1 Ma’am Lalaine Ghulam

MOST HOLY ROSARY PAROCHIAL SCHOOL

Convento St., Brgy. Talolong Lopez, Quezon

EXPLORING LIFE THROUGH SCIENCE

Name: ____________________________________
Grade Level and Section: Grade 11
Strand: GAS
Subject: Earth and Life
Time Allotted:

CONTENT
MODULE 1: Introduction to Life Science
MODULE 2: Continuity of Life
MODULE 3: How Animals Survive
MODULE 4: Evolution of Living Things
MODULE 5: Ecology

MODULE 2: CONTINUITY OF LIFE

QUARTER 2

OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, you will be able to:
 Describe the different ways of how representative animals reproduce
 Describe the process of genetic engineering
 Evaluate the benefits and risks of using GMOs

HOOK

OPENING PRAYER
In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen.

Glory to the Father, and to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit
As it was in the beginning is now and will be forever. Amen.

In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen.

Great day, dear learners! I am Ma’am Lalaine Ghulam and I will be your teacher in Earth and Life Science. In
this module, we will learn on how living things reproduce.

On the previous lesson, we discussed how life begins and the unifying themes that show connections among
living things and how they interact with each other and with their environment.

Reproduction is a process that ensures the survival of species. Through it, organisms can pass on their traits to their
offspring. These traits are passed regardless of the type of reproduction involved.

ENGAGE
How do Animals Reproduce?
Similar to plants, animals may also reproduce sexually or asexually. Asexual reproduction in animals occurs
when the body of the parent grows buds which eventually falls off and grows.
This happens to animals that are stationary and therefore unable to move. It may be advantageous since
through this process the animals produce numerous offspring. A disadvantage is that genetic variation does not
occur and therefore there is no improvement in the breed of the animal. Any change in the animal’s environment
may be fatal to the animal.

Methods of Reproduction in Some Animals

Hydra- the hydra lives in fresh water lakes, ponds or streams. The hydra develops a bud which is attached to the
parent until it is fully formed. Once it is fully formed, it detaches from its parent. The young hydra is now free to
swim on its own until it finds a support and starts to reproduce.
Sponges- sponges are able to reproduce asexually and sexually. In some sponges, new individuals bud from the
parent. In others, the parent sponge breaks into many fragments and each fragment grows into a new sponge.
Sponges can also reproduce sexually. After the male sponges release sperm cells into the water, water currents
carry the sperm to female sponges where fertilization occurs.
Cnidarians: Jellyfish- jellyfish belongs to phylum Cnidaria. It has two different body forms during their life cycle:
polyp stage and the medusa stage. The adult medusa releases either sperm or egg into the water, where

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Genetic Engineering
Scientists have conducted experiments or transferring genes from one organism to another organism. These experiments
fall under genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is used to manufacture proteins, repair damaged genes, and identify
individuals who may carry an allele for a disease. Any organism which has a modified or inserted gene (transgene) from
another species is called transgenic. Transgenic organisms or genetically-modified organisms (GMO) have been used to
improve crop yields. One of these techniques involved choosing and breeding an organism with the desired traits. This is
called selective breeding.

Advantages of using GMOs

 Resistance to pets Crops resistant to destructive insects such as locusts and
other pests have been produced using genetic engineering
techniques. These plants that are resistant to pests no
longer need insecticides.
 Resistance to diseases The same techniques have been applied to some plants to
make them resistant to diseases. These plant diseases are
caused by many viruses, fungi, and bacteria that attack
crop plant.
 Productive Livestock Genetic engineering techniques can also be used to
produce bigger and more productive livestock.
 Miracle Drugs Genes that produce medically-important proteins can be
inserted into bacteria. Some proteins produced by
genetically-engineered bacteria dissolve blood clots,
helping to prevent heart attacks and strokes.

Disadvantages of using GMOs

Many farmers are concerned that some crops which are
 Environmental Hazards pesticide resistant may transfer their genes through cross
breeding to weeds making weeds pest resistant.
Some people may have allergic reactions to drugs or food
 Health risks
that are products of GMOs.
Marketing GMO products are costly and may take a longer
period of time. Those companies involved are concerned
 Economy with their investment which might take time. Getting
patents for the products has also been a major concern of
those in the agribusiness.

ACTIVITY 2
How is genetic engineering different from selective breeding?

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 ACTIVITY
Answer the following:
1. For each of the animals below identify its type of reproduction and mode of fertilization.

Animal Reproduction Fertilization

a. Sponges _______________________________ _______________________________
b. Hydra _______________________________ _______________________________
c. Earthworms _______________________________ _______________________________
d. Insects _______________________________ _______________________________
e. Frogs _______________________________ _______________________________

2. Describe the manner of reproduction of vertebrates. Give examples.

REFLECTION
Describe how genetic engineering can benefit human health. Use the given criteria below as basis in answering
the question.

5points 4-3 points 2-1 point

Main Ideas are clear and well- Main ideas are somewhat clear Main ideas are not clear
supported by detailed and accurate
explanation

TRANSFER
Select a picture with five or more items of the current uses of genetically-modified organisms. Explain whether
the GMOs will help or harm these items or the people using them. Explore whether society will be benefitted or will be
harmed by the GMOs. You can use a separate sheet for your answers.