Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
February 2, 2010
Today’s handouts:
Single package containing
• Slides for Lecture 1
• Subject Information & Calendar
Website: mit.edu/6.003
6.003: Homework
Collaboration Policy
• Discussion of concepts in homework is encouraged
• Sharing of homework or code is not permitted and will be re
ported to the COD
Firm Deadlines
• Homework must be submitted in recitation on due date
• Each student can submit one late homework assignment without
penalty.
• Grades on other late assignments will be multiplied by 0.5 (unless
excused by an Instructor, Dean, or Medical Official).
6.003 At-A-Glance
signal signal
system
in out
Example: Mass and Spring
x(t)
y(t)
mass &
x(t) spring y(t)
system
Example: Mass and Spring
x(t)
y(t)
x(t) y(t)
mass &
t spring t
system
Example: Tanks
r0 (t)
h1 (t)
r1 (t)
h2 (t)
r2 (t)
r0 (t)
r0 (t)
h1 (t)
r1 (t)
h2 (t)
r2 (t)
r0 (t) r2 (t)
tank
t t
system
Example: Cell Phone System
sound out
sound in
cell
sound in phone sound out
system
Example: Cell Phone System
sound out
sound in
cell
t phone t
system
Signals and Systems: Widely Applicable
x(t) y(t)
mass &
t spring t
system
r0 (t)
h1 (t)
r1 (t) r0 (t) r2 (t)
h2 (t) tank
t t
system
r2 (t)
cell
t phone t
system
Signals and Systems: Modular
sound out
sound in
sound
cell
E/M
optic
E/M cell sound
tower tower
in
phone
fiber
phone out
Composite system
sound sound
cell phone system
in out
Component and composite systems have the same form, and are
analyzed with same methods.
Signals and Systems
x(t) y(t)
mass &
t spring t
system
r0 (t) r2 (t)
tank
t t
system
cell
t phone t
system
Signals and Systems
x(t) x[n]
t n
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
t n
0T 2T 4T 6T 8T 10T 0 2 4 6 8 10
T = sampling interval
zero-order hold
x[n] x(t)
n t
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2T 4T 6T 8T 10T
T = sampling interval
piecewise linear
x[n] x(t)
n t
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2T 4T 6T 8T 10T
T = sampling interval
Check Yourself
• f1 (t) = f (2t)
• f2 (t) = −f (t)
• f3 (t) = f (2t)
• f4 (t) = 2f (t)
Check Yourself
• f1 (t) = f (2t)
• f2 (t) = −f (t)
• f3 (t) = f (2t)
• f4 (t) = 2f (t)
Check Yourself
• f1 (t) = f (2t)
• f2 (t) = −f (t)
• f3 (t) = f (2t)
• f4 (t) = 2f (t)
Check Yourself
• f1 (t) = f (2t)
• f2 (t) = −f (t)
• f3 (t) = f (2t)
• f4 (t) = 2f (t)
Check Yourself
• f1 (t) = f (2t)
• f2 (t) = −f (t)
• f3 (t) = f (2t)
• f4 (t) = 2f (t)
Check Yourself
• f1 (t) = f (2t)
• f2 (t) = −f (t)
• f3 (t) = f (2t)
• f4 (t) = 2f (t)
Check Yourself
Computer generated
Computer generatedspeech
speech(by
(by Robert
Robert Donovan)
Donovan)
f (t)
• f1 (t) = f (2t)
• f2 (t) = −f (t)
• f3 (t) = f (2t)
• f4 (t) = 2f (t)
Check Yourself
• f1 (t) = f (2t)
• f2 (t) = −f (t)
• f3 (t) = f (2t)
• f4 (t) = 2f (t)
Check Yourself
y f (x, y)
250
0
−250
−250 0 250
x
y y y
250
250
250
0
0
−250
−250
−250 0 250
x −250 0 250
x −250 −250 0 250
x
f1 (x, y) = f (2x, y) ? f2 (x, y) = f (2x−250, y) ? f3 (x, y) = f (−x−250, y) ?
Check Yourself
y y y y
250
250
250
250
0
−250
−250
−250
−250
−250 0 250
x −250 0 250
x −250 0 250
x −250 0 250
x
f (x, y) f1 (x, y) = f (2x, y) ? f2 (x, y) = f (2x−250, y) ? f3 (x, y) = f (−x−250, y) ?
√
x=0 → f1 (0, y) = f (0, y)
x = 250 → f1 (250, y) = f (500, y) X
√
x=0 → f2 (0, y) = f (−250, y) √
x = 250 → f2 (250, y) = f (250, y)
y f (x, y)
250
0
−250
−250 0 250
x
y y y
250
250
250
0
0
−250
−250
−250 0 250
x −250 0 250
x −250 −250 0 250
x
f1 (x, y) = f (2x, y) ? f2 (x, y) = f (2x−250, y) ? f3 (x, y) = f (−x−250, y) ?
The Signals and Systems Abstraction
signal signal
system
in out
Example System: Leaky Tank
r0 (t)
h1 (t)
r1 (t)
Check Yourself
1.
2.
3. 4.
Check Yourself
1.
2.
3. 4.
Example System: Leaky Tank
r0 (t)
h1 (t)
r1 (t)
r0 (t)
h1 (t)
r1 (t)
dh1 (t)
Assume water is conserved: ∝ r0 (t) − r1 (t)
dt
dr1 (t)
Solve: ∝ r0 (t) − r1 (t)
dt
Check Yourself
dr1 (t) � �
= C r0 (t) − r1 (t)
dt
Check Yourself
dr1 (t) � �
= C r0 (t) − r1 (t)
dt
Analysis of the Leaky Tank
1.
2.
3. 4.
Check Yourself
1.
2.
3. 4.
Analysis of the Leaky Tank
Assume that the tank is initially empty, and then water enters at a
constant rate r0 (t) = 1. Determine the output rate r1 (t).
r1 (t)
time (seconds)
1 2 3
Although derived for a leaky tank, this sort of model can be used to
represent a variety of physical systems.
Water accumulates in a leaky tank.
r0 (t)
h1 (t)
r1 (t)
Charge accumulates in a capacitor.
ii io
+
C v
−
dv ii − io dh
= ∝ ii − io analogous to ∝ r0 − r1
dt C dt
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