Lesson 1.1 E: Xercises

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8. Wheel A has four lines of reflectional symmetry,

and Wheel C has five lines of reflectional symmetry. CHAPTER 1
Wheels B and D do not have reflectional symmetry.
LESSON 1.1
EXERCISES
1. Possible answers: point: balls, where lines cross;
segment: lines of the parachute, court markings;
collinear: points along a line of the court structure;
coplanar: each boy’s hand, navel, and kneecap,
points along two strings
9. Wheels B and D have only rotational symmetry. , TP
2. PT
Wheel B has 4-fold rotational symmetry, and
Wheel D has 3-fold rotational symmetry. Wheels 3. The name can have any two of the point names—A,
A and C have both reflectional and rotational R, or T—in either order. So, the correct answer can
, RA
be any two of the following: AR , AT
, TA
,
symmetry (A: 4-fold; C: 5-fold).
, TR
RT .
10. Designs will vary but should contain concentric
, MS
4. Any two of the following: MA , AS
, AM
, SA
, SM

circles and symmetry in some of the rings.
5. 6.
11. Designs will vary but should contain concentric A B K L
circles and symmetry in some of the rings. 7. y or CA
8. AC
12. Designs will vary but should use techniques from 3
Islamic art, be a knot design, and have optical effects. D
x
–3 3
13. a. The flag of Puerto Rico is not symmetric because
–3 E
of the star and the colors.
or QP
9. PQ
or RT
10. TR , RI
or IR
, and TI
or IT

11. A B
12. y
Puerto Rico S
11
b. The flag of Kenya does not have rotational

symmetry because of the colors and the
spearheads.
R
14.3 cm
13. mAB 6.7 cm
14. mCD
15–17. Check the length of each segment to see if it
Kenya is correct. Refer to each exercise for the correct
measurements.
c. Possible answers:
. X is the midpoint of WY
18. R is the midpoint of PQ .

Y is the midpoint of XZ . No midpoints are shown
in ABC. (Note: Even though AD and DC
appear
to be the same length, you cannot assume they are
congruent without the markings.)
19. Possible answers:
Japan Nigeria
A B C D E
or
⬵ CE
AC

BC ⬵ CD
Discovering Geometry Solutions Manual CHAPTER 1 7

©2008 Kendall Hunt Publishing
DG4SM_890_00-01.qxd 12/8/06 12:24 PM Page 8
with midpoint M. Add

20. First, draw a segment ST 29–31. y
congruence marks.
5
T
M
S M
C
Next, add point P so that P
–5 O A (4, 0)
x
SP PT. Draw SP and PT
D
and add congruence marks.
–5
B
T
M
S 32. Yes. Change the signs of the coordinates to get
to
Finally, extend PT P P(6, 2), Q(5, 2), R(4, 6).
twice its length. Mark the y
R
endpoint Q. Because
PT TQ, mark TQ
with the same Q P⬘
congruence mark M
T
x
.
used for PT
S
Q⬘
P
Q R⬘
rise
21. The first point listed must be the endpoint, A; the Because the slope run between any two points is

other point can be either B or C. So, the two names 4
, the points are collinear.
1
and AC
are AB .
33. Plot point N. It will be easiest to determine the
, PN
22. PM lengths if you draw a horizontal or vertical segment.
, XZ
23. XY To locate P and Q, mark points the same number of
units above and below (or to the left and the right
24. The first point listed must be the endpoint of of) point N.
the ray.
Possible answer:
A
B y
25. Y
Q
N
x
X P
26. M N
34. A
R
27. T
C
G
Y
D
A B
35. Possible answer: use the ruler to draw
of length 8 cm. Then, use the
AB 8 cm
,
28. 10. First, list all the segments with endpoint A: AB ruler to draw any segment BC of
, AD
AC , AE. Next, list the segments with endpoint B, length 11 cm for which A, B, and C
11 cm
but don’t include AB because you already listed it: are not collinear. Connect points A and C to form
, BD
BC , BE . Next, list all the segments with , which becomes the third side of ABC.
AC
endpoint C, but don’t include AC or BC
because
For the second triangle, use the
you already listed them: CD , CE
. The only segment 8 cm
same procedure to draw DEF,
with endpoint D that hasn’t been listed yet is DE. 11 cm
but change the size of the
All the segments with endpoint E have been listed. opening between the two sides with lengths 8 cm
, AC
In all, there are 10 possible segments: AB , AD,
and 11 cm.
, BC
AE , BD , BE , CD, CE
, DE
.
8 CHAPTER 1 Discovering Geometry Solutions Manual

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PROJECT 8. a. For Figure 1, both midpoints are (5.5, 6.5). For

Project should satisfy the following criteria: Figure 2, both midpoints are (16, 6.75). For
Figure 3, both midpoints are (29.75, 5.5).
● Student uses concentric circles whose radii increase by
b. For these figures, the midpoints of the two
a constant amount and segments that divide the circles
diagonals are the same point. This means the
into equal sectors.
diagonals intersect each other at their midpoints.
● The decoration of the design emphasizes the spirals.
Extra credit LESSON 1.2
● Student creates clockwise and counterclockwise spirals EXERCISES
in one design.
1. When three letters are used to name an angle, the
middle letter must be the vertex. Also, a single letter
USING YOUR ALGEBRA SKILLS 1 can name an angle only if there is no confusion
about which angle it is referring to. For example,
EXERCISES there is only one angle with vertex E, so it can be
x x 12 (6) y y
1. x
1
2
2 3 and y
2
1
2
2 named E. However, there are two angles with
7 15 vertex O, so the name O is ambiguous. TEN,
2 4, so the midpoint is (3, 4).
NET, E; FOU, UOF, 1; ROU,
x x 17 (1) y y UOR, 2.
2. x
1
2
2 9 and y
2
1
2
2
8 11
2 1.5, so the midpoint is (9, 1.5). In Exercises 2–4, the angles may be any size, but the
x1 x2 14 (3) y1 y2 vertex labels should be the same as those in the
3. x 2
5.5 and y
2
2

(7) 18
answers below.
2 5.5, so the midpoint is (5.5, 5.5).
2. N 3.
4. Let (x, y) represent the other endpoint; then G B
12 x 8 y
3 2 and 18 2. Here are the A T
step-by-step solutions to these equations:

12 x
3 2 I
6 12 x Multiply both sides by 2. 4. S
6 x Subtract 12 from both sides. M
8 y
18 2 L
36 8 y Multiply both sides by 2. 5. In the first figure, S, P, R, Q. The other
44 y Add 8 to both sides. angles all have the same vertex, T, so none of them
can be described with just one letter. In the second
The endpoint is (6, 44). figure, all the angles have the same vertex, D, so
5. Yes. The coordinates of the midpoint of a segment none of them can be described with just one letter.
with endpoints (a, b) and (c, d) are found by taking 6. Possible answer:
ac
the average of the x-coordinates,
2 , and the
bd
average of the y-coordinates, 2. Thus, the B
ac bd
midpoint is 2 , 2 .
C
A
6. (3, 2) and (6, 4). To get the first point of trisection, D
add the coordinates of points A and B to get (9, 6),
then multiply those coordinates by 13 to get (3, 2). 7. 90°
To get the second point of trisection, add the passes through 60° on one scale and 120°
8. Side QC
coordinates of points A and B to get (9, 6), then on the other. Because AQC is larger than a 90°
multiply those coordinates by 23 to get (6, 4). This angle, 120° must be the correct measure.
only works because the coordinates of one of the
points are (0, 0). 9. 45° 10. 135° 11. 45° 12. 135°
7. Possible method: Find the midpoint of the segment, 13. One way to find mCQB is to find mAQC and
and then find the midpoint of each half of the mAQB and subtract. mAQC 120° and
segment. mAQB 90°, so mCQB 30°.

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14. To find mXQY, find mAQY and mAQX and Remove the protractor, and draw a ray from
subtract. mAQY 135° and mAQX 45°, so point A through the point you marked.
mXQY 90°.
15. Yes. mXQA mXQY 45° 90° 135°,
which equals mAQY. 44
A
16. 69°. Place the center mark of the protractor on
point A. Rotate the zero-edge of the protractor to 23. 24.
C
. AM
line up with side AC passes through 69° on 135
one scale and 111° on another. Because MAC is D E
smaller than a 90° angle, mMAC 69°.
90
B
130 140
150 16
0 25. Align your protractor as if you were going to
120 170
0M
11
0
60
50 40 30 20
10
18
0 measure A. Mark a point at the 22° mark (half
10
80
70 0
the measure of A). Remove the protractor, and
90
draw a ray from point A through the point you

90
80
100
marked. Add markings to show that the two angles

0
C
0 130 120 110
50 60 7
formed are congruent.

A
4
40
1
150
30
67.5
0
22
16
67.5
20
0
17
0 22
10
18
A C
0
26. D and Y are not the same point.

C
17. 110° 18. 40° 19. 125° 20. 55°
Y
21. SML has the greater measure because D
mSML 30° and mBIG 20°. The measure of

an angle is the amount of rotation from one side to N
the other. It has nothing to do with the lengths of

A
the angle’s sides.
22. Draw a ray with endpoint A. A 27. Don’t forget that at half past the hour, the hour
hand will be halfway between 3 and 4.
Place the center mark of the protractor on point A
and line up the zero-edge with the ray.
80 90 100 1
70 10
120
60 100 90 80 70
110 13
50 60 0
120 50
0
13
14
40
0
0
40
14
150
30
28.
150
30
160
20
60
20
180 170 1
170 180
10
10
A
0
Mark a point next to the 44° mark of the

protractor. (Use the scale that will give you an angle
smaller than 90°.) 29.
80 90 100 11
70 0
120
60 100 90 80 70
1 1 0 13
50 0 60 0
12 50
3 0
14
40
1
0
0
40
14
150
30
150
30
160
20
60
20
180 170 1
170 180
10
10
A 44
0

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30. Possible answer: 4:00

50 50 10
8 7
4
31. H 15
90
6 8
T O
6
32. T H
R A S 44. You will miss the target because the incoming angle
is too big.
33. G T
Target
A
Mirror
I N
34. W
Laser light
source
B O
T
45. 180 km. The diagram shows the relative positions of
the three towns.
I 70 km 110 km
P S G
and MY
35. MI have the same congruence markings, so 180 km
and
they are the same length. That is, MI MY. IC
have the same markings, so IC CK. M and
CK Because P, S, and G are collinear (the towns lie
I have the same markings, so mM mI. along a straight highway) and Smallville is between
Podunkville and Gotham City, segment addition
36. SEU; EUO; MO applies: PG PS SG 70 110 180, that is,
37. A quarter of a rotation is 90°. So, Podunkville and Gotham City are 180 km apart.
x 90° (15° 21°) 54°. 46. 12 cm
6 cm 6 cm
38. Half of a rotation is 180°. So,
y 180° (41° 37°) 102°. 47. The wire has length 4.36 cm. The center of gravity
39. A full rotation has measure 360°. Both angles is the midpoint of the wire, which is 4.36 divided
marked as congruent have measure z, so by 2, or 2.18 cm from the end of the wire.
2z 360° (87° 135° 74°) 64°. Therefore, 4.36 cm
z 32°. 2.18 cm 2.18 cm
40. 288°. First, measure ACU with a protractor to find 48. Possible answer: MS DG means that the distance
mACU 72°. Because a complete rotation between M and S equals the distance between D
around a point is 360°, the reflex measure of ACU and G. MS DG
means that segment MS is
is 360° 72° 288°. congruent to segment DG. The first statement
equates two numbers. The second statement
41. 242°. First, measure QUA with a protractor to find concerns the congruence between two geometric
mQUA 118°. Because a complete rotation figures. However, both statements convey the same
around a point is 360°, the reflex measure of QUA information and are marked the same way on
is 360° 118° 242°. a diagram.
42. They add to 360° because a complete rotation of length
49. Possible answer: Using the ruler, draw AB
around a point is 360°.
4 cm. (Any length can be used for AB .) Using the
43. The incoming angle has measure 50°. Draw an protractor, draw an angle with vertex A so that
outgoing angle of measure 50°. The side of the mA 40° and AB lies along one of the sides of
angle does not pass through the pocket, so the ball A. Using the protractor, now draw an angle with
will not go in. vertex B so that mB 70° and AB also lies along

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one of the sides of B. If necessary, extend the two 5. Note that PE must be
must be a segment and AR
rays of each angle that do not contain AB until they a ray.
intersect. Label their point of intersection as C. A
Then ABC will meet all of the requirements.
C
40 70 P E
R
A 4 cm B
You can draw a different triangle with these two 6. A D

angle measures, but any two such triangles will be B
similar (look alike). Triangle DEF with DE 6 cm C
E
is one such triangle.

7. A and B are complementary, so their measures
F must add to 90°. Because mA 40°, mB 50°.
40
40 70 A
D 6 cm E
50
IMPROVING YOUR VISUAL THINKING SKILLS
B
In problems of this kind, it’s a good strategy to move
the coins so that the middle ones form an alternating 8. C and D are supplementary, so their measures
sequence. Note that due to the symmetry of the must add to 180°. Because mD 40°,
problems, switching the P’s and D’s is also a solution. mC 140°.
Possible solution: The steps are shown below. (Read

across the rows rather than down the columns.)
140 40
C D
9. B is a Zoid. A Zoid is a creature

whose interior contains a small
triangle surrounding a black dot.
10. A good definition places an object in a class and
also differentiates it from other objects in that class.
A good definition has no counterexamples.
LESSON 1.3
11. The sum of the measures of two complementary
EXERCISES angles is 90°, whereas the sum of the measures of
1. Possible answer: 2. Possible answer: two supplementary angles is 180°.
D T E 12. No. Supplementary angles can be unconnected, but
a linear pair must share a vertex and a common
side. In the figure, A and B are supplementary
45 R because mA mB 180°, but they are not a
O G linear pair. Note that they neither share a common
vertex nor a common side, both of which are
required for a pair of angles to be a linear pair.
3. Possible answer: must be
4. Note that DG
a segment and MS 135⬚
must be a line. B
B E
45
G
A
D
I G S
M

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13. a. an angle; measures less than 90° 21. True. (Parallel lines must be in the same plane.)
b. angles; have measures that add to 90°
c. a point; divides a segment into two congruent
segments
d. a geometry tool; is used to measure the size of 22. False. Possible counterexample:
angles in degrees C T
14. If P is not between A and B or not between C

and D, then the definition is not true. Here is
a counterexample: A
P
23. False. Possible counterexample:
C
B D
A
140
C
and CD
The following is a correct definition: If AB 40
D
intersect at point P so that P is between A and B
and P is between C and D, then APC and BPD 24. False. Possible counterexample:
are a pair of vertical angles. A
15. True
16. True 17. True
C T
25. Point P must be on the line through T and S. The

is 69, or 23. One way to find another
slope of TS
point on the line is to start at point T and move up
2 units and right 3 units. This would give you
18. False point (3, 0). You can continue moving up and
over to find more possible points. Possible answers:
(3, 0), (0, 2), or (6, 6).
TS
26. For QR , the lines must have the same slope.
19. False. Think in three dimensions. There are an
The slope of TS is 69, or 23. One way to find
infinite number of planes that contain the given
point Q so that the slope of QR is 23 is to start at
line, and each one contains a line perpendicular
point R and move up 2 units and right 3 units. You
through the given point.
will be at point (2, 3). You can continue moving
up and over to find more possible points. Possible
answers: (2, 3) or (5, 1).
27. Just as in pool, the measure of the incoming angle
is equal to the measure of the outgoing angle. The
incoming angle has measure 46°, so draw an
outgoing angle with measure 46°.
20. False. Possible counterexample: A
46
50
Reflected
segment
46
B
50 80 Mirror
You should find that the reflected ray and the ray
that passes through (called the “refracted” ray) are
mirror images of each other. They form congruent
angles with the mirror.

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28. This problem is best solved by trial and error. Here 33.
, so
is a possible method. Point C has to lie on TR
1 pt. 2 pts.
choose that point first. Put it far enough to the left

of point S so that you have room for points A and
4 pts.
B. Because BAC will be a right angle, you know 3 pts.
points A and B will be on a segment perpendicular

. Because ABS will be obtuse, B needs to
to AC
5 pts.
be to the right of A and to the left of S. BAT 6 pts.
needs to be an acute angle, so place segment AB

somewhere such that ABS is obtuse and BAT Infinitely
is acute. Possible answer: A(8, 8), B(4.5, 6.5), many points
C(11, 1).
120° 1 2
y 34. a. , or is missing, so is left.
360° 3 3
A 60° 1
b. , or is missing.
360° 6
B 6 360°
c. 40°
9
S
C
–12 –6
x The other four tetrominoes:
T
R
Note that if two tetrominoes are congruent, they

29. Make a sketch showing the given information. are considered to be the same. For example, these
, AC 6 cm.
Because D is the midpoint of AC tetrominoes are all the same:

Because C is the midpoint of AB , AB 12 cm.
3 cm
A D C B
30. Make a sketch showing the given information.

is the bisector of ABC,
Because BD LESSON 1.4
mABD 24°. Because BE is the bisector
EXERCISES
of ABD, mEBD 12°. Therefore,
mEBC 12° 24°, or 36°. 1. Possible answer: 2. Possible answer:
A
E
24° 3. Possible answer:

B C
31. Possible answer:
4. The polygon has eight sides so it is an octagon.

5. The polygon has six sides so it is a hexagon.
6. The polygon has seven sides so it is a heptagon.
32.
7. The polygon has five sides so it is a pentagon.
0 pts.
8. To name the figure, start with any vertex, and list
1 pt. the letters in order as you move clockwise or
counterclockwise around the figure. A few possible
2 pts.
names are FIVER, VERFI, REVIF, IVERF.
9. Possible name: quadrilateral FOUR
3 pts.

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10. Possible name: equilateral quadrilateral BLOC 19. Many hexagons can be drawn that satisfy the
requirements. The figure shows one such hexagon.
11. a. a polygon; has eight sides
b. a polygon; has at least one diagonal outside the
polygon
130
c. a polygon; has 20 sides
d. a polygon; has all sides of equal length 130 130
12. Consecutive angles are angles whose vertices are

20. An equilateral concave polygon has five sides of
endpoints of the same side. For example, C and
equal length and at least one diagonal outside the
Y are consecutive angles. Consecutive sides are
and YN
pentagon. The figure shows one such pentagon.
sides that share a vertex. For example, CY
are consecutive sides.
13. Nine. A concave hexagon is a hexagon with at least
one diagonal outside the polygon. The hexagon on
the left below is a convex hexagon. On the right, An equiangular convex polygon has five angles of
the hexagon’s nine diagonals have been drawn. equal measure. The figure shows one such pentagon.
21. 84 in. A regular dodecagon has 12 congruent sides.

, AD
14. Make a sketch. The diagonals are AC , BD
, If the length of each side is 7 in., the perimeter will
, and CE
BE . be (12)(7 in.) 84 in.
A E
22. 5.25 cm. An equilateral octagon has eight congruent
sides. If the perimeter is 42 cm, the length of each
side will be cm 5.25 cm.
42
8
B
D 23. AB 14 m, CD 25 m. Use the information given
in the figure to write an equation. Notice from the
figure markings that AB BC, so AB x 3; and
C CD AE, so CD x 8. The perimeter of pentagon
ABCDE is 94 m, so 2(x 3) 2(x 8) 16 94.
15. When stating that two triangles are congruent, you
Solve this equation to find the value of x.
need to list the vertices in the order that shows the
correspondences. Because T corresponds to E, 2(x 3) 2(x 8) 16 94 The original
I corresponds to A, and N corresponds to R, equation.
EAR TIN. 2x 6 2x 16 16 94 Distributive
16. OLD WEN property.
17. a. a 44; b 58; c 34. Match up corresponding 4x 26 94 Combine like

sides of the two congruent pentagons, and apply terms.
the part of the definition of congruent polygons 4x 68 Subtract 26 from
that says that corresponding sides of congruent both sides.
polygons are congruent:
x 17 Divide both sides
corresponds to HI
OW , so a 44. by 4.

ER corresponds to NK , so b 58. If x 17, then x 3 14 and x 8 25.
corresponds to TK
PR , so c 34. Therefore, AB 14 m and CD 25 m.
b. Because P and T correspond, mT mP 24. Complementary angles: AOS and SOC; vertical
87°. Because W and I correspond, mI angles: OCT and ECR, or TCE and RCO
mW 165°.
FI
18. PA and IVE ANC.

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25. 9. Possible answer:

E
6 cm 6 cm
A B A B
A B 40 40
C
C D C
F
10. Possible answer: Use the ruler to draw AB of any

length. (In the figure, the length of AB is 4 cm.)
26. Possible answer: so that BC AB, and A, B, and C
5 Then draw BC
20 are not collinear. (Any angle measure can be used
for B. In the figure, an 80° angle was used.)
Connect points A and C to form the third side of
27. All are possible except two points. ABC. Notice that because AB and BC are the
is the
congruent sides of this isosceles triangle, AC
base, as required.
0 pts. 1 pt.
C
4 cm
3 pts. 4 pts.
80
A 4 cm B
5 pts. 6 pts. 11. Possible answer: Use the protractor to draw any
obtuse angle, and label its vertex as P. (In the figure,
this angle measure was chosen to be 120°.) Along
IMPROVING YOUR VISUAL THINKING SKILLS the rays of P, measure equal distances to form PA
Possible solution: PDDPPPDDDPPPDDP . (Any length can be used for these sides, as
and PZ
long as the two segments have the same length. In
LESSON 1.5 the figure, this length was chosen to be 4 cm.)
Connect points A and Z to form the third side of
EXERCISES the triangle. Notice that because
PA and PZ are the
1. Figure D. An equilateral triangle has three sides of two congruent sides of isosceles triangle ZAP, the
equal length. base angles are A and Z, as required.
2. Figure A. A scalene right triangle has three sides of A

different lengths and one right angle.
4 cm
3. Figure C. An isosceles right triangle has two sides of
the same length and one right angle. 120
P 4 cm Z
4. Figure B. An isosceles obtuse triangle has two sides
of the same length and one obtuse angle. 12. There is an infinite number of possible answers.
Here are a few possibilities: (1, 1), (1, 0),
5. C 6. C
(4, 3).
13. There are six possible answers: (3, 3), (3, 4),
(11, 4), (11, 3), (0.5, 0.5), or (7.5, 0.5).
A T The triangle must have one right angle and two
S M L
congruent sides. To find the third vertex of an
7. A 8. Possible answer: isosceles right triangle with right angle at vertex
M, draw a horizontal line through M. Because
is 7 units long, count over 7 units in either
ME
3a 3a
2a 2a
b b – 2a
R C

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direction to locate point O. You will get (3, 4) your protractor to draw an angle with vertex C so
or (11, 4). that mC 40°, and extend sides of the angle.
y Move the patty paper with C over the drawing of
O M O
until the points A and B touch the sides of C.
AB
4
to create the triangle on the patty
Trace over AB
2 paper. The triangle will be different depending on
x
where A and B touch the sides of C. Two sample
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 triangles are shown.
–2
E –4 C
10 cm
You can use a similar method to find the third 40
vertex if the right angle is at E. You will get (3, 3) A B
or (11, 3).
and EO
If the right angle is at O, then MO will be C
10 cm
the congruent sides. Visually, you can see that vertex
40
O must be located on the horizontal line y 0.5 A B
(that is, the horizontal line through the midpoint of
). For O to be a right angle, the slopes of MO
ME 17. True 18. True

and EO must be opposite reciprocals. The two
19. False. A diagonal connects nonconsecutive vertices.
points that satisfy these criteria are (0.5, 0.5)
or (7.5, 0.5). 20. False. An angle bisector divides an angle into two
congruent angles.
14. Possible answers: (3, 1), (1, 9), (2, 2), (4, 8),
(0, 1), or (1, 6). If the right angle is at C, then 21. True
will be 5, the opposite reciprocal
the slope of CR
. Draw a line through point C 22. (4, 1) → (3, 2); (1, 1) → (2, 2);
of the slope of CL
(2, 4) → (3, 1); (3, 5) → (2, 2). Yes, the
with slope 5 and locate point R so that CR CL.
quadrilaterals are congruent.
You can use similar reasoning to locate point R if
the right angle is at L. If the right angle is at R, the y
problem is a little trickier. You can see that in order

(–3, 5)
for RC to equal RL, point R will have to be on the (2, 4)
perpendicular line through the midpoint of CL . The
midpoint of CL is (0.5, 3.5). Draw a line with (–4, 1)
(1, 1) x
slope 5 through this point. Then try to locate a
point R so that the slopes of RC and RL are oppo-
site reciprocals.
23. Find the midpoint of each rod. All the midpoints lie
15. Possible answer: Use your ruler to draw line on the same line; place the edge of a ruler under
segment AB of length 9 cm. Use your protractor to this line.
draw an angle with vertex A so that mA 45°
lies along one of the sides of A. Pick any 24. Possible answer: 25. Possible answer:
and AB
point on the other side of A, and label it C. P N G
and BC
Finally, draw segments AC . The triangle will
be different depending on which point you choose E A
H A
for C. Two sample triangles are shown.
C C
N T
E X
45
A B
9 cm 26. Possible answer:
Q U
45⬚
A B
9 cm
D A
16. Possible answer: Use your ruler to draw line segment
of length 10 cm. On a sheet of patty paper, use
AB

DG4SM_890_00-01.qxd 12/8/06 12:24 PM Page 18
IMPROVING YOUR VISUAL THINKING SKILLS 9. L 10. T H

I
Here is one way to organize your work to make sure
you have found all the possibilities. Keep in mind that E
A
U
R G
congruent pentominoes are considered to be the same.
Pentominoes with a Pentominoes with a row

row of five squares of four squares 11. To have two outside diagonals, the hexagon must be
concave with two “dents.”
Pentominoes with a row of three squares and both other

squares on the same side of that row
12. A regular quadrilateral has four congruent sides and

four congruent angles. It is a square.
Pentominoes with a row of three squares and the other

squares on opposite sides of that row
LESSON 1.6
13. There are three possibilities for the other two
EXERCISES vertices: (2, 6) and (2, 4); (6, 2) and (2, 4);
BC
1. First figure: AD and D is a right angle. (3, 1) and (1, 3). In two cases, the given vertices
are the endpoints of a side. In the third case, they
Second figure: EH HG and EF
FG , or EFGH
are the endpoints of a diagonal.
is a kite. (Note: EFGH is drawn so that it doesn’t
y
look like a kite, but the markings indicate it is
(2, 6)
a kite.)
Third figure: I and J are right angles. (–2, 4)
(1, 3)
MN
Fourth figure: QP and QM
PN
, or MNPQ (4, 2)
is a parallelogram.
x
2. Figure B. A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with exactly (0, 0)
one pair of parallel sides. (3, –1)
(6, –2)
3. Figure D. A rhombus is a quadrilateral with four

congruent sides. (2, –4)
4. Figure F. A rectangle is a parallelogram with four

14. 90 cm. Let l and w represent l l
congruent angles.
the length and the width of w w
5. Figure C. A kite is a quadrilateral with two distinct one of the small rectangles.
pairs of consecutive congruent sides. Then, as the diagram at right l l
illustrates, the perimeter of
6. Figures A, D, and F. A parallelogram is a quadrilat- w w w
the large rectangle is 4l 5w.
eral with two pairs of parallel sides.
So, 4l 5w 198. You can also see
7. D I from the diagram that 2l 3w.
Now do a little algebra.
Z O
4l 5w 198 The equation for the perimeter
of the large rectangle.
8. N
E 2(2l ) 5w 198 Rewrite 4l as 2(2l).
2(3w) 5w 198 Substitute 3w for 2l.
B 11w 198 Simplify.
F
w 18 Solve for w.

DG4SM_890_00-01.qxd 12/8/06 12:24 PM Page 19
To find l, go back to the equation 2l 3w. 21. a. Right triangles. Two congruent right triangles
must be used in order to get right angles for the
2l 3w
rectangle. The right triangles are joined by their
2l 3(18) Substitute 18 for w. hypotenuses, and the common side becomes a
diagonal of the rectangle.
2l 54 Multiply.
l 27 Solve for l.
So, each small rectangle has length 27 cm and width

18 cm. Therefore, the perimeter of a small rectangle
is 2(27 18) 90 cm. b. Isosceles right triangles. Two congruent isosceles
15. (5, 6). Here is one way to reason through this right triangles must be used in order to get right
problem: Point P is 5 units right of point C and angles and four congruent sides for the square.
1 unit up. Point E is 5 units right of point A The isosceles right triangles are joined by their
and 1 unit up. So, point T could be 5 units right hypotenuses, and the common side becomes a
and 1 unit up from point R. Counting squares, diagonal of the square.
this gives one possibility for T as (5, 6).
16. S(9, 0), I(4, 2). Use reasoning similar to that
described in the solution to Exercise 15.
17. S(3, 0), I(1, 5)
18. A(7, 6), N(5, 9) or A(5, 2), N(7, 1) 22. Possible answer:
19. a. To form a kite, arrange the two triangles so that
there are two pairs of congruent consecutive
sides. The common side of the two triangles will
be a diagonal of the kite.
5 cm
5 cm
b. To form a parallelogram, arrange the two
triangles so that there are two pairs of opposite
congruent sides. The common side of the two
triangles will be a diagonal of the parallelogram.
24. Use your compass to draw a circle. Because a
regular pentagon has five equal sides, you want to
divide the circle into five equal pieces. Draw five 72°
angles (360° 5 72°) with vertices at the center
20. There are three possibilities. If the bases of the of the circle as shown below. Then connect the
isosceles triangles are placed so that they coincide points where the sides of the angles intersect
and become a diagonal of the quadrilateral, you will the circle.
get a rhombus.
72 72
72 72
If one of the two congruent sides of one triangle 72
and one of the two congruent sides of the other
triangle are placed so that they coincide and become
a diagonal of the quadrilateral, you will get either a
concave kite or a parallelogram. 25. Possible answer: draw two sides of the octagon by
connecting A, B, and C. Get two more sides by
reflecting these sides over the x-axis. Get the
remaining sides by reflecting those four sides over

DG4SM_890_00-01.qxd 12/8/06 12:24 PM Page 20
the y-axis. The octagon is not regular because its 10. Possible answers: cars, trains, motorcycles; washing
angles are not all the same size. machines, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners; compact
y disc players, record players, car racing, Ferris wheel
is the measure of the central angle
11. mPQ
C (0, 5)
whose sides pass through points P and Q. So,
B (4, 4)
110°. Because PQ
mPQ and PRQ make up a
full circle, and a full circle has measure 360°,
A (0, 5)
x 360° 110°, or 250°.
mPRQ
12. To make the 65° arc, first draw a circle. Then draw a
65° angle with its vertex at the center of the circle.
The minor arc with endpoints at the intersection
points has measure 65°. To make the 215° arc, first
The octagon may be shaped very differently, for example
draw a circle. Then draw a 145° angle with its vertex
by replacing the vertex at (4, 4) with one at (1, 1).
at the center of the circle. The major arc with
PROJECT endpoints at the intersection points has measure
Project should satisfy the following criteria: 360° 145°, or 215°.
A
● Both of the given “impossible” objects are reproduced.
C
65
● Students created their own “impossible” object. 145
E
B
Extra credit 215
● The objects are drawn in creative ways that accentuate D
their impossibility.
mAB 65 mCDE 215
● Students include analyses of Escher’s Waterfall and 13. Possible answers: concentric rings on cross sections
Belvedere. of trees (annual rings), bull’s-eye or target, ripples
EXTENSION from a rock falling into a pond
Answers will vary. 14.
LESSON 1.7
EXERCISES
1. Answers will vary. Sample answers: The green area
on the irrigation photo is a circle, and the water is a
15.
radius. A path on the far side of the circle appears
to be tangent to the circle. The wood bridge is an
arc of a circle, and the horizontal support beam
under the bridge is a chord. P Q
, BD
2. Three of the following: AB , EC
, EF

3. EC 16. Equilateral quadrilateral (The figure is actually a
, EP
4. AP , FP
, BP
, CP
rhombus, but students have not yet learned the
, AE
, AB, BC
, CD
, DF
, properties needed to conclude that the sides
5. Five of the following: EF are parallel.)

EB , ED , FC , AC , DB , AF , AD , BF
(or EFC
6. EDC ) and EBC (or EAC ) B
, ECF
7. Two of the following: ECD , EDB, EDA, CBF, P Q

CBD , CDA , CDB , FED , FCA , BCA . Each of the A
above can be named in several other ways. For
can also be called DCE
example, ECD , EAD , DAE,
17. From the way the hexagon was constructed, you

EBD , or DBE . know that the length of each side is s, the same as
, HB
8. FG the radius of the circle. Therefore, the triangles are
equilateral. The perimeter of the hexagon is 6s and
9. Either F or B

DG4SM_890_00-01.qxd 12/8/06 12:24 PM Page 21
the diameter of the circle is 2s, so the ratio is 6s to 23.

2s, or 3 to 1.
24. A scalene triangle has no congruent sides and an

s
isosceles triangle has at least two congruent sides.
Therefore, it is not possible to draw a triangle that
is both isosceles and scalene.
B
18.
C A

A
C B
19. Yes; yes 20. Yes; no
y y 27. About 0.986°. Divide 360° by 365.25 days:
360°
days

365.25
0.986° per day.
5 5
360°
24 hours 15° per hour.
28. 15°. Divide 360° by 24 hours:
–5 5
x
–5 5
x 29. Possible answer: 30. Possible answer:
T P A
–5 –5 A
100
21. No; no y T R
8
F

x 120 60
8 16 60 60
120 120 60 120
22. 80°. Let x the degree measure of the central 32. An equilateral triangle has three equal sides and
angle of the pizza slice that will be left for your three equal angles, so it cannot have one right
friend. angle. Therefore, it is not possible to draw a
triangle that is both equilateral and right.
R
60
x 140
T G
Angle addition applies here because the central 12a 6b

34. Each side must have length ,
3 or 4a 2b.
angle for the piece that is to be shared is made
up of the adjacent central angles of the two
parts. Using angle addition, 60° x 140°, so
x 140° 60° 80°.
4a + 2b

DG4SM_890_00-01.qxd 12/8/06 12:24 PM Page 22
35. Possible answer: 36. Possible answer: 8. Follow Steps 1–4 below. The 3 m-by-4 m face is
I 2p biggest, so it should be on the “bottom.”
U
2p 2p
55
50 70 50 70 E Q
2p

E
Step 1 Step 2
120°
K T
I
2m
IMPROVING YOUR REASONING SKILLS
3m 4m
In both solutions, the third steps must be third, but the
first two steps can be interchanged.
Step 3 Step 4
1. B1 to B3, A1 to A3, A3 to C3; or A2 to C2, A1 to
C1, C1 to C3 9. There are 3 4, or 12, boxes in the base layer, and
there are 5 layers, so there are 12 5, or 60, boxes.
2. A4 to C4, A3 to C3, C4 to C2, A1 to C1, C1 to C3,
A2 to C2, C3 to C1
LESSON 1.8
5
EXERCISES
1. 2.
3 4
10. 11.
3. 4.
12.
5. 6.
13. B, D. Net A, when folded, would have too many

sides; in net C the two top squares would coincide;
net E would be missing a side; and net F would
have too many sides in the horizontal direction and
would be missing one in the vertical direction. Only
nets B and D would fold into a cube.
7. Possible answer:
14. B 15. C
16. D 17. A
18. To visualize the section, imagine slicing an orange.
What shape is revealed?

DG4SM_890_00-01.qxd 12/8/06 12:24 PM Page 23
19. 20. True 27. True
21. True
28. (3, 1)
29. Perimeter 20.5 cm; m(largest angle) 100°.
22. False. The two lines are not necessarily in the same
plane, so they might be skew. 30.
8 cm
120
13 cm

23. True
First, draw A, B, and C. Because AB BC AC,
points A, B, and C are vertices of an equilateral triangle.
C
A B
Now, where does point D go? If it is in the same plane

as A, B, and C, then it can be the same distance from
24. True any two points, but not from all three points. Try
thinking in three dimensions. Imagine placing D above
your paper so that ABD, BCD, and ACD are
equilateral triangles. If you could connect all four points,
you would get a tetrahedron, a three-dimensional figure
with four faces that are equilateral triangles. So, A, B, C,
25. True and D are vertices of a tetrahedron.
D
A C
EXTENSIONS
26. False. They divide space into seven or eight parts— A. Here is one way to divide the solids.
seven if the three lines of intersection are parallel,
Solids with all straight edges: prism, pyramid
eight otherwise.
Solids with curved or no edges: cylinder, cone,
sphere, hemisphere
B. To draw a cube truncated to edge midpoints, first
draw a cube. Then mark the midpoints of each side
and connect the midpoints surrounding each face to

DG4SM_890_00-01.qxd 12/8/06 12:24 PM Page 24
make triangular wedges at each corner. Finally, erase 4. Draw a diagram. She will need 28 posts.
the corners of the cube (you will erase all the cube’s 5 ft
lines) to make the truncated cube. This is also called 5 ft
5 ft
a cuboctahedron. 5 ft
25 ft
45 ft
5. 28 days. You can draw a vertical number line

representing the well. Mark the number line to
show Freddie’s location at the end of each day
(D1, D2, and so on) and the end of each night
Draw the truncated tetrahedron in a similar way. (N1, N2, and so on). After marking the results for
A tetrahedron truncated to edge midpoints is an several days, you should begin to see a pattern: At
octahedron. the end of Day n, Freddie is n 2 feet from the
bottom of the well; at the end of Night n, he is
n feet from the bottom of the well. So, Freddie
will first reach the top of the 30-foot well on
Day 28.
Top 30
29
28
27
26
C. Answers will vary. D. Results will vary. 25
24
23
LESSON 1.9 22
21
EXERCISES
20
1. Sample answer: Furniture movers might visualize 19
how to rotate a couch to get it up a narrow 18
staircase. 17
Height (ft)
16
2. Yes. Draw a diagram. S Street is a lettered street, 15
so it runs north-south. Because S is not a vowel, 14
S Street must be a two-way street. Because it is an 13
even-numbered street, 14th Street must run one- 12
way east. The finished diagram indicates that a car 11
traveling south on S Street could make a legal left 10

9
turn onto 14th.
8 D6
N 7 D5
W E 6 D4
S Street 5 D3 N5
(2 ways) S
4 D2 N4
3 D1 N3
2 N2
14th Street 1 N1
(1-way east) Bottom
of well
6. 0 feet. When the cable hangs, it is bent in half, with

3. Make a number line on which each tick mark
each half measuring 15 feet. However, the vertical
represents 10 meters. Mark the given information
distance from the lowest point on the cable to the
on the number line. The final diagram will show
horizontal line level with the top of the poles is
that Nadine is ahead.
also 15 feet. Therefore, the cable must be hanging
W O M E N vertically. For this to happen, the poles must be

DG4SM_890_00-01.qxd 12/8/06 12:24 PM Page 25
touching. That is, the distance between the poles 11. No. The diagram below shows Beth’s route. The
must be 0 feet. interval between two dots represents 1 km. The time
Cable is labeled every 4 km. The diagram shows that Beth
will not reach Birnam Woods Road until 8:00, which
For these two
15 lengths to be equal, is not before sunset.
20 15 15 20 the cable must be Start
hanging vertically. 3:00
5 Birnam 1 km
Woods
Road 1 km 1 km
7. The locus of all points in the plane that are equally
distant from A and B is the line that passes through N
and is perpendicular to AB
the midpoint of AB . 4:00
The locus of all points in space that are equally 5:00
distant from points A and B is the plane that passes 6:00

through the midpoint of AB and is perpendicular 7:00
8:00
.
to AB
12. A(0, 0), B(0, 5), C(2, 3), D(2, 1). First, rotate
B the horizontal segment AB . The rotated segment
will be vertical with point A at (0, 0) and point B at
A B (0, 5). Once you draw AB , you can locate the other
A vertices relative to points A and B. You could also
copy trapezoid ABCD onto patty paper or tracing
paper, and then rotate the tracing paper 90°, or a
1
8. The locus of all points that are the same turn, counterclockwise.
4
distance from the two sides of A is the bisector 13. C(3, 1), Y(4, 1), N(0, 3); If CYN were
of A. reflected over the y-axis, the y-coordinates would
stay the same, but the x-coordinates would be the
opposite of what they are now (the points would
be the same distance from the y-axis, but on the
opposite side).
A 14. ABCD was slid right 3 units and up 2 units. So,
the rule is (x, y) → (x 3, y 2).
9. The locus of all points in the plane that are 3 cm
is two lines, one on either side of AB
from AB , each CP
15. AB , EF
GH
; i k, j k (Just because two
3 cm from AB . The locus of all points in space that lines look parallel or perpendicular, you cannot
are 3 cm from AB is a cylinder of radius 3 cm with assume that they are parallel or perpendicular.) It
.
axis AB can also be deduced that i j, but students are not
expected to know that.
A B 3 cm
16. The perimeter of the first figure is 6, and then the
3 cm perimeter increases by 4 with each subsequent
figure. So, the perimeter of the second figure
3 cm is 6 4(1), the perimeter of the third figure is
A B 6 4(2), and the perimeter of the fourth figure
is 6 4(3). Continuing this pattern, the perimeter
of the eighth figure would be 6 4(7), or 34 cm.
10. Polygons
Quadrilaterals Triangles
Trapezoids Obtuse
Isosceles
17. Left photo: Three points determine a plane.
Middle photo: Two intersecting lines determine a
plane.
Right photo: A line and a point not on the line
determine a plane.

DG4SM_890_00-01.qxd 12/8/06 12:24 PM Page 26
18. Pyramid with hexagonal base 24.
25. point, line, plane

26. AB
19. Prism with hexagonal base
27. AB 28. vertex

29. AB CD
30. AB
31. protractor 32. ABC
33. AB
CD 34. congruent to
35. The distance is two times the radius.
20. Pyramid with square base
r r
P Q
PQ = 2r
21. Below are sketches of the top and front views. From
the top view, you can see that 17 x 13 45, 36. They bisect each other and are perpendicular.
so x 15. From the front view, you can see that A
y 18 45, so y 27.
45 17 13
P Q
x
y B
45
18
x
17 13
Top Front
22. From this sketch of the front view, you can see
that x 3 7 2, so x 12. You can also
see that y 2 2 8, so y 4.
3
EXTENSIONS
y
Answers will vary.
7
8
2 2
2 CHAPTER 1 REVIEW
2 2
3 7 2
EXERCISES
x 1. True .
2. False. It is written as QP
23. To visualize the solid, cut out a rectangle and tape it 3. True 4. False. The vertex is point D.
to your pencil. Rotate your pencil to see what shape
the rotating rectangle forms. 5. True 6. True
7. False. The measure of an acute angle is less than 90°.
8. False. Here are two possible counterexamples:
D C
A
D
A
P
P B
C
⬔APD and ⬔APC ⬔APD and ⬔APC

are a linear pair. are the same angle.

DG4SM_890_00-01.qxd 12/8/06 12:24 PM Page 27
9. True 10. True 37. Here is one possible method. Draw a circle and
one diameter. Draw another diameter perpendicular
11. False. They are supplementary.
to the first. Draw two more diameters so that eight
12. True 13. True 14. True 45° angles are formed. Draw the regular octagon
formed by connecting the endpoints of the
15. False. A pentagon has five diagonals.
diameters.
16. True 17. F 18. G 19. L
20. J 21. C 22. I 23. No match
45 45
24. A 25. No match 45
45
26. T 45 45
45 45
E Y
27. S 38. 114° 39. x 2, y 1

5 3
40. x 12, y 4 41. x 4, y 2.5
T P
7
O 42. Find y first. y 12 20, so y 8. x 8 18,
so x 10.
28. A 29. R T
43. The diagram below illustrates the given information.
N Y E
3z 12, so z 4 cm. Therefore, AB 4z 16 cm.
R 12 cm
A P A z D z C 2z B
I E 44. The diagram below illustrates the given

is the bisector of
information. Because BE
G DBC, mDBC 64°. Because BD is the
bisector of ABC, mABD 64°. So,
30. 31. A
mEBA mDBE mABD 32° 64° 96°.
P A
D
T
E
32. A
33. 32
B
C
45. Drawing radii from each hour mark to the center of

a clock forms 12 central angles, each with measure
360°
, or 30°. The angle formed by the hands at 2:30
C D 12
B
includes 312 of those central angles. (At 2:30, the
hour hand will be halfway between 2 and 3.) So,
34. 35. the angle has measure 3.5(30°), or 105°.
360°
2 in. 46. 12 30°
125
47.
5 in. Quadrilateral
3 in.
Rectangle Square Rhombus

36.
40
Trapezoid


Lesson 1.1 E: Xercises

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8. Wheel A has four lines of reflectional symmetry,

b. The flag of Kenya does not have rotational

Discovering Geometry Solutions Manual CHAPTER 1 7

with midpoint M. Add

8 CHAPTER 1 Discovering Geometry Solutions Manual

PROJECT 8. a. For Figure 1, both midpoints are (5.5, 6.5). For

step-by-step solutions to these equations:

6 12 x Multiply both sides by 2. 4. S

6 x Subtract 12 from both sides. M

Discovering Geometry Solutions Manual CHAPTER 1 9

draw a ray from point A through the point you

marked. Add markings to show that the two angles

formed are congruent.

26. D and Y are not the same point.

mSML 30° and mBIG 20°. The measure of

the other. It has nothing to do with the lengths of

Mark a point next to the 44° mark of the

10 CHAPTER 1 Discovering Geometry Solutions Manual

30. Possible answer: 4:00

Discovering Geometry Solutions Manual CHAPTER 1 11

You can draw a different triangle with these two 6. A D

is one such triangle.

Possible solution: The steps are shown below. (Read

9. B is a Zoid. A Zoid is a creature

12 CHAPTER 1 Discovering Geometry Solutions Manual

14. If P is not between A and B or not between C

25. Point P must be on the line through T and S. The

Discovering Geometry Solutions Manual CHAPTER 1 13

choose that point first. Put it far enough to the left

points A and B will be on a segment perpendicular

needs to be an acute angle, so place segment AB

Note that if two tetrominoes are congruent, they

30. Make a sketch showing the given information.

24° 3. Possible answer:

31. Possible answer:

4. The polygon has eight sides so it is an octagon.

14 CHAPTER 1 Discovering Geometry Solutions Manual

12. Consecutive angles are angles whose vertices are

21. 84 in. A regular dodecagon has 12 congruent sides.

17. a. a 44; b 58; c 34. Match up corresponding 4x 26 94 Combine like

Discovering Geometry Solutions Manual CHAPTER 1 15

25. 9. Possible answer:

2. Figure A. A scalene right triangle has three sides of A

16 CHAPTER 1 Discovering Geometry Solutions Manual

problem is a little trickier. You can see that in order

Discovering Geometry Solutions Manual CHAPTER 1 17

IMPROVING YOUR VISUAL THINKING SKILLS 9. L 10. T H

Pentominoes with a Pentominoes with a row

Pentominoes with a row of three squares and both other

12. A regular quadrilateral has four congruent sides and

Pentominoes with a row of three squares and the other

3. Figure D. A rhombus is a quadrilateral with four

4. Figure F. A rectangle is a parallelogram with four

18 CHAPTER 1 Discovering Geometry Solutions Manual

So, each small rectangle has length 27 cm and width

Discovering Geometry Solutions Manual CHAPTER 1 19

20 CHAPTER 1 Discovering Geometry Solutions Manual

the diameter of the circle is 2s, so the ratio is 6s to 23.

24. A scalene triangle has no congruent sides and an

26. Possible answer:

31. Possible answer: