The acceptance of artificial intelligence in Saudi society

STAT207| Introduction to statistic & probability| Final Project | Instructor: Dr. Khadeejah
Alhindi

STUDENT NAME STUDENT ID NUMBER

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Contents
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4
Methods........................................................................................................................................................ 5
Relationships analysis: ................................................................................................................................. 8
1. The educational level that accepts AI more .................................................................................... 8
2. Educational level and heard of AI .................................................................................................. 10
3. The uses of devices support AI and the trust of AI ....................................................................... 13
4. Gender and acceptance of AI to be a part in society: ................................................................... 15
5. Age and the usage of devices support AI ...................................................................................... 17
6. The effect of things uses that support AI technology and number of using Siri per day on the
trust in using AI. ..................................................................................................................................... 19
Variables analyses: ..................................................................................................................................... 20
1. The places most use AI technology................................................................................................ 20
2. The greater negative impact of AI. ................................................................................................ 21
3. Number of using siri per a day. ...................................................................................................... 22
4. Percentage of trusting devices support AI. ................................................................................... 23
5. The place where people heard about A ........................................................................................ 24
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 25
Appendix..................................................................................................................................................... 26
Tables: ..................................................................................................................................................... 26
Figures:.................................................................................................................................................... 26

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 Abstract
The term artificial intelligence (AI) was first coined by John McCarthy in 1956 when he
held the first academic conference on the subject. The impact of the artificial intelligence
revolutions has, undoubtedly, been substantial on practically all aspects of our society.

We made a survey to find an answer to our question: "The acceptance of artificial

intelligence in Saudi society”, We analyzed the results using statistical techniques and reinforced
our study with the use of graphs and tables to demonstrate it.

This project aims to study the acceptance of artificial intelligence in Saudi society, in terms
of Do you accept it or not? social and educational level. We asked 104 individuals to determine
the acceptance of artificial intelligence in Saudi society. The study reached a number of results ,a
large percentage of undergraduate students accept artificial intelligence, while the rest of them do
not accept it, we find that a number of higher university students accept artificial intelligence while
the rest Of them do not accept it, we found about half of the people who answered that they hold
a master's degree and PhD and did not hear about artificial intelligence, when asked, “Do you think
artificial intelligence can be part of society?” Women answered yes, while a percentage of them
said that artificial intelligence can be part of our society. On the other hand, male believes that
artificial intelligence can disintegrate in it, while others thought otherwise.

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 Introduction

rtificial Intelligence (AI) is the combination of the Computer science and Physiology

A intelligence, in purpose of solving the complicated problems in our daily life, our workplaces,
in new explorations and in many places. AI has the ability to understand ,memorize, recognize
behaves and pattern beside they can make the best decisions in all situations even in the dangerous
situations, so it used around us to save our time, less the lost and to make our life more easily and
comfortable. Now the whole world depends on the technology which include the AI, because of that
we decide to study the knowledge about it in our society. (Borana, 2016)

"The acceptance of artificial intelligence in Saudi society"

❖ The questions:
1. What is your gender?
2. How old are?
3. What is your educational level?
4. What is your first thought about artificial intelligence?
5. Had you heard about artificial intelligence?
6. Where had you heard about artificial intelligence?
7. Are you accepting the existing of artificial intelligence in your lifestyle?
8. Do you think that artificial intelligence can be a part of society?
9. Where do you think artificial intelligence is used most?
10. How many things of these are you use?
11. If you own iphone or ipad how many times you use siri daily?
12. Do you know that siri depend on artificial intelligence?
13. How much do you trust in use of artificial intelligence in your lifestyle?
14. Are you interested in knowing more about AI?
15. Do you think artificial intelligence has a negative impact?
16. Where do you think the artificial intelligence has the greater negative impact?

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Methods

o The study site: Saudi Society.

o The number of cases: Set includes (104) individual.

o Objective: Studying the acceptance of artificial intelligence in Saudi society.

o Variables:
No. Variables type Values
1 Gender Categorical o Female
o Male
2 age Quantitative Age in years

o Elementary
o intermediate
o Secondary
3 Educational level Categorical o Bachelor
o Master
o doctorate

4 o robot
The first thought categorical o computer
o virtual realty
o something else

o Yes
5 Heard about AI categorical o No

o School or university
6 The place of first hear about AI categorical o Social media
o Books
o Movies
o From people
7 Acceptance of AI categorical o Yes
o No
8 Thinking of AI to be a part of society categorical o Yes
o No
o Educational environment
o Hospitals
9 thinking of where the AI uses the o Homes
most categorical o Manufacturers
o Governments
o Everywhere
o else

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 the number of things the person
uses that support AI
o google map
o google home
10 o Facebook, Instagram or Quantitative The total number of things that
snapchat uses
o Apps of banks (Alrajhi,
Alahili)
o Voice-to-text
Smart vacuum cleaner
11 Using of siri Quantitative The number of uses per day
12 Know that siri depend on AI Categorical o Yes
o No
13 Trust in AI Quantitative The number in percent

14 Thinking that AI has negative Categorical o Yes

impacts o No
o Education
o Health
15 The field has greater negative Categorical o Employment
impact of AI o Else
o Non of the above
o All of the above

o Explanatory and dependent variables: The main explanatory variable is

(Artificial intelligence), the dependent variable is (The acceptance of AI). Our second
explanatory variable was (Artificial intelligence uses), and its dependent variable was (The
field AI used in). Our third explanatory variable was (educational level) and its dependent
variable was (AI acceptance).

o Collecting data:

-Voluntary response sample: By spreading an online survey using WhatsApp and

Twitter and Instagram application.

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 o Analysis methods

• Relations Analysis:

Educational level and the acceptance of AI Two-way table

Educational level and heard of AI Two-way table

The uses of devices support AI and not trust in AI Scatterplots

The gender and accept AI to be a part of society Two-way table

Age and the usage of devices support AI Scatterplots

• Variables Analysis
The places most use AI technology Bar graph

The greater negative impact of AI Pie graph

The number of using Siri per day histogram

The percentage of trusting the AI histogram

Where had you heard about AI Pie graph

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 Relationships analysis:

1. The educational level that accepts AI more

Acceptance Elementary intermediate secondary bachelor master Total

Yes 3 3 23 64 2 95
no 1 1 3 4 0 9
total 4 4 26 68 2 104
Table 1: two-way table of acceptance and educational level.

This two-way table shows the number of observation if they accept AI or not according to their
educational level. According to the two-way table, we find that about 75% of elementary students
accepts AI while 25% of them do not accept it. Moreover, 75% of intermediate students accepts AI
while 25% of them do not accept it. On the other hand, 88.46% of secondary student accepts AI while
11.54% of them do not accept it. Furthermore, 94.12% of bachelor student accepts AI while 5.88% of
them do not accept it. Additionally, 100% of master student accepts AI while none of them do not
accept it. Since this conditional distribution is not the same, we must do chi-square test to prove the
relationship.

We can confirm that by the Chi-square test:

accepting Not accepting

120% 30%

100% 25%

80% 20%

60% 15%

40% 10%

20% 5%

0% 0%

Educational level Educational level

Figure 1: Conditional distribution of Educational level state of acceptance.

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 Expected counts
Acceptance Elementary intermediate secondary bachelor master Total

Yes 3.65 3.65 23.75 62.12 1.83 95

no 0.43 0.43 2.25 5.88 0.17 9
total 4 4 26 68 2 104
Table 2: Expected value of table 4

According the expected counts table, we cannot complete the chi-square test. Since there is a few
expect counts value that are less, than 1 which are 0.43 and 0.17 so it did not meet all the conditions.
To fix this problem we will combine elementary, Intermediate, secondary to be undergraduate value,
and combine bachelor and master to be postgraduate.

So, it will be:

Acceptance Undergraduate Postgraduate total

Yes 29 66 95
no 5 4 9
total 34 70 104
Table 3: two-way table of acceptance and educational level using undergraduate and postgraduate.

Expected count
Acceptance Undergraduate Postgraduate total
Yes 31.05 63.94 95
no 2.94 6.06 9
total 34 70 104
Table 4: Expected value of table 6
According to the new two-way table, we find that about 85.29% of undergraduate educational level
accept AI while 14.71% of them don't accept it. On the other hand, we find that 94.29% of postgraduate
educational level accept AI while 5.71% of them don't accept it. Since this conditional distribution is
not the same, we need to do chi-square test again to prove the relationship.

the expected count will be:

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Ho: The two variables are independent.

Ha: The two variables are dependent.

χ2:2.35

df:1

P-Value: 0.10<p-value<0.15 so we fail to reject the null hypotheses Ho and cannot conclude that
there is a relationship between acceptance and educational level.

2. Educational level and heard of AI

Educational level
Heard elementary Intermediate secondary bachelor Master Total
about AI & Doctorate
Yes 3 2 25 63 1 94
No 1 2 1 5 1 10
total 4 4 26 68 2 104
Table 5: table of knowing about AI and educational level

We ask a sample of our society about their educational level and if they had heard about AI
and the responds are shown in the two-way Table 5. Since the collected data in doctorate cells
equal 0, we will merge the doctorate cells with the master cells to get the Table 2 shown above.
We found about 75% of the people whose educational level is elementary and heard about AI, and
about 50% of the people who graduate only form the intermediate and had heard about AI. Also,
the graduators from the secondary school 96.15% of them had heard about AI. Moreover, the
people who owns a bachelor’s degree and knowing about AI has a parentage about 92.53%, we
find about 50% of the people who owns a master’s and doctorate’s degree and had heard about AI.
In other hand, we found about 25% of the people who answered they have elementary educational
level and had not heard about AI also, 50% of the graduators from intermediate had not heard
about AI, and about 3.85% of the people who have secondary educational level answered that they
had not heard about AI. The people who owns a bachelor’s degree and had not heard about AI
have a percent about 7.47%. lastly, we found about 50% of the people who answered that they
have a master’s degree and doctorate degree and had not heard about AI.

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 educational level and the percntage of heard about AI
120%

100%

80%
percentage

60%
yes
40%
no
20%

0%
elementary intermediate secondary bachelor master
educational level

Figure 2: the conditional distribution of knowing about AI for each educational level

Since the conditional distribution in figure 2 is not the same, we need to perform the chi-
square test to prove the relationship.

EXPECTED COUNT
Educational level
Heard elementary Intermediate secondary bachelor master Total
about & Doctorate
AI
Yes 3.62 3.62 23.5 61.46 1.81 94
No 0.38 0.38 2.5 6.54 0.19 10
total 4 4 26 68 2 104
Table 6: Expected values of table 2

According to table 6, which show the expected counts we cannot complete the chi-square test.
There are three cells 0.38, 0.38 and 0.19 contain expected counts less than 1 so, we did not meet
all the condition of the test. Now we will combine the elementary, intermediate and secondary
cells together and marge bachelor and master & doctorate cells together to get the table shown
below:

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 EXPECTED COUNT
Educational level
Heard Elementary, intermediate and Bachelor, master Total
about secondary & Doctorate
AI
Yes 30.74 63.27 94
No 3.26 6.73 10
total 34 70 104
Table 7: expected counts after marge the cells

Now after combine the cells we can confirm the chi-square test.

H0: The two variables are independent.

Ha: The two variables are dependent.

χ2: 0.27

df: 1

p-value: p-value= 0.25 > 0.05 we fail to reject the null hypothesis; we cannot conclude that there
is relationship between the educational level and knowing about AI.

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 3. The uses of devices support AI and the trust of AI

Figure 3: scatterplot for number of devices uses that support AI and the trust in AI technology

Regression equation to know how much you trust in using devices support AI technology

= 53.4 + 0.12 multiplied by number of things that you used and support AI technology. we can
conclude from the scatterplot that shown in figure 2 that the relationship between the two variables
are very weak positive linear relationship which represented by the correlation equal 0.008 and
0.0064% of the variation in the response variables is explained by the explanatory variable. There
are no influential points or outliers.

HO: There is no relationship between the trust in devices use AI technology and the number of
devices uses by the person that support AI. (β1=0).

Ha: There is a positive relationship between the trust in devices use AI technology and the number
of devices uses by the person and support AI. (β1>0).

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 Firstly, we need to check the conditions of the regression line:

Figure4: Residual plot Figure 5: Normal quantile plot

The normal quantile plot that shown in figure 4 show almost normal distribution shape. but
not exactly Also, the sample size of our study equal to 104 (n=104), however, the t procedures are
robust against departures from normality. Also, the residual plot shows an equal amount of scatter
around the horizontal line at 0 for all x-value. Now after the conditions have been checked and
met, we can apply the regression inference:
Significant test for the slope:

term Coef SE Coef T-value P-value

Constant 53.421 7.017 7.61 0.000

Number of things uses that 0.120 1.572 0.08 0.939

support AI
Table 8: Table of significant test for the slope of relation between the number of things uses and support AI and the trust of the
technology od AI

The 95% confidence interval for the slope is: 0.120 ± t* (1.572)

Source Sum of Squares SS Df Mean Square MS F P-value

Regression 2620 7 374 0.55 0.792

Residual 65023 96 677

Total 67642 103

Table 9: The ANOVA table for the relation between the things uses that support AI and the trust in AI technology

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 According to the information provided by the tables 8 and 9 the P-value= 0.792 which for the
two-sided test, and the P-value which for one-sided =0.396. this value is greater than α=0.05, so
we conclude that we do not have enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis and prove that there
is a positive linear relationship between trust in devices use AI technology and the number of
devices uses by the person and support AI.

4. Gender and acceptance of AI to be a part in society:

gender Yes No Total

Female 67 12 79 Table 10: two-way
table of age and
Male 14 11 25 acceptance of AI to
be a part of the
society
Total 81 23 104

When asked “Do you think AI can be part of the society? ”, (85%) of females answered
with yes, while (15%) say that AI cannot be a part of our society. On the other hand, (56%) of
males think AI can take apart in it, when only (40%) think otherwise.

Female Male
90 60
80
50
70
60 40
Precentage

Precentage

50
30
40
30 20
20
10
10
0 0
yes no yes no

Figure 6: Distribution of the female and the male and their answer about the acceptance of AI to be a part of the society

Since the conditional distribution is not the same, we need to perform the chi-square test to
prove the relationship.

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Preform chi-square test:

Expected count
Gender Yes No Total
Female 61.53 17.47 79

Male 19.47 5.53 25

Total 81 23 104

Table 11: the expected count of female and male and their answers about acceptance AI to be a part of the society

In the beginning, we find the expected count which shown above in table 11
Then we set:
H0: Gender and AI being in the society variables are independent.

Ha: The variables are not independent.

χ2= 9.144

Df= 1

P-value: P-value= 0.0025 >α; we can reject H0 and conclude Ha. Therefore, there’s a relationship
between gender and believing that AI can take apart in the society, and females believe in it more.

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Age and the usage of devices support AI

Figure7: scatterplot of age vs Al apps used by sample size.

Regression Equation age = 22.7 - 0.108 Al apps used.

from this scatter plot (figure) above we can illustrate that the relationship between age and the
number of Al apps the sample use is negative, and weak, also there is no outliers. The relationship
is represented by a correlation r = -0.0285 and 0.0812% of the variation in the response variable is
explained by the explanatory variable. in conclusion as we see in the scatter plot that the usage of
Al apps is mostly 6 apps by people aged 15-25.

Ho: There is no relationship between age and usage of apps support AI (β1=0).

Ha: There is a negative relationship between age and usage of apps support AI (β1<0).

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Figure 8: the residual plot Figure 9: Normal quantile plot

The Normal probability plot of the residuals illustrates a tiny curvature, which shows that the
responses are approximately Normally distributed. On the other hand, the sample size is large (n=104), and
with a large sample size, the t procedures are robust against departures from Normality, and it can be used
even for clearly skewed distributions. So, it is so close to normal.

We can apply regression inference because conditions are met:

Significant test of the slope:

Term Coef SE Coef T - value P - value

Constant 22.690 1.736 13.07 0.000
Number of apps -0.1082 0.3758 -0.29 0.774
Table 12: of significance test for the slope of the relationship between age and the Al apps used.

The 95% confidence interval for the slope is: -0.1082 ± t* (0.3758)

The ANOVA table:

Source DF SS MS F-value P-value

Regression 1 4.09 4.09 0.08 0.773
Residual Error 102 5028.37 49.30

Total 103 5032.46

Table 13: the ANOVA table of relation between age and the Al apps used.

The P-Value = 0.3865, and it is greater than α=0.05, so we don’t have enough evidence to reject
Ho and we can’t conduct that there is a negative linear relationship between age and the Al apps
used.

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 5. The effect of things uses that support AI technology and number of using Siri
per day on the trust in using AI.
There are two explanatory variables which are the number of things uses that support AI (x1)
And number of times using Siri (x2), And the response variable is the trust AI (y).so we concluded
that when increasing these explanatory variables, the response variable will increase also.

H0= there is no relationship between variables=β1=β2=0

H1=there is at least one of β1≠0

Significant test:

Term Coef SE Coef T-value P-value

Intercept 51.80 6.775 7.645 0.00000000001241

things use that -0.664 1.5477 -0.429 0.0668

support AI
number of times 2.904 0.964 3.01 0.00329
using Siri daily
table 14 the significant test of multiple regression

- Our sample is: 104

- Df=n-p-1=104-2-1=101
- Our confidence level is 95%
- From table D, t*=1.98
- The 95% CI of “things uses that support AI”: b ±t*SE=-0.664±1.98(1.5477)
- The 95% CI of “number of times using Siri”: b ±t*SE=2.904±1.98(0.964)

ANOVA test:

Term df SS MS F Significant F
Regression 2 5574.761 2787.38 4.535 0.012991

Residual 101 62067.701 614.531

Total 103 67642.463

Table 15: the ANOVA of multiple regression

We must compare alpha with p-value for each explanatory variable. our α=0.05 which is
less than 0.0668 (Things uses that support AI) and greater than 0.00329 (Number of times using
Siri). So, we can conclude only the number of times using Siri is significant.

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 Variables analyses:
1. The places most use AI technology

Bar chart of place people think AI is used

most
60 55

50

40
COUNT

30 24
20 13
10 6 4
2 0
0
educational hospitals home manufacturers government everywhere Other
environment
PLACE WHERE PEOPLE THINK AI IS USED MOST

Figure 10: bar chart of places where the people think AI is used most

Place educational Hospitals home manufacturers government everywhere other

environment
Count 6 13 2 24 4 55 0
Table 16: count of the places where AI is used

From this bar chart we observe that (53%) of people think that AI is used in everywhere,
(23%) of people think that the most place used AI is manufacturers, (12%) of people think that the
most place used AI is hospitals, (6%) of people think that the most place used AI is educational
environment, (4%) of people think that the most place used AI is government, (2%) of people think
that the most place used AI is home, (0%) no one of people think that the most place used AI is
other. So, we conclude that most people think that AI is used everywhere.

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 2. The greater negative impact of AI.

PIE GRAPH OF WHERE DO YOU THINK THE AI

HAS THE GREATER NEGATIVE IMPACT
education health employment non of the above all of the above
education
5%
all of the above
22%

health
28%

non of the above

13%

employment
32%

Figure 11: Pie graph of the field that had the greater negative impact of the AI

From this pie graph we can see that (32%) of people think that AI has the greater negative
impact for employment, (28%) of people think that AI has the greater negative impact for health,
(22%) of people think that AI has the greater negative impact for all of the above, (13%) of people
think that AI has the greater negative impact for none of the above, (5%) of people think that AI
has the greater negative impact for education, which give us an indicator that most of people think
that AI has the greater negative impact for employment.

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 3. Number of using siri per a day.

Figure 12: Histogram of number of using Siri per day

This histogram shows the number of using (Siri) per a day which is skewed to the right and
the mean that found from our data is 1.69, median equal 1 and mode 0.

We can observe that most people use Siri less than 6 times per day and few of them use it more
than 20 times per a day and this value is outlier

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 4. Percentage of trusting devices support AI.

Figure 12:histogram of the percentage of trusting AI

This histogram shows the percentage of trusting AI which is symmetric and close to be a
normal distribution. We conclude from the collected data that the mean is 53.9%, median 52% and
mode 80%.

We can observe that most people trust in using devices that support AI technology and few of them
don’t trust these devices.

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 5. The place where people heard about AI

WHERE HAD YOU HEARD ABOUT AI

3%
18%
books
31% school or university

14% social media

movie
people

34%

Figure 13:Pie graph of where you had heard about AI

From this pie graph we can see that (34%) of people heard about AI from the social media,
while (31%) of people heard from schools and universities. On the other hand, (14%) of people
heard about it from movies, (18%) of people heard about AI technology from other people. And
just (3%) heard about it from books.

This indicates that artificial intelligence technology is a common thing and we use it for many
things and in many devices, which exist around us. Also, most people heard about it.

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 Conclusion

In conclusion, The study reached a number of results ,a large percentage of undergraduate

students accept artificial intelligence, while the rest of them do not accept it, we find that a number
of higher university students accept artificial intelligence while the rest Of them do not accept it,
we found about half of the people who answered that they hold a master’s degree and PhD and did
not hear about artificial intelligence, when asked, “Do you think artificial intelligence can be part
of society?” Women answered yes, while a percentage of them said that artificial intelligence A
can be part of our society. On the other hand, male believes that artificial intelligence can
disintegrate in it, while others thought otherwise. Also, there is a positive relationship between
trust in devices use AI technology and the number of devices uses by the person and support, On
the other hand, there is a negative relationship between age and the Al apps used. Most people
think that AI is used everywhere and thy think that AI has the greater negative impact for
employment.

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Appendix
Tables:
Table 1: two-way table of acceptance and educational level....................................................................... 8
Table 2: Expected value of table 4 ................................................................................................................ 9
Table 3: two-way table of acceptance and educational level using undergraduate and postgraduate. ..... 9
Table 4: Expected value of table 6 ................................................................................................................ 9
Table 5: table of knowing about AI and educational level ......................................................................... 10
Table 6:count of the places where AI is used ............................................................................................. 11
Table 7: expected counts after marge the cells………………………………………………………………………………………12
table 8: Table of significant test for the slope of relation between the number of things uses and support
AI and the trust of the technology od AI……………………………………………………………………………………………….14
table 9: The ANOVA table for the relation between the things uses that support AI and the trust in AI
technology……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14
table 10: two-way table of age and acceptance of AI to be a part of the society……………………………………15
table 11: the expected count of female and male and their answers about acceptance AI to be a part of
the society……………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….16
table 12: significance test for the slope of the relationship between age and the Al apps used……………18
table 13: the ANOVA table of relation between age and the Al apps used………………………..…………….……18
table 14: he significant test of multiple regression……………………………………………………………………………….19
table 15: the ANOVA of multiple regression…………………………………………………………………………………………19
table 16: count of the places where AI is used……………………………………………………………………………………..20
Figures:
Figure 1: Conditional distribution of Educational level state of acceptance. ............................................... 8
Figure 2: the conditional distribution of knowing about AI for each educational level………………………….11
Figure 3: scatterplot for number of devices uses that support AI and the trust in AI technology……………13
Figure 4: Residual plot……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14
Figure 5: Normal quantile plot……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….14
Figure 6: Distribution of the female and the male and their answer about the acceptance of AI to be a
part of the society………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….15
Figure 7: scatterplot of age vs Al apps used by sample size……………………………………………………………………17
Figure 8: the residual plot……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..18
Figure 9: Normal quantile plot……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….18
Figure 10: bar chart of places where the people think AI is used most…………………………………………………..20
Figure 11: Pie graph of the field that had the greater negative impact of the AI…………………………………….21
Figure 12: Histogram of number of using Siri per day…………………………………………………………………………….22
Figure 13:histogram of the percentage of trusting AI ................................................................................ 23
Figure 14:Pie graph of where you had heard about AI ............................................................................... 24

26
References:

Picture of the project report file

(2019, january 15th). Retrieved from hackernoon: https://hackernoon.com/https-medium-com-

salilsethi-what-constitutes-artificial-intelligence-is-it-the-turing-test-8b70bad50c95

the introduction

Borana, J. (2016, March 5-6). Retrieved from

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d5b0/61e6565ce421b4b0b7d56296e882085dc308.pdf

David S.Moore George P.McCabe Bruce A.Craig. (n.d.). introduction to the practice of statistics.

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