Laboratory Manual

FLUID MECHANICS AND

MACHINES
LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING

Prepared by:
Dr. DEBOJYOTI MITRA
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
SERIAL NAME OF EXPERIMENT HOURS
NO.
1 Calibration of Venturimeter 2
2 Calibration of Orificemeter 2
3 Calibration of Rotameter 2
4 Calibration of Rectangular and V-Notches 2
5 Reynolds experiment: Laminar and Turbulent flow 2
6 Determination of friction factor of pipes 2
7 Determination of loss coefficients of pipe fittings 2
8 a) Determination of jet impact on plane surface 2
b) Determination of jet impact on hemispherical surface 2
9 Performance characteristics of variable speed centrifugal 2
pump
10 Performance characteristics of Francis turbine 2
11 Performance test of a Pelton wheel Turbine 2
12 a) Performance test of reciprocating pump 2
b) Performance test of gear pump 2

Experiment No. 8 (A)

TITLE
A) DETERMINATION OF JET IMPACT ON PLANE SURFACE

OBJECTIVES
To study the force exerted by a liquid jet impact on a plane surface.

INTRODUCTION

A plate, placed in the path of a liquid jet, experiences a force on it. This force can be
calculated from the impulse-momentum equation, which is based on Newton’s Second
Law of Motion: “The algebraic sum of external forces applied to control volume of fluid
in any direction is equal to the rate of change of momentum in that direction”.

THEORY

Consider a water jet, moving vertically with a velocity ‘V’, impacts on a flat plane which
can move freely in vertical direction. This force, according to Newton’s Second Law of
Motion, must be equal to the rate of change of momentum of the jet flow in the same
direction. An equal amount of force will then be required to bring back the plate in its
original position.

Therefore,

Fx = the force exerted by the jet in the direction of the jet

= force required to bring back the plate in its original position
= rate of change of momentum in the direction of force
Initial momentum − Final momentum
=
time
mass x initial velocity −mass x final velocity
=
time
mass
= ( initial velocity − final velocity )
time
= ρAV (V − 0 )
= ρAV 2

DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP

The set-up consists of a sump tank with centrifugal pump to circulate water. A chamber
with two side glass is provided for visualization of impact of jet on vanes. Water from
sump tank flows through a nozzle and strikes vertically the vane (here, a flat one)
positioned above the nozzle. Arrangement is made for the movement of the plate of the
vane under the action of the jet and also because of the weight placed on the loading pan.
Measuring tank and stop watch is provided for flow measurement.

UTILITIES REQUIRED

1. Electric supply: single phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 5 – 15 Amp socket with earth
connection
2. Water supply (initial fill)
 3. Drain
4. Bench area: 1.5 m x 0.75 m

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. Close all the valves provided

2. Fill sump tank ¾th with water and ensure that no foreign particles are there
3. Fix flat vane
4. Ensure that all ON/OFF switches given on the panel are at OFF position
5. Open bypass valve
6. Switch ON the pump
7. Put weight on the pan
8. Operate bypass valve and flow control valve to regulate the flow of water
through channel
9. Now control the flow of water so that the applied weight on the top is counter-
balanced by the impact of jet
10. Measure flow rate using measuring tank and stop watch
11. Repeat the experiment for different weights
12. Switch off the pump when the experiment is over
13. Switch off power supply to panel
14. Drain water from all tanks with the help of drain valves

OBSERVATION TABLE

S. No. WA, kg R1, cm R2, cm t, sec

CALCULATIONS

The following formulae may be used for calculation of results :

π 2
a= d , m2
4
R − R2
R= 1 ,m
100
 AxR
Q= , m3/sec
t
Q
V = , m/sec
A
Fx = ρ x a x V 2 , N

W = WD+R + WF + WA, kg

Fth = W x g, N
F − Fth
% Error = x x 100
Fx
Where,

A = Area of measuring tank = 0.077 m2

2
a = Cross sectional area of the nozzle, m
d = Diameter of Nozzle = 0.01 m
Fx = Rate of change of momentum (Actual Force), N
Fth = Theoretical Force, N
Q = Actual discharge, m3/sec
R = Rise of water level in measuring tank, m
R1 = Final height of water in measuring tank after time t, m
R2 = Initial height of water in measuring tank, m
t = Time for R, sec
V = Velocity of jet, m/s
W = Total weight, kg
WD+R = Weight of aluminium disc with rod = 0.538 kg
WF = Weight of flat plate vane = 0.227 kg
WA = Weight applied on disc, kg
ρ = Density of water = 1000 kg/m3
g = Acceleration due to gravity, m/sec2

RESULTS

S. No. A R Q V Fx W Fth %Error

PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS

1. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 Volts and 230 Volts
2. Never switch ON main power supply before ensuring that ON/OFF switch
given on the panel is at OFF position
3. Always use clean water
4. Never fully close the delivery valve and bypass valve at a time
5. Always keep apparatus free from dust

TROUBLESHOOTING

1. If pump gets jammed, open the back cover of pump and rotate the shaft
manually
2. If pump gets heated up, switch OFF the main power for 15 minutes and avoid
closing the flow control valve and bypass valve at a time

REFERENCES

1. Dr. R. K. Bansal, ‘Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines’, Laxmi

Publications (P) Ltd, New Delhi.

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. Draw a neat labeled sketch of the experimental set-up.

2. Find the force exerted by a jet of water of diameter 75 mm on a stationary flat

plate, when the jet strikes the plate normally with velocity of 20 m/s.

3. Plot a curve between the %Error and the flow rate Q and find out whether there is
any dependence between them or not.
Experiment No. 8 (B)
TITLE
B) DETERMINATION OF JET IMPACT ON HEMISPHERICAL SURFACE

OBJECTIVES

To study the force exerted by a liquid jet impact on a hemispherical surface.

INTRODUCTION

A plate, placed in the path of a liquid jet, experiences a force on it. This force can be
calculated from the impulse-momentum equation, which is based on Newton’s Second
Law of Motion: “The algebraic sum of external forces applied to control volume of fluid
in any direction is equal to the rate of change of momentum in that direction”.

THEORY

Consider a water jet, moving vertically with a velocity ‘V’, impacts on a hemispherical
plane which can move freely in vertical direction. This force, according to Newton’s
Second Law of Motion, must be equal to the rate of change of momentum of the jet flow
in the same direction. An equal amount of force will then be required to bring back the
plate in its original position.

Therefore,

Fx = the force exerted by the jet in the direction of the jet

= force required to bring back the plate in its original position
= rate of change of momentum in the direction of force
Initial momentum − Final momentum
=
time
mass x initial velocity −mass x final velocity
=
time
mass
= ( initial velocity − final velocity )
time
= ρAV (V − ( − V ) )
= 2 ρAV 2

DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP

The set-up consists of a sump tank with centrifugal pump to circulate water. A chamber
with two side glass is provided for visualization of impact of jet on vanes. Water from
sump tank flows through a nozzle and strikes vertically the vane (here, a hemispherical
one) positioned above the nozzle. Arrangement is made for the movement of the plate of
the vane under the action of the jet and also because of the weight placed on the loading
pan. Measuring tank and stop watch is provided for flow measurement.

UTILITIES REQUIRED

1. Electric supply: single phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 5 – 15 Amp socket with earth
connection
2. Water supply (initial fill)
3. Drain
4. Bench area: 1.5 m x 0.75 m
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. Close all the valves provided

2. Fill sump tank ¾th with water and ensure that no foreign particles are there
3. Fix hemispherical vane
4. Ensure that all ON/OFF switches given on the panel are at OFF position
5. Open bypass valve
6. Switch ON the pump
7. Put weight on the pan
8. Operate bypass valve and flow control valve to regulate the flow of water through
channel
9. Now control the flow of water so that the applied weight on the top is counter-
balanced by the impact of jet
10. Measure flow rate using measuring tank and stop watch
11. Repeat the experiment for different weights
12. Switch off the pump when the experiment is over
13. Switch off power supply to panel
14. Drain water from all tanks with the help of drain valves

OBSERVATION TABLE

S. No. WA, kg R1, cm R2, cm t, sec

CALCULATIONS

The following formulae may be used for calculation of results:

π 2
a= d , m2
4
R − R2
R= 1 ,m
100
AxR
Q= , m3/sec
t
 Q
V = , m/sec
A
Fx = 2 x ρ x a x V 2 , N

W = WD+R + WH + WA, kg

Fth = W x g, N
F − Fth
% Error = x x 100
Fx
Where,

A = Area of measuring tank = 0.077 m2

2
a = Cross sectional area of the nozzle, m
d = Diameter of Nozzle = 0.01 m
Fx = Rate of change of momentum (Actual Force), N
Fth = Theoretical Force, N
Q = Actual discharge, m3/sec
R = Rise of water level in measuring tank, m
R1 = Final height of water in measuring tank after time t, m
R2 = Initial height of water in measuring tank, m
t = Time for R, sec
V = Velocity of jet, m/s
W = Total weight, kg
WD+R = Weight of aluminium disc with rod = 0.538 kg
WH = Weight of hemispherical vane = 0.227 kg
WA = Weight applied on disc, kg
ρ = Density of water = 1000 kg/m3
g = Acceleration due to gravity, m/sec2

RESULTS

S. No. A R Q V Fx W Fth %Error

PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS

1. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 Volts and 230 Volts
2. Never switch ON main power supply before ensuring that ON/OFF switch given
on the panel is at OFF position
3. Always use clean water
4. Never fully close the delivery valve and bypass valve at a time
5. Always keep apparatus free from dust

TROUBLESHOOTING

1. If pump gets jammed, open the back cover of pump and rotate the shaft manually
2. If pump gets heated up, switch OFF the main power for 15 minutes and avoid
closing the flow control valve and bypass valve at a time

REFERENCES

1. Dr. R. K. Bansal, ‘Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines’, Laxmi Publications

(P) Ltd, New Delhi.

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

1. Draw a neat labeled sketch of the experimental set-up.

2. Find the force exerted by a jet of water of diameter 75 mm on a stationary

hemispherical plate, when the jet strikes the plate normally with velocity of 20
m/s.

3. Plot a curve between the %Error and the flow rate Q and find out whether there is
any dependence between them or not.
Experiment No. 9

TITLE
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERSTICS OF VARIABLE SPEED CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP

OBJECTIVE:

a) To Study the Centrifugal pump characteristics and determine:

 - Power input
- Shaft output
- Discharge
- Total head
- Pump output
- Overall efficiency
- Pump efficiency

b) To plot the following performance characteristics :-

Head Vs Discharge
Pump efficiency Vs Discharge

INTRODUCTION:

The hydraulic machines, which convert the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy, are
called pumps. The hydraulic energy is in the form of pressure energy. If the mechanical
energy is converted into pressure energy by means of centrifugal force acting on the
fluid, the hydraulic machine is called centrifugal pump.

THEORY:

The centrifugal pump acts as a reversed of an inward radial flow reaction turbine. This
means that the flow in centrifugal pumps is in the radial outward directions. The
centrifugal pump works on the principle of forced vortex flow, which means that when an
external torque rotates a certain mass of liquid, the rise in the pressure head of the
rotating liquid takes place. The rise in pressure head at any point of the rotating liquid is
proportional to the square of tangential velocity of ( i.e. rise in pressure head = V 2 / 2g or
ω2r2 / 2g ) the liquid at that point. Thus, at the outlet of the impeller where radius is more,
the rise in pressure head will be more and the liquid will be discharged at the outlet with a
high-pressure head. Due to this high-pressure head, the liquid can be lifted to a high level.
Centrifugal pump is a mechanical device, which consists of a body, impeller and a
rotating mean i.e. motor, engine etc. Impeller rotates in a stationary body, sucks the fluid
through its axes, and delivers through its periphery. Impeller has an inlet angle, outlet
angle and peripheral speed, which affect the head and discharge. Impeller is rotated by
motor or i.e. engine or any other device.

DESCRIPTION OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP TEST RIG

Centrifugal Pump Test Rig consists of a sump, a centrifugal pump, and AC motor and
measuring tank. To measure the head, pressure and vacuum gauges are provided. To
measure the discharge, a measuring tank is provided. Flow diversion system is provided
to divert flow from sump tank to measuring tank and from measuring tank to sump tank.
A valve is provided in pipe line to change the rate of flow.
UTILITIES REQUIRED

1. Electricity supply: Single phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 5 – 15 amp socket with earth
connection.
2. Water supply.
3. Drain required.
4. Bench area required: 1.5 m x 0.75 m
5. Tachometer for RPM measurement

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Starting procedure
1. Clean the apparatus and make tanks free from dust.

2. Close the drain valves provided.

3. Fill sump tank ¾ with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are there.

4. Open flow control valve given on the water discharge line and control valve given on
suction line.

5. Ensure that all ON/OFF switches given on the panel are at OFF position.

6. Set the desired speed of pump with the help of step cone pulley arrangement.

7. Operate the flow control valve to regulate the flow of water discharged by the pump.

8. Operate the control valve to regulate the suction of the pump.

9. Record discharge pressure by means of pressure gauge, provided on discharge line.

10. Record suction pressure by means of vacuum gauge, provided at suction of the pump.

11. Record the power consumption by means of energy meter, provided in panel.

12. Measure the flow of water, discharged by the pump, using stop watch and measuring
tank.

13. Repeat the same procedure for the rest of the two speeds of motor / pump.

Closing Procedure

1. When experiment is over, open gate valve properly provided on the discharge line.
2. Reduce the RPM of the pump with the help of DC drive.

3. Switch OFF the pump first.

4. Switch OFF power supply to panel.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

EMC = 3200 Pulses / Kwh

A = 0.128 m2
ρ = 1000 Kg / m2
ηm = 0.8 (assumed)
g = 9.81 m / s2
hpg = 1m

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. No. N, Pd, P S, R1, R2, t, tp,

RPM Kg/cm2 mm Hg cm cm sec sec

To plot head vs discharge and pump efficiency vs discharge.

CALCULATIONS :

P 3600
Ei = -------- x ------------- , kW = -------------------- kW
tp EMC

Es = Ei x ηm , kW = ----------------------- kW
R1 - R 2
R = --------------- , m = ------------------------- m
100
 A x R
Q = -------------- , m3 / sec = ------------------------ m3 / sec
t

Ps
H = 10 x [ Pd + -------- ] + hpg , m of water = --------------- m of water
760

ρ x g x Q x H
E = --------------------------- , kW = -------------------------- kW
1000

E0
η0 = -------- x 100 % = --------------------- %
E1
E0
ηp = -------- x 100 % = --------------------- %
Es
NOMENCLATURE:

A = Area of measuring tank, m2

EMC = Energy meter constant, Pulses / kW rh

Ei = Pump input, kW

Es = Shaft output, kW

g = Acc. dueto gravity, / m s2

H = Total Head, m of water

hpg = Height of pressure gauge from vacuum gauge, m

N = Speed of pump, r.p.m.

P = Pulses of energy meter

Pd = Delivery pressure, kg / cm2

Ps = Suction pressure, mmHg

Q = Discharge, m3 / s

R = Rise of water level in measuring tank, m

R1 = Final level of water level in measuring tank, cm

R2 = Initial level of water level in measuring tank, cm

t = Time taken by R, sec

tp = Time taken by P, sec

ρ = Density of fluid, kg / m3

ηp = Pump efficiency, %

η0 = Overall efficiency, %

PRECAUTIONS AND MAINTENANCE

1. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180 volts and above 230 volts.

2. Never fully close, the Delivery line and By-pass line valves simultaneously.

3. To prevent clogging of moving parts, run pump at least once in a fortnight.

4. Always use clean water.

5. If apparatus will not be in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus
completely.

6. Always keep apparatus free of dust.

TROUBLESHOOTING

1. If rpm indicator is not displaying the rpm, check the distance of proximity switch and
adjust it to 2-3 mm.

2. If pump does not lift the water, open the air vent provided on the pump to remove the
air from pump.

3. If panel is not showing input, check the fuse and main supply.
 Experiment No. 10

TITLE
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERSTICS OF FRANCIS TURBINE

OBJECTIVE:
To study the operation of a Francis Turbine and determine the output power and
efficiency of Francis Turbine.

INTRODUCTION:
Francis Turbine named after James Bichens Francis, is a reaction type of turbine for
medium high to medium low heads and medium small to medium large quantities of
water. The reaction turbine operates with its wheels submerged in water. The water
before entering the turbine has pressure as well as kinetic energy. The moment on the
wheel is produced by both kinetic and pressure energies. The water leaving the turbine
has still some of the pressure as well as kinetic energy.
THEORY:
Originally the Francis turbine was designed as a purely radial flow type reaction turbine
but modern Francis turbine is a mixed flow type in which water enters the runner radially
inwards towards the centre and discharges out axially. It operates under medium heads
and requires medium quantity of water.

DESCRIPTION FRANCIS TURBINE TEST RIG(1 kW):

The present set up consists of a runner. The water is fed to the turbine by means of
Centrifugal pump, radially to the runner. The runner is directly mounted on one end of a
central SS shaft and other end is connected to a brake arrangement. The circular window
of the turbine casing is provided with a transparent acrylic sheet for observation of flow
on the runner. This runner assembly is supported by thick cast iron pedestal. Load is
applied to the turbine with the help of brake arrangement so that the efficiency of the
turbine can be calculated. A draught tube is fitted on the outlet of the turbine. The set up
is complete with guide mechanism. Pressure and vacuum gauges are fitted at the inlet and
outlet of the turbine to measure the total supply head on the turbine.

UTILITIES REQUIRED:

1. Electricity supply : 3 phase, 440 V AC, 50 Hz, 5 kw with earth connection/

2. Water supply (200 liters)

3. Drain required.

4. Floor area required : 2m x 1m

5. Tachometer to measure RPM

6. Mercury for manometer, 250 gm.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Starting Procedure

1. Clean the apparatus and make tank free from dust.

2. Close the drain valve provided.

3. Fill sump tank ¾ with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are there.

4. Fill manometer fluid i.e. Hg in manometer by opening the valves of manometer and
one PU pipe from pressure measurement point of pipe.

5. Connect the PU pipe back to its position and close the valves of manometer.
6. Ensure that there is no load on the brake drum.

7. Switch ON the pump with the help of the starter.

8. Open the air release valve provided on the manometer, slowly to release the air from
manometer. ( This should be done very carefully. )

9. When there is no air in the manometer, close the air release valves.

10. Now turbine is in operation.

11. Apply load on hanger and adjust the spring balance load by hand wheel just to release
the rest position of the hanger.

12. Note the manometer reading, pressure gauge reading and vacuum gauge reading.

13. Measure the RPM of the turbine.

14. Note the applied weight and spring balance reading.

15. Repeat the same experiment for different load.

16. Regulate the discharge by regulating the guide vanes position.

17. Repeat the experiment for different discharge.

Closing Procedure:

1. When the experiment is over, first remove load on dynamometer.

2. Open the by-pass valve.

3. Close the ball valves provided on manometer.

4. Switch OFF pump with the help of starter.

5. Switch OFF main power supply.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

DATA:
 g = 9.81 m/sec2
ρw = 1000 Kg/m3
ρm = 13600 Kg/m3
Cv = 0.98
D = 0.08m
dB = 0.2 m
dR = 0.012 m
W3 = ----- kg
W4 = ----- kg

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. No. N, Pd, P S, h1, h2, W1, W2,

RPM Kg/cm2 mm Hg cm cm kg kg

CALCULATIONS:

Ps
H = 10 ( Pd + ----- ) , m of water = --------------- m of water
760

Q = V x A, m3/sec = ------------------ m3/sec

π
A = ----- d 2, m2 = --------------- m2
4

h1 – h2
h = ---------------- , m = ---------------- m
100
V = Cv x √2gh x (ρ m/ ρw - 1) , m / sec = --------------------- m / sec

ρw x g x Q x H
Ei = ------------------------- , kW = ------------------------ kW
1000

T = ( W1 + W3 + W4 - W2 ) x g x Re , Nm = ---------------- Nm

dB + 2dR
Re = ---------------- , m = -------------------------- m
2

2 x π x N x T
E0 = ------------------------- , kW = ------------------------kW
60 x 1000
E0
ηt = --------- x 100 % = --------------------------- %
Ei

NOMENCLATURE:

A = Cross-sectional area of pipe, m2

CV = Co-efficient of pitot tube

D = Diameter of pipe, m

dB = Diameter of brake drum, m

dR = Diameter of rope, m

Ei = Input power, kW

Eo = Output power, kW

g = Acceleration due to gravity, m / sec2

H = Total head, m

h = Differential pressure of manometer, m

h1, h2 = Manometer reading at both points, cm

N = RPM of runner shaft

Pd = Delivery pressure, kg / cm2

PS = Suction Pressure, mm / Hg

Q = Discharge, m3 / sec

Re = Equivalent radius, m

T = Torque , N m

V = Velocity of water, m/s

W1 = Applied weight, kg

W2 = Dead weight (obtain from spring balance), kg

W3 = Weight of hanger, kg

W4 = Weight of rope, kg

ρw = Density of water, kg / m3

ρm = Density of manometer fluid i.e. Hg, kg / m3

ηt = Turbine efficiency, %

PRECAUTION AND MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS

1. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 390 volts and above 420 volts.

2. To prevent clogging of moving parts, run pump at least once in a fortnight.

3. Always use clean water.

4. Drain the apparatus completely after experiment is over.

5. Always keep apparatus free from dust.

TROUBLESHOOTING
1. If pump does not lift the water, the revolution of the motor may be reverse. Change the
electric connection to change the revolution.

2. If panel is not showing input, check the main supply.

Experiment No. 11

TITLE
PERFORMANCE TEST OF A PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

OBJECTIVES

To study the performance of Pelton wheel turbine and draw its characteristics at constant
speed and constant head.

THEORY

Hydro-power is one of the major cheap sources of power available one earth, and
hence it is widely used for generation of electric power world wide. Water stored in the
dam contains potential energy. The water flows through the turbine, so that power is
generated by impact of water or reaction of water flow. The turbine drives a generator
which delivers electrical power. Thus, turbines are of great importance.
Turbines are basically of two types, viz. impulse turbines and reaction turbines. In
impulse turbines, water coming from high head acquires high velocity. The high velocity
water jet strikes the buckets of the turbine runner and causes it to rotate by impact. In
reaction turbine, total head of water is partly converted into velocity head as it
approaches turbine runner and it fills the runner and pressure of water gradually changes
as it flows through runner. In impulse turbine, the only turbine used now-a-days is Pelton
Wheel Turbine. In reaction turbines, Francis Turbine and Kalpan Turbine are the
examples.
The ‘DYNAMIC’ Pelton wheel turbine consists of runner mounted over the main
shaft. Runner consists of buckets fitted to the disc. The buckets have a shape of double
ellipsoidal cups. The runner is encased in a casing provided with a Perspex window for
visualization. A nozzle fitted in the side of casing directs the water jet over the ‘Spilter’
or center ridge of the buckets. A spear operates inside the nozzle to control the water
flow. On the other side of the shaft, a rope brake is mounted for loading the turbine.

PELTON WHEEL TURBINE TEST RIG – 5 HP SPECIFICATIONS:-

1) Turbine Power – 5 H.P. fitted with 18 number of buckets, mounted over the sump
tank provided with nozzle and spear.

2) Pump – 15 H.P. mono-block pump, Head 85m, Discharge 6lps provided with semi
automatic star-delta starter

3) Measurements –
a) Venturi meter with mercury manometer for discharge measurement.
b) Rope brake pulley dia 0.270 meter with spring balance 50 Kgs. Capacity and belt
thk. 6mm.
c) Pressure gauge to note down the pressure 0 – 7 Kg/cm2 capacity.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: -

1) Fill up sufficient water in the sump tank.

2) Keep the venturimeter valves closed.
3) Close nozzle by operating the spear. Press ‘Green’ button of starter, hold it for 1-2
seconds and release so that pump starts running.
4) Observe direction of pump rotation during starting. It should be clockwise, as seen
from fan end. If it is reverse, interchange any two phases supply line. If direction pump is
correct, pressure gauge will read the pressure about 6 Kgs/cm2. If it is reverse, pressure
gauge will read about 2 Kgs/cm2.
5) Slowly open the nozzle. Turbine will start rotating. Adjust the spear so that turbine is
rotating at 1000rmp.
6) Put the load using loading stud. Open the nozzle, so that turbine is again rotating at
1000rpm.
7) Note down the readings in observation table.
8) Repeat the procedure for different speeds, say 800 rpm, 600 rpm, 500 rpm.
9) Release all the load. Keep spear at 1/4 opening. Load the rope brake with 5 Kg load.
Note down the speed.
10) Go on adding the load, without disturbing spear position. Note down head, speed,
discharge and load each time.
11) Repeat the procedure for 1/2, 3/4 and full spear opening. This is a constant head test.

OBSERVATION TABLE: -

1) Constant speed test – Turbine speed, N = RPM

S. No. Spring balance Manometer Pressure gauge

difference difference reading
(Kg) (m of Hg) (Kg/cm2)

Use similar table for different speeds.

2) Constant head test – Spear opening – 1/4, 1/2, 3/4, Full.

Manometer difference – m of Hg
Pressure gauge reading – Kg/cm2

S. No. Spring balance difference Speed rpm

(Kg)
CALCULATIONS : -

1) Head over the turbine -

Since 10 Mtr. of water head corresponds to 1 Kg/cm2.
Therefore, H = Pressure Gauge Reading Kg/cm2 x 10 mtr.

2) Water flow rate –

Q = Cd x a1 x a2
----------------- x (2 ghw) 0.5 m3/sec
(a12 - a22) 0.5

Q = 0.02498 ( h in mtr ) 0.5 ----------- h = Manometer reading mtr.

Where,
a1 = Inlet area of Venturimeter at dia. = 0.05m = 1.963 x 10-3 m2

a2 = Throat are of Venturimeter at dia = 0.04m = 1.25 x 10-3 m2

Cd = Co – efficient of discharge = 0.98

hw = Water head across venture

= Manometer difference (h) x 12.6 mtr of water

3) Power supplied to turbine –

Pin = WHQ watts

Where,

W = Specific weight of water = 9810 N/ m3

4) Brake Power –
( 0.270 + 0.006 )
T = ( Spring balance difference Kg ) x 9.81 x --------------------- N.m
2
2 x 3.14 x N x T
 Brake Power = ------------------------------ watts
60

Note – i) Turbine speed is to be noted from laboratory tachometer, which is not the
part of equipment.
ii) Belt the 6 mm (i.e. 0.006 mtrs.)

5) Specific Speed –

N ( P ) 0.5
NS = -------------------
H5/4

N ( P in / 0.75 ) 0.5
= ---------------------------
H5/4

N x 1.77 x ( P in ) 0.5
= --------------------------------
H5/4

6) Overall efficiency of turbine –

BP
η = --------- x 100 %
P in
Graphs –

1) Constant speed test -

Plot the graph of load Vs efficiency and discharge Vs. B. P. and efficiency.

2) Constant head test –

Plot the graph of speed N Vs. B. P. and
N Vs. overall efficiency for various spear openings

PRECAUTIONS

1) While putting ‘ON’ the pump see that the nozzle is closed by the spear and load on the
brake drum is released.

2) Use clean water in the tank.

3) Operate all the controls and switches gently.

4) Lubricate the bearings, before experiment.

5) Drain the water after completion of experiment.

6) It is necessary to prime the pump before starting.

7) Open manometer cocks slowly and simultaneously so that mercury does not run away
with the water.

Experiment No. 12 (A)

TITLE
A) PERFORMANCE TEST OF GEAR PUMP

OBJECTIVES

To study the gear pump (positive displacement pump) and analyze its performance by
plotting a graph between discharge & head, speed & discharge and efficiency & head..

THEORY OF GEAR PUMP

Gear pump is positive displacement type pump. Gear pumps are widely used for
hydraulic power packs used in machine tools of testing machines, because of simplicity
of construction and compactness. Also, even the pump is positive displacement type, the
discharge through pump is continuous. This is an advantage over the reciprocating
plunger type pump. Being a positive displacement pump, it can discharge the liquid to
higher discharge pressure than rotary centrifugal pumps. The ‘DYNAMIC’ test rig
consists of a gear pump connected to a sump tank. A valve provided on discharge side of
pump controls the discharge pressure. Various measurements are provided so that
performance of pump can be evaluated.

GEAR PUMP TEST RIG SPECIFICATIONS:

1) Gear Pump – 1/2" BSP connections, rated speed 1440 rpm.

2) Motor – 1 H.P., 1425rpm, 3 phase with 3 speed cone pulley and vee belt.

3) Measurements and controls –

a) Vacuum gauge at suction of pump.
b) Pressure gauge at discharge line of pump. 0 – 7 Kg/cm2.
c) Energy meter for motor input measurement, Measuring tank with stop clock for
discharge measurement.
d) Gate valve for discharge pressure control.
e) Valve to direct the oil either to sump tank or measuring tank.
f) Pressure relief valve at discharge side.

4) Pump tank – 160 ltr. capacity.

PROCEDURE –

Fill up sufficient clean oil in the tank ( SAE – 40, at least 35 ltrs.) Before putting
the oil, the tank must be clean. Rotate the belt by hand to check for freeness of operation.
Ensure that pressure control valve is fully open. Make the electrical connections.
Keep the valve, which directs the oil to sump, open. Now start the motor. Set the
discharge pressure with the help of valve and note down the observations. Repeat the
procedure for different pressures
Take similar observations by changing the pump speed.

OBSERVATIONS –

Pump speed –

S. No. Discharge Suction Time for 5 ltr. oil Time for 5 imp.
Pressure Vacuum in measuring tank of energy meter
Kg/cm2 Mm of Hg sec. sec.
CALCULATIONS –

1) Flow rate (discharge) -

Let the time required for 10 ltr. be tm sec.

10 x 10-3
Therefore, discharge, Q = -------------------- m3/sec.
tm

2) Discharge head –
Let discharge pressure be P Kg/cm2

1 Kg/cm2 pressure = 12.5 m head of oil

Vacuum, mm of Hg 132435
Suction head = --------------------------- x ----------------
1000 7850

= 17 x vacuum m of oil

H = Total head
= Suction head + discharge head + 1

3) Output power –

WQH
O.P. = --------------- x Kw
1000

Where,
W = Specific weight of oil = 7850 N/m3

Q = Discharge, m3/sec.
 H = Total head

4) Input Power –
Let time required for 5 impulsions be te.

5 3600
I.P. = ---------- x ------------ Kw
te 1600

S.P. = I.P x 0.7 x 0.9

Efficiency of the motor is 70 % and transmission efficiency is 90 %.

5) Efficiency –

O. P
ηo = ----------- x 100 %
S. P
6) Slip –
Vs = Swept volume per rev. = 1.7 x 10-5 m3

[ N x Vs ] - Q
% Slip = --------------------- x 100
[ N x Vs]

Where,
N = Rotational speed of the pump, rps.

Plot the following graphs –

a) Speed V/s discharge

b) Head V/s discharge

c) Head V/s efficiency

It is seen that –

i) Discharge is directly proportional to speed.

ii) Discharge slightly reduces with increasing head.

iii) As head rises, efficiency increases.

PRECAUTIONS –

1) Never keep the sump lid open.

2) Always fill up clean oil in the lamp.

3) Always use SAE – 40 oil for the pump.

4) Never disturb the setting of pressure relief valve.

5) Never use the heads above 7 Kg/cm2 of pressure gauge.

6) Always operate all the controls gently.

Experiment No. 12 (B)

TITLE
B) PERFORMANCE TEST OF RECIPROCATING PUMP

OBJECTIVES

To study the reciprocating pump (positive displacement pump) and analyze its
performance by plotting a graph between discharge & head and speed & discharge.

THEORY

Reciprocating pump is a positive displacement plunger pump. It is often used

where relatively small quantity of water is to be handled and delivery pressure is quite
large. Reciprocating pumps are widely used as Automobile Service Stations, Chemical
Industries, or as metering and dosing pumps.
 The ‘DYNAMIC’ apparatus consists of a three cylinder, double acting
reciprocating pump mounted over the sump tank. The pump is driven by a variable speed
d.c. motor. An energy meter dimmer measures electrical input to motor. Measuring tank
is provided to measure discharge of the pump. The pressure and vacuum gauges provided
to measure the delivery pressure and suction vacuum respectively.

RECIPROCATING PUMP TEST RIG SPECIFICATIONS

1. Reciprocating pump – stroke length 16 mm, piston ……..22 mm, double acting, with
air vessel on discharge side, suction 20 mm discharge 20 mm.

2. D.C. shunt motor, 1 HP, variable speed, controlled by 4 AMP dimmer.

3. Measuring tank – 400 mm x 400 mm x 450 mm height provided with gauge tube
and funnel for diverting the flow into measuring tank or sump tank.

4. Sump tank – 600 mm x 900 mm x 600 mm height.

5. Measurements -
i) Pressure gauge 0 – 10 Kg/cm2 for discharge pressure.
ii) Vacuum gauge 0 – 760 mm Hg for suction vacuum.
iii) 1 Ph energy meter for motor input measurement.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE : -

1) Fill up sufficient water in sump tank.

2) Open the gate valve in the discharge pipe of the pump fully.

3) Check nut bolts and the driving belt for proper tightening.

4) Keep the speed control (Dimmer) knob at minimum position and switch on the supply.

5) Divert funnel into the measuring tank and slowly increase the pump speed, (say 500
rpm) slightly close the discharge valve. Note down pump speed, delivery pressure,
suction vacuum, time for 10 imps of energy meter and for flow measurement close the
measuring tanks drain valve, take time for 10 lits.

6) Repeat the procedure for different gate valve closing. Take care that discharge pressure
does not rise above 8 Kg/cm2. [constant rpm test]

7) Change the speed and take readings for different gate valve openings. Repeat the
procedure for different speeds and complete the observation table. ( 600 rpm, 700 rpm )
OBSERVATION : -

Sr. Pump Discharge Suction Time for 10 ltrs. Time for 10 imp. of
No. Speed Pressure Vacuum rise in measuring energy meter te sec.
RPM Np Kg/cm2 Mm of Hg tank, t sec.

(Note – Pump speed is to be measured with laboratory tachometer and it is not the
part of the equipment.)

CALCULATIONS

1)Volume per stroke = π /4 x 1 x 3

= π /4 x (0.022)2 x (0.016) x 3
= 1.82 x 10-5 m3/stroke

2) Theoretical discharge
1.82 x 10-5 x Np
Qt = -------------------------- m3/sec
60

3) Actual discharge
0.01
Qa = --------- m3 / sec
Tw

4) Suction head
Ps x 13.6
Hs = ------- ----------
1000 1
Where,
Sp. gravity of mercury = 13.6
5) Delivery head
Hd = Discharge pressure, Kg/ cm2 x 10
(as 10 m of water = 1 Kg / cm2)

6) Total head
Ht = Hs + Hd + 2 mtr
Where,
Fictional losses = 2 mtr.

7) Output power of pump

W. Qa. Ht
PW = --------------- Kw
1000
Where,
W = Specific weight of water = 9810 N / m3
Qa = Discharge m3/sec
Ht = Total head. m

8) Input power to pump

Let the time required for 10 indication mean pulse of energy meter be te sec
then,
10 x 3600
IP = -------- --------- Kw
te 3200
Where,
Energy meter constant is 3200 imp / kwh
Taking motor efficiency 80 %, we have input shaft power
S.P. = I.P. x 0.80

9) Overall efficiency of pump

PW
ηo = -------- x 100 %
SP

10) Coefficient of discharge of pump

Actual discharge Qa
Cd = -------------------------- = --------
Theoretical discharge Qt

11) Slip
Qt - Qa
 Slip = ----------------- x 100 %
Qt

12) Graphs
Plot the graph of head Vs discharge, input power and efficiency of the
pump ( at constant speed ). Plot the graph of speed Vs discharge for constant head.

PRECAUTIONS

1) Earthing is necessary.
2) Clean water must be filled in sump tank.
3) Operate all the controls gently. Do not disturb the by pass knob. ( at the top of the
pump)
4) Never allow to rise the discharge pressure above 8 kg / cm2.
5) Before starting the pump ensure that discharge valve is opened fully and speed control
knob is at zero position.
6) Do not close the discharge valve.
7) 20 w 40 oil use in pump. ( keep oil level properly )
8) Oil must be changed after 2 years. ( Drain nut is provided near the oil indicator )
9) Do not run the pump more than 700 rpm.
10) After completion of experiment drain all the water.