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Quantum Theory of the Atom

Introduction

ëm xeriodic properties of the elements and how they are organized in the xeriodic Table
can be explained in terms of the ? ?


 ? of their atoms.
˜m ? ?


 ?refers to the arrangement of electrons
ëm This is derived from the development of the

  ?

Wave Nature of Light

ëm Light emitted or absorbed by substances provides much of the information on our

knowledge of electronic structure.
ëm „nergy is carried through space by electromagnetic radiation, including gamma rays, X-
rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves.
ëm All forms of light travel through a vacuum at the speed of 3.00 * 108 m/s
ëm All form of light have wavelike properties like that of water

Wavelength (ʄ)

џ Amplitude

„ ?

?
?
 
Wavelength vs. Frequency

Vʄ = c
˜m 2 is the speed of light
˜m V is the frequency (Hz or cycles/sec)
˜m ʄ is the wavelength (m)

Quantized „nergy

ëm Heated solids emit radiation, and the temperature affects the wavelength distribution
(spectrum)
 ëm |ax xlanck
˜m xroposed that energy could be released or absorbed by atoms in packets or fixed
amounts
ëm

 ü term that denotes the smallest possible value for a packet of energy.

xlanck͛s 2onstant

„ 
ëm „ is the energy of a quantum of light
ëm V is the frequency (Hz or s-1)
ëm H is xlanck͛s constant
˜m i.i3 * 10-34 Joule-seconds (J-s)

Quanta --- the implications

ëm The implications of xlanck͛s proposal were profound. „ssentially, it meant that energy
was not available across a continuum, but only in discrete(small, hard to see) amounts
ëm Xn a macroscopic scale xlanck͛s constant can͛t be noticed
ëm However a microscopic (atomic)scale the effects can become significant

The xhotoelectric „ffect

ëm Through experiments, shining light on a metal surface can cause the ejection of
electrons from the surface
ëm x ? ?

„ ?
 occurs when electrons are ejected from the surface
ëm „ach metal has a unique minimum frequency of light below which no electrons are
emitted
ëm „instein explained that the xhotoelectric „ffect was a particle known as a  
˜m The discovery was an extension of xlanck͛s theory deducting that each photon
must have an energy proportional to its frequency
˜m Thereforeü a specific minimum amount of energy (the threshold energy) is
needed to give an electron sufficient energy to escape the surface
m „ach metal has its own specific threshold energy to give an electron for it
to be able to escape the surface

Spectrum

ëm Ëadiation sources like the sun and light bulbs produce radiation from various
wavelengths; when this radiation is separated into its different wavelength components
˜m This results in the production of a ?
 
Line Spectrum

ëm A ??
  is a spectrum containing only specific wavelengths of light; there are

dark regions in which no light is present.
ëm This can be obtained by applying a voltage to a tube containing reduced pressure of a
certain element, which emits characteristic wavelengths
˜m „.g.ü Neon used in neon lights

Line Spectrum of Hydrogen

ëm Xnly discrete wavelengths are emitted from electronic excitation of H2 in a tube.

Balmer equation

ëm 410 nm V = 2 (1/22 - 1/n2)

ëm 434 nm
ëm 48i nm n = 3, 4, 5, i
ëm i5i nm 2 = 3.29 x 1015 s-1

Bohr͛s |odel

ëm Ëutherford͛s atomic model of a microscopic solar system, with electrons orbiting the
nucleus has a






 

˜m The electrons should spiral into the nucleus, emitting energy continuously but
they don͛t
ëm Bohr adapted xlanck͛s idea that energy is available only in discrete quanta, and that
orbits with only specific energies are permitted that prevent the spiraling into nucleus
scenario

Ëydberg „quation

„n = -ËH (1/ n2)

ËH is the Ëydberg constant = 2.18 x 1018 J and n is the principal quantum number.

n = 1,2,3,4

„


?
?

? 

>round and „xcited States

ëm The lowest energy is achieved for n = 1, which is known as the  
? of the
hydrogen atom
ëm Xther values of n for hydrogen atom correspond to ?
?
?
 ëm Light is ?? when an electron drops from a higher state to a lower state, and light is
absorbed when an electron is promoted to an excited state.

Quantum Jumping

ëm Bohr made an assumption, that the electrons could only move between different energy
states by absorbing or emitting discrete quanta of energy
ëm Therefore, the electron jumps or leaps between orbits (states), it is never in between
them

Quantum ͞leaping͟ and energy

„lectron ͞leaping͟ from an initial state to

a final one requires quanta of energy

„ = „f ʹ „i = hv

v= „ / h = (ËH/h) (1 / ni2 - 1 / nf2)

„xample

2alculate the frequency of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the hydrogen atom in

the electron transition from n = 4 to n = 2.

v= „ / h = (ËH/h) (1 / ni2 - 1 / nf2)

v= (2.18 x 10-18J) x (1 / 42 ʹ 1/22)

(i.i3 x 10-34 J-s)
„xample solvedü

v = -i.17 x 1014 s -1

Negative sign confers only that light is emitted.

ʄ = c / v = 3.00 x 108 m/s

i.17 x 1014s-1
ʄ = 4.8i x 10-7m = 48i nm