of the valve discharge.
• fire resulting from exposure of oil, diesel,
• Always stand to one side before opening
or any flammable/combustible fluids to an
the valve.
ignition source.
• Whenever possible, use radio
Death and injury can occur while working in
communication to communicate with the
low-pressure areas.
person in charge of fluid management on
the back side.
Warning: • If radios are unavailable, clearly understand
Never underestimate the potential the hand signals that will be used during
for injury just because your the job.
assigned area is the back side
• During the prejob meeting, clearly
where the pressures are less than
understand the different types of fluids,
500 psi.
their storage locations, and the sequence
in which they must be used.
• When looking in a tank, use an intrinsically
safe light.
Warning:
• Always clear all hoses with a safe fluid
Never hit a pressurized container
before rigging the equipment down.
with a hammer, including sand silos
under pressure.

60 | Safety Issues

15.0 Glossary
Balanced tanks Low-pressure fluid handling

Tanks containing fluids in which the The necessary skills required to transport,
combination of the fluid weight and height transfer, and store fluids from location to
creates the same hydrostatic pressure at the location.
suction valve.
The safe operation of the various types of
storage and transfer equipment.
Float
A common term used to refer to equipment that
is trailer-mounted or moved with a tractor. Source (primary) tanks
Tanks that are tied directly to the blender on
location.
Fluid management
Identifying, locating, and moving required
fluids on a given well treatment while applying Vacuum truck
Schlumberger’s Service Quality and Safety A transport-type unit that creates a vacuum
Standards. within the tank in order to suck fluids inside it.
Used to remove fluids from fracturing tanks

Hydrostatic head after a job.
Pressure caused in psi at the bottom of a
column of fluid.
Integral connection
A changeover connection made out of one
piece of metal with the appropriate end
connections. An integral connection cannot be
two connections screwed together.
King nipple
A one-piece adapter used to connect the 4-in
low-pressure union to the 4-in hose.

62 | Glossary
16.0 Check Your Understanding
1. Model numbers consist of: 6. The pipe running to the bottom inside the
A. 2 letters and 3 numbers fracturing tank is called a ___________.
B. 3 letters and 3 numbers A. suction tube
C. 3 letters and 2 numbers B. dip pipe
C. stand pipe
2. The third letter of the model number
stands for: ___________. 7. Horizontal storage tanks are commonly
A. year in which the unit was made called ___________.
B. type of service the unit is designed for A. holding tanks
C. the way in which the equipment is B. return tanks
mounted (trailer or truck) C. fracturing tanks
3. Fluid transfer pumps use the ___________ 8. The newer horizontal frac tanks have a
to move fluids: viewing hatch ___________.
A. a triplex pump A. in the top above the suction piping on
B. a centrifugal pump the side
C. an air-actuated pump B. in the front-right side above the suction
piping
C. on the very top
4. The blender’s primary purpose is to
___________.
A. empty pits after the frac job 9. Priming hoses means that ___________.
B. move fluids on location A. Hose ends are cleaned and greased.
C. supply fluids to the suction of the triplex B. The hose has a certain type of fluid in
pump it.
C. The air in the hose is removed and the
hose is full of fluid.
5. Blenders can be mounted on:
A. a skid
B. a truck
C. a trailer
D. all of the above
JET 05- Low-Pressure Equipment | 63

10. Two-piece caps allow you to __________. 15. Fracturing fluids are used to:
A. get more hours due to assembly A. improve the formation’s ability to
B. hammer the wing nut without turning produce oil or gas
the cap B. wash out the frac tanks
C. ensure that the pressure behind the C. wash the sand out of the well
cap is relieved before the wing nut is
disengaged
16. Water can be found on location in the
following formulation:
11. To determine if a coupling is approved for A. 2% CaCl water
use at your location, contact __________.
B. 2% KCl water
A. the location mechanic
C. potable water
B. another pump operator
D. all of the above
C. the service quality coach or your direct
supervisor
17. Mud is a mixture of ___________.
12. When disconnecting coupling always A. acid

___________. B. water and frac gel
A. ensure that the coupling is clean C. fluids and solids to a specified weight
B. ensure that there is no pressure on the (lbm/galUS)
line
C. have another person to help 18. The weight of a fluid is expressed in
___________.
13. Some of the pumps used on location to A. pounds per gallon (lbm/galUS)
pump chemicals are ___________. B. ounces per gallon (oz/galUS)
A. diaphragm pumps C. kg per gallon (oz/galUS)
B. gear pumps
C. piston pumps, air-driven 19. What factor determines the total pressure
created by a column of fluid?
D. all of the above
A. the number of gallons in the tubing
14. Hand pumps are most commonly used to B. the diameter of the tubing or casing
___________. C. the height of the column of fluid only
A. prime the hoses
B. pump out frac tanks 20. U-tubing is the movement of fluid from one
tank to another tank due to ___________.
C. transfer lubricants
A. air pressure in one tank
B. the pull of gravity
C. difference in pressure between the
tanks
64 | Check Your Understanding

21. When pulling fluid out of a pit, ___________
must be true:
A. All hose unions must be clean and
tight.
B. The hose needs to be a certain size.
C. The hose needs to be a discharge
hose.
22. The weight of the fluid can be converted

to the fluid pressure gradient by
___________.
A. dividing by 0.052
B. multiplying by 0.052
C. neither of the above
23. ___________ is the maximum rate for a

20-ft section of 4-in discharge hose?
A. 8 bbl/min
B. 10 bbl/min
C. 12 bbl/min

20-ft section of 8-in suction hose used
with an Stewart and Stevenson (S&S)-
type blender.
A. 10 bbl/min
B. 15 bbl/min
C. 35 bbl/min

20-ft section of 8-in suction hose used
with the POD blender?
A. 10 bbl/min
B. 15 bbl/min
C. 20 bbl/min
JET 05- Low-Pressure Equipment | 65

66 | Check Your Understanding

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JET 05 Low-Pressure Equipment | iii

iv | Table of Contents

1.2 Safety warning

JET 05 Low-Pressure Equipment | 

When looking at a location’s functional areas, • pressurizing pumps (centrifugal pumps)

Figure 2-1. Multiple Pump Truck Location

JET 05 Low-Pressure Equipment | 

Coiled tubing unit

Figure 2-3. Single-Pump Truck Location

Specific equipment is designed to perform each

To identify each unit, a modeling system is

The first letter classifies the equipment’s type

The numbers describe the various features

6 = double pumps that are diesel-driven

1 = time frame during which the unit was built

1 = 6x4 truck chassis

2 = time frame during which the unit was

JET 05 Low-Pressure Equipment | 

10 | Equipment Overview

Typical model numbers Configuration

Transport trailer capacity for trailer

The transport classification refers to a set of

• acid—multiple types and mixtures

• mud One compartment: 8,000 galUS (~31 m3)

JET 05 Low-Pressure Equipment | 11

Figure 4-2. Truck-Mounted Transport Capacity for skid-mounted tanks:

One tank: 2,000 galUS (~7.5 m3)

Figure 4-3. Transport Units — Operational Location

12 | Transport Units

Typical model numbers:

Stimulation Utility Skid: SUS-331

JET 05 Low-Pressure Equipment | 13

14 | Fluid Transfer Units

The diaphragm pump is air-driven, using air

One common use for the small piston pump is

Figure 5-4. Diaphragm Pump, Air-driven

Figure 5-6. Positive Displacement Piston Pump

Refer to JET Manual 2 Triplex Pumps for more

JET 05 Low-Pressure Equipment | 15

This pump can be used in chemical transfer.

Gear (lobe) pumps

The gears rotate in opposite directions, allowing

Figure 5-9. Gear (Lobe) Pump Internal Gear

16 | Fluid Transfer Units

Figure 5-11. Vane Pump

Figure 5-10. Gear (Lobe) Pump External Gear

Vane pumps are commonly used in the transfer

JET 05 Low-Pressure Equipment | 17

18 | Fluid Transfer Units

Typical model numbers Configuration

• Tractor-trailer: Stewart and Stevenson

The fluid transfer/pressurizing unit is designed

JET 05 Low-Pressure Equipment | 19

Figure 6-4. Fluid Transfer/Pressurizing Units—Operational Location

20 | Fluid Transfer Pressurizing Units (Blender)

Typical model number

Horizontal tanks can be either cylindrical or

Common capacities for storage tanks

• Horizontal box shaped 500 bbl (26,000

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JET 05 Low-Pressure Equipment |

JET 05 Low-Pressure Equipment |