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Experimental Results
Johan Borg∗ , Jonny Johansson, Jan van Deventer and Jerker Delsing
EISLAB, Dept. of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering,
Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
∗ Email: johan.borg@ltu.se
Abstract— Ultrasonic transit-time flow-meters estimate fluid either entirely along the same axis, as shown in Fig. 1, or at
or gas flows from the difference in times of flight of upstream some non-normal angle. Reciprocity will naturally not hold
and downstream acoustic pulses. However, any delay differences in the case when the media between the transducers have
arising from sources other than the flow to be measured will
cause a troublesome ”zero flow” offset error. a velocity component parallel to the acoustic signal, as the
In theory, the transducers used in the measurement system effective path for the different directions will be different, but
should not influence the zero flow error, as electroacoustic it is still of considerable interest when trying to mitigate the
systems based on piezoelectric transducers have been shown measurement error when the flow is zero, the “zero flow” error
to be reciprocal (when the media is stationary). However, care [3].
is required when designing the electrical interfaces for the
piezoelectric transducers, if reciprocity in the system is to be
utilized.
This work presents technique and measurements that apply
reciprocity to an ultrasonic transit-time flow-meter. Specialized
electrical transducer interfaces with options to drive the trans-
ducers from either low or high impedance sources were used.
Combined with a high-impedance receive mode these options
made it possible to change the conditions for reciprocity in the
system.
We show reduced delay difference in 9 cases out of 10 when
trying to utilize the reciprocal property compared to when we
disregard it in favor for larger excitation energy. The delay Fig. 1. The flow-meter assembly (principle)
improvements were accompanied by reduced differences between
the center frequencies of the signals from the two paths.
In this paper we have studied the measurable level of reci-
I. I NTRODUCTION procity expressed in terms of delay difference and “zero flow”
accuracy, that is, the difference in transmission delay in both
The common notion of reciprocity is the electromagnetic
directions through a flow-meter assembly, and the correspond-
reciprocity theorem [1] developed by Henrik Lorentz during
ing flow, when the media is stationary. Using custom built
the late 19 th century as an extension of the older acoustic reci-
electrical transducer interfaces we show improvements in the
procity formulated by Helmoltz. It applies to generic cases of
zero-flow error in 9 cases out of 10, and considerably reduced
linear time-invariant systems, but not without some exceptions,
sensitivity to unequal capacitive loading. The presented work
for example the ferromagnetic Faraday effect. When applied
is a part of our ongoing research on integrated electronics for
to circuit theory several simplifications can be made. A useful
ultrasonic measurement systems [4], [5].
result is that given the current Ikn through voltage source k
Section 2 presents the measurement system used, with
when the only active voltage source n is driving a voltage V ,
experiments and results in sections 3 and 4, respectively.
we have:
Discussion follows in section 5 with conclusions and future
I21 = I12 . (1)
work in section 6.
This can be formulated for arbitrary numbers of sources and
can, by applying Norton and Tevenin equivalent circuits, be II. E XPERIMENT SETUP
applied to current sources and ports with impedances. Traditional interfaces for piezoelectric transceivers typically
Piezoelectric resonators are reciprocal in an electri- apply a voltage pulse without regard to the impedance load on
cal/mechanical two-port sense [2] and a cascade of reciprocal the piezoelectric crystal during transmission [6]. Simulations
networks is also reciprocal. Thus, any system with two piezo- of this kind of system has failed to show the expected
electric transducers will constitute a reciprocal electrical two- reciprocal behavior [7]. In many cases, the crystal is signifi-
port. An ultrasonic transit-time flow meter is essentially two cantly loaded either by the output transistor(s) or through the
piezoelectric transducers in an assembly where the fluid or diodes that protect the receiver until the voltage across the
gas will flow along the acoustic path between the transducers, crystal has stabilized. In contrast, in this paper, we attempt
a 50 mm length of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) polymer All experiments performed for this paper used stationary tap
in front of the piezoelectric crystals in order to make the water in the mass flow meter assembly.
transducers usable in future density measurement applications.
The backing consists of 9 mm of epoxy loaded with tungsten IV. R ESULTS
particles. This thickness was selected to make it possible
to minimize the length of the electrical connections to the Table I shows the results when different combinations of
piezoelectric crystals while keeping any echo from the other transducers were used. “Improvement” is the absolute value
side of the backing from interfering with the echos from the of the delay difference in voltage mode divided by the
two reference surfaces. corresponding delay difference measured when using current
mode. “Frequency” shows the differences between the center
III. M EASUREMENTS frequencies of the received signals from the two transducers.
In this flow-meter a delay difference of 1 ns corresponds to a
The outputs from the two transducers were connected to flow of about 0.15 l/min.
two channels of a TektronixTM TDS7254 digital storage os-
cilloscope, used with a sampling frequency of 5 GHz and set 15
to average 64 waveforms before the data was transferred to a
10
PC. MatlabTM was used for all digital signal processing.
Different delays in the isolating switches, amplifiers, con- 5
necting cables, etc, were canceled by performing all measure-
Delay Mismatch (ns)