Œˆˆ‘’…‘’‚Ž Ž€‡Ž‚€ˆŸ ˆ €“Šˆ Ž‘‘ˆ‰‘ŠŽ‰ ”…„…

ŒŽ‘ŠŽ‚‘Šˆ‰ ”ˆ‡ˆŠŽ-’…•ˆ—…‘Šˆ‰
ˆ‘’ˆ’“’
(£®á㤠àá⢥­­ë© ã­¨¢¥àá¨â¥â)

Œ…’Ž„› …˜…ˆŸ
Š‡€Œ…€–ˆŽ›• ‡€„€—
DZŽ Œ€’…Œ€’ˆ—…‘ŠŽŒ“ €€‹ˆ‡“
„‹Ÿ ‘’“„…’Ž‚ 2-£® ‘…Œ…‘’€ I-£®
Š“‘€

“祡­®-¬¥â®¤¨ç¥ª®¥ ¯®á®¡¨¥
‘®áâ ¢¨â¥«ì €. €. ãà楢

ŒŽ‘Š‚€
Œ”’ˆ
2011
 ‘®¤¥à¦ ­¨¥

‚¢¥¤¥­¨¥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
¥ª®â®àë¥ ®¡®§­ ç¥­¨ï . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
§ 1. ‚ à¨ ­â Œ”’ˆ-54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
§ 2. ‚ à¨ ­â Œ”’ˆ-61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
§ 3. ‚ à¨ ­â Œ”’ˆ-71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
§ 4. ‚ à¨ ­â Œ”’ˆ-81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
§ 5. ‚ à¨ ­â Œ”’ˆ-02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
‹¨â¥à âãà  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

3
 ‚¢¥¤¥­¨¥ b = R ∪ {−∞, +∞, ∞}
R
e
R = R ∪ {−∞, +∞, ∞} ∪ {x + 0, x − 0 : x ∈ R}
‚ ¯®á®¡¨¨ ¯à¨¢®¤ïâáï à¥è¥­¨ï § ¤ ç ¯® ¬ â¥¬ â¨ç¥áª®¬ã
x ∈ R ⇔ x ¥áâì ¤¥©á⢨⥫쭮¥ ç¨á«® ¨«¨ ®¤¨­ ¨§ ᨬ¢®«®¢
 ­ «¨§ã, ª®â®àë¥ ¢å®¤ïâ ¢ ¯¨á쬥­­ãî íª§ ¬¥­ æ¨®­­ãî
+∞, −∞
à ¡®âã ¯® ¬ â¥¬ â¨ç¥áª®¬ã  ­ «¨§ã ¤«ï áâ㤥­â®¢ b ⇔ x ¥áâì ¤¥©á⢨⥫쭮¥ ç¨á«® ¨«¨ ®¤¨­ ¨§ ᨬ¢®«®¢
x∈R
¯¥à¢®£® ªãàá  Œ”’ˆ ¢® 2-¬ ᥬ¥áâà¥.  áᬠâਢ îâáï
+∞, −∞, ∞
íª§ ¬¥­ æ¨®­­ë¥ à ¡®âë ¢â®àëå ᥬ¥áâ஢ 2004/2005, e ⇔ x ¥áâì ¤¥©á⢨⥫쭮¥ ç¨á«® ¨«¨ ®¤¨­ ¨§ ᨬ¢®«®¢
x∈R
2005/2006, 2006/2007, 2007/2008, 2009/2010 ãç. ££., ¯® ®¤­®¬ã
+∞, −∞, ∞, a + 0, a − 0, £¤¥ a | ¤¥©á⢨⥫쭮¥ ç¨á«®
¨§ ç¥âëàñå ¢ à¨ ­â®¢ à ¡®â, ¯à¥¤« £ ¢è¨åáï ­  íª§ ¬¥­¥ e b∈R
e
f (x) → b, ¥á«¨ x → a ⇔ lim f (x) = b, £¤¥ a ∈ R,
¢ ª ¦¤®¬ ã祡­®¬ £®¤ã. DZਢ®¤ïâáï ¯®¤à®¡­ë¥ à¥è¥­¨ï x→a
§ ¤ ç ¨ ®â¢¥âë, ¤ îâáï ¬¥â®¤¨ç¥áª¨¥ 㪠§ ­¨ï, à §¡¨à îâáï f (a + 0) = lim f (x), a ∈ R
x→a+0
⨯¨ç­ë¥ ®è¨¡ª¨, à áᬠâਢ îâáï ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãî騥 f (a − 0) = lim f (x), a ∈ R
x→a−0
ª®­âà¯à¨¬¥àë, ä®à¬ã«¨àãîâáï,   ¨­®£¤  ¨ ¤®ª §ë¢ îâáï
f (x) | §­ ç¥­¨¥ ä㭪樨 f ¢ â®çª¥ x,   â ª¦¥ ¨­®£¤  íâ®â
­¥®¡å®¤¨¬ë¥ ã⢥ত¥­¨ï, ¢§ïâë¥, ª ª ¯à ¢¨«®, ¨§ «¥ªæ¨©
§­ ª ®¡®§­ ç ¥â äã­ªæ¨î f
¯® ¬ â¥¬ â¨ç¥áª®¬ã  ­ «¨§ã, ç¨â îé¨åáï ¤«ï áâ㤥­â®¢
min{a, b} | ¬¨­¨¬ã¬ ¨§ a ¨ b, £¤¥ a, b ∈ R
1-£® ªãàá  Œ”’ˆ. ¥ª®â®àë¥ § ¤ ç¨ à¥è îâáï ­¥áª®«ìª¨¬¨
max{a, b} | ¬ ªá¨¬ã¬ ¨§ a ¨ b, £¤¥ a, b ∈ R
ᯮᮡ ¬¨, ¨§«®¦¥­­ë¬¨ ¢ ®¤­®¬ ¨«¨ à §­ëå ¢ à¨ ­â å.
∼ | íª¢¨¢ «¥­â­®
–¥«ì ¯®á®¡¨ï { ®ª § âì ¯®¬®éì áâ㤥­âã ¢ ®á¢®¥­¨¨ ¬¥â®¤®¢
6∼ | ­¥ íª¢¨¢ «¥­â­®
à¥è¥­¨ï § ¤ ç, çâ® ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬® ¤«ï ãᯥ譮£® ¢ë¯®«­¥­¨ï
f (x) ∼ g(x) ¨ g(x) 6= 0 ¢ ­¥ª®â®à®© ¯à®ª®«®â®© ®ªà¥áâ®áâ¨
íª§ ¬¥­ æ¨®­­®© à ¡®âë,   â ª¦¥ ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì ¯®«¥§­ë¬ ¤«ï
ã᢮¥­¨ï ⥮à¥â¨ç¥áª®£® ªãàá  ¬ â¥¬ â¨ç¥áª®£®  ­ «¨§  ¢ a ⇔ ∃ lim fg(x)
(x) e
= 1; a ∈ R
x→a
®¡êñ¬¥ 2-£® ᥬ¥áâà . Žâ¬¥â¨¬, çâ® ¤ ­­®¥ ã祡­®¥ ¯®á®¡¨¥ ­¥ f (x) ∼ g(x) ¯à¨ x → a ⇔ f (x) − g(x) = o(g(x)) ¯à¨ x → a ⇔
§ ¬¥­ï¥â ªãàá  «¥ªæ¨© ¨ ã祡­¨ª®¢. ‘®áâ ¢¨â¥«ì ¡« £®¤ à¨â ⇔ f (x) = λ(x)g(x) ¯à¨ x → a, ¯à¨çñ¬ lim λ(x) = 1; a ∈ R e
x→a
€. ž. DZ¥â஢¨ç  ¨ . . ®ïਭ®¢  §  業­ë¥ ᮢ¥âë ¨ xn ∼ yn ¯à¨ n → ∞ ⇔ xn − yn = o(yn ) ¯à¨ n → ∞
§ ¬¥ç ­¨ï.  ¡®â  ¯®¤¤¥à¦ ­  €‚–DZ ý §¢¨â¨¥ ­ ãç­®£® e , ¨«¨
o(1) | ¡¥áª®­¥ç­® ¬ « ï äã­ªæ¨ï ¯à¨ x → a, a ∈ R
¯®â¥­æ¨ «  ¢ëá襩 誮«ëþ, ¯à®¥ªâ 2.1.1/1662. ¡¥áª®­¥ç­® ¬ « ï ¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®áâì ¯à¨ n → ∞
C[a, +∞) | ¬­®¦¥á⢮ ¢á¥å ä㭪権, ­¥¯à¥à뢭ëå ­ 
¥ª®â®àë¥ ®¡®§­ ç¥­¨ï «ãç¥ [a, +∞), a ∈ R
f ∈ C[a, +∞) | äã­ªæ¨ï f ­¥¯à¥à뢭  ­  «ãç¥ [a, +∞),
∀ | «î¡®© a∈R
∃ | áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â R[a, b] | ¬­®¦¥á⢮ ¢á¥å ä㭪権, ¨­â¥£à¨à㥬ëå ¯®
@ | ­¥ áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â ¨¬ ­ã ­  ®â१ª¥ [a, b], £¤¥ a, b ∈ R, b > a
⇔ | à ¢­®á¨«ì­® f ∈ R[a, b] | äã­ªæ¨ï f ¨­â¥£à¨à㥬  ¯® ¨¬ ­ã ­ 
⇒ | á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­® ®â१ª¥ [a, b], £¤¥ a, b ∈ R, b > a
R = R ∪ {−∞, +∞} f ↓ | f ã¡ë¢ ¥â
4 5
 f  | f áâண® ã¡ë¢ ¥â 樠«ë ¢ â®çª¥ D(1; 1) ä㭪樨 f (x, y), ¥á«¨ f (x, y) =
f  a ­  «ãç¥ [x0 ; +∞) | f áâண® ã¡ë¢ ¥â ­  «ãç¥ = ye2xy−x−y .  §«®¦¨âì äã­ªæ¨î f (x, y) ¯® ä®à¬ã«¥ ’¥©«®à 
[x0 ; +∞) ¨ lim f (x) = a ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠â®çª¨ D(1; 1) ¤® o((x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 ).
x→+∞
f ↓ ¯à¨ x → +∞ | f ã¡ë¢ ¥â ­  «ãç¥ [x0 , +∞) ¤«ï ¥è¥­¨¥. I ᯮᮡ (ýä®à¬ «ì­®¥ ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à®¢ ­¨¥þ).

­¥ª®â®à®£® x0 ∈ R ”®à¬ «ì­® ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨àãï ⮦¤¥á⢮ f = ye2xy−x−y , ­ å®¤¨¬

f ↓ a ¯à¨ x → +∞ | f ã¡ë¢ ¥â ­  «ãç¥ [x0 , +∞) ¤«ï df = dy · e2xy−x−y + ye2xy−x−y (2dx · y + 2xdy − dx − dy) (1).
­¥ª®â®à®£® x0 ∈ R ¨ lim f (x) = a DZ®¤áâ ¢«ïï ¢ (1) x = 1, y = 1, ­ å®¤¨¬ df (1; 1) = dx + 2dy.
x→+∞ ”®à¬ «ì­® ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨àãï ⮦¤¥á⢮ (1), áç¨â ï dx ¨ dy
f  | f áâண® ¢®§à áâ ¥â
¯®áâ®ï­­ë¬¨,   d(df ) = d2 f , ­ å®¤¨¬ d2 f = dy·e2xy−x−y (2dx·y+
f  a ­  «ãç¥ [x0 ; +∞) | f áâண® ¢®§à á⠥⠭  «ãç¥
+ 2xdy − dx − dy) + dy · e2xy−x−y (2dx · y + 2xdy − dx − dy) +
[x0 ; +∞) ¨ lim f (x) = a
x→+∞ + ye2xy−x−y (2dx · y + 2xdy − dx − dy)2 + ye2xy−x−y (2dxdy +
⇒ | á室¨âáï à ¢­®¬¥à­® +2dxdy) (2). DZ®¤áâ ¢«ïï ¢ (2) x = 1, y = 1, ­ å®¤¨¬ d2 f (1; 1) =
6 | à ¢­®¬¥à­®© á室¨¬®á⨠­¥â
⇒ = 2dy(dx + dy) + (dx + dy)2 + 4dxdy = dx2 + 8dxdy + 3dy 2 .
f (x)|x=a | §­ ª ¯®¤áâ ­®¢ª¨, §¤¥áì f (a) ”®à¬ã«  ’¥©«®à  ¨¬¥¥â ¢¨¤: f (x, y) − f (1; 1) = df (1; 1) +
f (x)|ba | §­ ª ¯®¤áâ ­®¢ª¨, §¤¥áì f (b) − f (a) + d2 f (1,1)
+ o(ρ2 ). “ç¨â뢠ï, çâ® dx = (x − 1), dy = (y − 1),
2!
(2n)!! = 2 · 4 · 6· . . . ·2n = 2n (n!) ρ = (x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 , ­ å®¤¨¬ f (x, y) = 1 + (x − 1) + 2(y − 1) +
2
(2n)!
(2n − 1)!! = 1 · 3 · 5· . . . ·(2n − 1) = (2n)!! = 2(2n)!
n (n!) + 21 (x − 1)2 + 4(x − 1)(y − 1) + 23 (y − 1)2 + o((x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 ).
[x] { 楫 ï ç áâì ç¨á«  x ∈ R { ­ ¨¡®«ì襥 楫®¥ ç¨á«®, II ᯮᮡ (ý¢ëç¨á«¥­¨¥ ç áâ­ëå ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ëåþ).
­¥ ¯à¥¢®á室ï饥 x. „«ï ¢á¥å x ∈ R ¨¬¥îâ ¬¥áâ® ­¥à ¢¥­á⢠: ∂f 2xy−x−y (2y − 1);
∂x = ye
[x] 6 x < [x] + 1 ∂f 2xy−x−y + ye2xy−x−y (2x − 1);
∂y = e
®ªà¥áâ­®áâì +∞ | ¨­â¥à¢ « (c, +∞), c > 0
df = ∂f ∂f
∂x dx + ∂y dy;
¯à®¬¥¦ã⮪ | ®â१®ª, ¨­â¥à¢ « ¨«¨ ¯®«ã¨­â¥à¢ «
df (1; 1) = dx
 + 2dy;
ªà¨â¨ç¥áª ï â®çª  ¯à®¨§¢®¤­®© | §­ ç¥­¨¥  à£ã¬¥­â , 
∂2f d ∂f d x−1
¯à¨ ª®â®à®¬ ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ ï ®¡à é ¥âáï ¢ ­®«ì «¨¡® ­¥ ∂x2
(1; 1) = dx ∂x (x, 1) |x=1 = dx e |x=1 = ex−1 |x=1 = 1;
áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â ∂2f d ∂f d y−1 (2y − 1)|
∂y∂x (1; 1) = dy ∂x (1, y)|y=1 = dy ye y=1 =
ρ(M, N ) | à ááâ®ï­¨¥ ¬¥¦¤ã â®çª ¬¨ M ¨ N y−1 2 y−1
= (4y − 1)e + (2y − y)e |y=1 = 4;
A ∧ B | ª®­êî­ªæ¨ï ã⢥ত¥­¨© A ¨ B ∂2f d ∂f d y−1 + yey−1 )| y−1
∂y 2
(1; 1) = dy ∂y (1, y)|y=1 = dy (e y=1 = 2e +
+ yey−1 |y=1 = 3;
§ 1. ‚ à¨ ­â Œ”’ˆ-541 2 ∂2f 2
d2 f = ∂∂xf2 dx2 + 2 ∂y∂x dxdy+ ∂∂yf2 dy 2 ;
‡ ¤ ç  1. 4 2  ©â¨ ¯¥à¢ë© ¨ ¢â®à®© ¤¨ää¥à¥­- d2 f (1; 1) = dx2 + 8dxdy + 3dy 2 .
1
Œ”’ˆ-54 | ­ ¨¬¥­®¢ ­¨¥ ¢ à¨ ­â : 4-© ¢ à¨ ­â 2005 £.
”®à¬ã«  ’¥©«®à  ¨¬¥¥â ¢¨¤: f (x, y) − f (1; 1) = df (1; 1) +
2
2
–¨äà  ¢ ª¢ ¤à â¥ ®§­ ç ¥â ¬ ªá¨¬ «ì­®¥ ª®«¨ç¥á⢮ ®çª®¢ ­  + d f2!(1,1) + o(ρ2 ). Žâá f (x, y) = 1 + (x − 1) + 2(y − 1) + 12 (x −
íª§ ¬¥­ æ¨®­­®© ª®­â஫쭮©, ¢ëáâ ¢«ï¥¬®¥ §  ¢¥à­® à¥èñ­­ãî § ¤ çã. − 1)2 + 4(x − 1)(y − 1) + 32 (y − 1)2 + o((x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 ).
6 7
 III ᯮᮡ (ý¨á¯®«ì§®¢ ­¨¥ áâ ­¤ àâ­ëå à §«®¦¥­¨©þ). ¢ â®çª¥ M (x0 , y0 ) : ∆f = f (x, y) − f (x0 , y0 ), dk f =
 k p
‘¤¥« ¥¬ § ¬¥­ã: u = x − 1 = dx, v = y − 1 = dy. ’®£¤  ∂ ∂
= ∂x dx + ∂y dy f (x0 , y0 ), ρ = (∆x)2 + (∆y)2 , ∆x = x −
f (x, y) = f (u + 1, v + 1) = g(u, v) = (v + 1)e2uv+u+v = e2uv+u+v +
+ ve2uv+u+v = (1 + (2uv + u + v) + 21 (u2 + 2uv + v 2 ) + o(ρ2 )) + − x0 = dx, ∆y = y − y0 = dy . „«ï ä㭪樨 ¤¢ãå  à£ã¬¥­â®¢
+ (v + uv + v 2 + o(ρ2 )) = 1 + u + 2v + 12 u2 + 4uv + 32 v 2 + o(ρ2 ), £¤¥ ä®à¬ã«  ’¥©«®à  á ®áâ â®ç­ë¬ ç«¥­®¬ ¢ ä®à¬¥ ‹ £à ­¦ 
ρ2 = (x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 . ’ ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬, f (x, y) = 1 + (x − 1) + ¢ â®çª¥ M (x0 , y0 ) ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­  ¢ ¢¨¤¥: ∆f =
Pn
dk f (x0 ,y0 ) dn+1 f (ξ,η)
+ 2(y − 1) + 12 (x − 1)2 + 4(x − 1)(y − 1) + 32 (y − 1)2 + o((x − 1)2 + = k! + (n+1)! . ’®çª  (ξ, η) ¤¥«¨â ®â१®ª á ª®­æ ¬¨
+ (y − 1)2 ) { ¨áª®¬®¥ ⥩«®à®¢áª®¥ à §«®¦¥­¨¥, ®âªã¤  â ª¦¥ k=1
(x0 , y0 ) ¨ (x, y) ¢ ®â­®è¥­¨¨ θ : (1 − θ). DZਬ¥­ïï ä®à¬ã«ë
¢¨¤­®, çâ® df (1; 1) = dx + 2dy, d2 f (1; 1) = dx2 + 8dxdy + 3dy 2 .
¨§  ­ «¨â¨ç¥áª®© £¥®¬¥âਨ ® ¤¥«¥­¨¨ ®â१ª  ¢ § ¤ ­­®¬
IV ᯮᮡ (ý«®£ à¨ä¬¨ç¥áª®¥ ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à®¢ ­¨¥þ).
®â­®è¥­¨¨, ­ å®¤¨¬ ξ = θx0 + (1 − θ)x, η = θy0 + (1 −
‹®£ à¨ä¬¨àãï ⮦¤¥á⢮ f = ye2xy−x−y , ­ å®¤¨¬ ln f = ln y +
− θ)y, θ ∈ (0; 1).
+ 2xy − x − y (1). ”®à¬ «ì­® ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨àãï ⮦¤¥á⢮ (1),
­ å®¤¨¬ df dy
f = y + 2ydx + 2xdy − dx − dy (2). DZ®¤áâ ¢«ïï x = 1, ‡ ¤ ç  2. 4  ©â¨ ¤«¨­ã ¤ã£¨ ªà¨¢®© x = cos4 t, y =
y = 1, f = f (D) = f (1; 1) = 1, ­ å®¤¨¬ df (1; 1) = dx + 2dy. 4
= sin t, t ∈ [0, π
2 ].
”®à¬ «ì­® ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨àãï ⮦¤¥á⢮ (2), áç¨â ï dx ¨ dy ¥è¥­¨¥. „«¨­  ¤ã£¨ ªà¨¢®©
2 )2 2
¯®áâ®ï­­ë¬¨, ­ å®¤¨¬ f d ff−(df 2 = − dyy2
+ 4dxdy. DZ®¤áâ ¢«ïï π/2
R p π/2
R p
l= x02 + y 02 dt = (−4 cos3 t sin t)2 + (4 sin3 t cos t)2 dt =
x = 1, y = 1, f = 1, df = dx + 2dy, ­ å®¤¨¬ d2 f (1, 1) = (dx + 0 0
+ 2dy)2 − dy 2 + 4dxdy = dx2 + 8dxdy + 3dy 2 . π/2
R p
”®à¬ã«  ’¥©«®à  ¨¬¥¥â ¢¨¤: f (x, y) − f (1, 1) = df (1, 1) + = 4 sin t cos t sin4 t + cos4 tdt. ’ ª ª ª sin4 x +
d2 f (1,1) 0
+ 2! + o(ρ2 ). “ç¨â뢠ï, çâ® dx = (x − 1), dy = (y − 1), + cos4 x = (sin2 x + cos2 x)2 − 2 sin2 x cos2 x, â®
ρ = (x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 , ­ å®¤¨¬ f (x, y) = 1 + (x − 1) + 2(y − 1) +
2 π/2
R p π/2
R q
+ 21 (x − 1)2 + 4(x − 1)(y − 1) + 23 (y − 1)2 + o((x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 ). 4 sin t cos t sin4 t + cos4 tdt = 2 sin 2t 1 − 21 sin2 2tdt =
0 0
â®â ᯮᮡ ¢ ¤ ­­®¬ ¯à¨¬¥à¥ ã¯à®é ¥â ¢ëç¨á«¥­¨ï ¯à¨ π/2
R √ R1 √
ä®à¬ «ì­®¬ ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à®¢ ­¨¨. = − √12 1 + cos2 2td cos 2t = √1 1 + z 2 dz =
2
Žâ¢¥â: df (D) = dx + 2dy; d2 f (D) = dx2 + 8dxdy + 3dy 2 ;  √ 0  −1
√ √
f (x, y) = 1 + (x − 1) + 2(y − 1) + 21 (x − 1)2 + 4(x − 1)(y − 1) + = √1 z 1+z 2
2 + 12 ln(z + 1 + z 2 ) |1−1 = 1 + √12 ln(1 + 2).
2
+ 32 (y − 1)2 + o((x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 ).
‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. DZਠà¥è¥­¨¨ ¯®¤®¡­®£® த  § ¤ ç ç áâ®
‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. ‚â®à®© ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨ « ­¥ ᮤ¥à¦¨â ­¨
¢®§­¨ª îâ á«¥¤ãî騥 ¨­â¥£à «ë:
«¨­¥©­ëå, ­¨ ᢮¡®¤­®£® ç«¥­®¢. √
R
√ 1 dx = ln |x + x2 − a2 | + C, a 6= 0 (|x| > |a|),
‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. ”®à¬ã«  ’¥©«®à  ¤«ï ä㭪樨 ®¤­®© x 2 −a2
√
R
¨«¨ ­¥áª®«ìª¨å ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå á ®áâ â®ç­ë¬ ç«¥­®¬ ¢ ä®à¬¥ √ 1 dx = ln |x + x2 + a2 | + C, a 6= 0,
x2 +a2
DZ¥ ­® ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥­  ¢ á«¥¤ãî饬 ¢¨¤¥: ∆f = R√ √
2 2 2 √
Pn x2 + a2 dx = x x2 +a + a2 ln |x + x2 + a2 | + C,
dk f R√ √ √
k! + o(ρ ). ‚ ç áâ­®áâ¨, ¤«ï ä㭪樨 ¤¢ãå  à£ã¬¥­â®¢
= n 2 2 2
k=1
x2 − a2 dx = x x2 −a − a2 ln |x + x2 − a2 | + C,
8 9
 R√ √
x a2 −x2 a2 x ∞
P
a2 − x2 dx = (−1)n+1 2n 2n
2 + 2 arcsin |a| + C. Š®­âà¯à¨¬¥à3 : ln(1 + 2t2 ) = n t . Žè¨¡®ç-
n=1
1 2n+1 n
‡ ¤ ç  3. 3  §«®¦¨âì ¢ àï¤ ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠­®¥ ¢ëç¨á«¥­¨¥ ¯® ä®à¬ã«¥ R = lim n = 2 ¯à¨¢®¤¨â
2 −12x+19 n→∞ (n+1)2
â®çª¨ x0 = 3 äã­ªæ¨î y = arcctg 2x6x−x ¨ ­ ©â¨ à ¤¨ãá ª ­¥¯à ¢¨«ì­®¬ã ®â¢¥âã: R = 1
2 −7
2 . ‚® ¨§¡¥¦ ­¨¥ ®è¨¡®ª
á室¨¬®á⨠¯®«ã祭­®£® à鸞. ¬®¦­® à áá㦤 âì, ­ ¯à¨¬¥à, â ª: ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã „ « ¬¡¥à 
 n+1 
¥è¥­¨¥. DZãáâì t = x − 3. ’®£¤  x = t + 3; y(x) = y(t +  2 t2n+2 n 
㪠§ ­­ë© àï¤  ¡á®«îâ­® á室¨âáï, ¥á«¨ lim  (n+1)2n t2n  =
2
∞
P n→∞
+ 3) = z(t) = arcctg 2t2−t+1 0 −2t
2 ; z (t) = 1+t4 = −2t (−1)n t4n = = 2t2 < 1,   ¥á«¨ 2t2 > 1, â®  ¡á®«îâ­®© á室¨¬®á⨠­¥â.
n=0
∞
P ’®£¤  à ¤¨ãá á室¨¬®á⨠­ å®¤¨âáï ¨§ ãá«®¢¨ï: 2t2 < 1,
= 2(−1)n+1 t4n+1 . DZ®áª®«ìªã à ¤¨ãá á室¨¬®á⨠®á­®¢­®£® ®âªã¤  |t| < √12 = R. Žè¨¡®ç­®¥ ¢ëç¨á«¥­¨¥ ¯® ä®à¬ã«¥ R1 =
n=0 q
∞
P n
à §«®¦¥­¨ï 1
= (−1)n un à ¢¥­ 1, â® ¯®«ã祭­ë© ¤«ï z 0 (t) = lim n 2n = 2 ¯à¨¢®¤¨â ª ­¥¯à ¢¨«ì­®¬ã ®â¢¥âã R = 12 . DZ®
1+u n→∞
n=0 ¯à¨§­ ªã
r Š®è¨ à ¤¨ãá á室¨¬®á⨠®¯à¥¤¥«ï¥âáï ¨§ ãá«®¢¨ï
àï¤  ¡á®«îâ­® á室¨âáï, ¥á«¨ |t4 | < 1, â® ¥áâì ¯à¨ |t| < 1, ¨ 
 n 2n 
à á室¨âáï, ¥á«¨ |t4 | > 1, â® ¥áâì ¯à¨ |t| > 1. ‡­ ç¨â, à ¤¨ãá lim n  2 nt  = 2t2 < 1, ®âªã¤  |t| < √12 = R. ‡­ ç¨â, R = √12 .
n→∞
Rt 0
á室¨¬®á⨠à鸞 ¤«ï z 0 (t) à ¢¥­ 1. z(t) = z(0) +  ¤¨ãá á室¨¬®á⨠¬®¦­® ­ ©â¨ ¯®
r ä®à¬ã«¥ Š®è¨|
z (τ )dτ =
τ =0 p √
 n+1 n 

= arcctg 1
+
∞
P (−1)n+1 4n+2
DZਠ¯®ç«¥­­®¬ ¨­â¥£à¨à®¢ ­¨¨ €¤ ¬ à : R1 = lim |an | = lim 2n  (−1) n 2  = 2.
2 2n+1 t . n→∞ n→∞
n=0
á⥯¥­­®£® à鸞 à ¤¨ãá á室¨¬®á⨠­¥ ¬¥­ï¥âáï. DZ®í⮬ã R = ‘«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®, R = √12 .
= 1. DZந§¢¥¤ï ®¡à â­ãî § ¬¥­ã ¯¥à¥¬¥­­®©, ¯®«ãç ¥¬ ®â¢¥â: ‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥.  áᬮâਬ ¤¢  á⥯¥­­ëå à鸞 A ¨ B
∞
P (−1)n+1 á 業âà ¬¨ ¢ ®¤­®© â®çª¥ x0 ¨ à ¤¨ãá ¬¨ á室¨¬®á⨠R ¨
y(x) = arcctg 12 + 2n+1 (x − 3)
4n+2 , R = 1.
n=0 r ᮮ⢥âá⢥­­®. …᫨ R 6= r , â® à ¤¨ãá á室¨¬®á⨠¨å
‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥.  ¤¨ãá á室¨¬®á⨠¤«ï z 0 (t)p ¬®¦­® «¨­¥©­®© ª®¬¡¨­ æ¨¨ á ®â«¨ç­ë¬¨ ®â ­ã«ï ª®íää¨æ¨¥­â ¬¨
­ ©â¨ ¯® ä®à¬ã«¥ Š®è¨|€¤ ¬ à : R1 = lim |an | = (®¡®§­ ç¨¬ ¥ñ C ), ¢ ç áâ­®á⨠¨å áã¬¬ë ¨«¨ à §­®áâ¨, ¥áâì
p n→∞ min{R, r}. ‚ á ¬®¬ ¤¥«¥, ¥á«¨, ­ ¯à¨¬¥à, r < R, â® àï¤ C
= lim 4n+1 |2(−1)n+1 | = 1. ‘«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®, R = 1. á室¨âáï ¯à¨ |x − x0 | < r ¨ à á室¨âáï ¯à¨ |x − x0 | ∈ (r, R) ⊂ R.
n→∞
“ç¨â뢠ï áâàãªâãàã ¬­®¦¥á⢠ â®ç¥ª á室¨¬®á⨠á⥯¥­­®£®
Žè¨¡®ç­ë¬ ï¥âáï ­ å®¦¤¥­¨¥ à ¤¨ãá  á室¨¬®áâ¨
p à鸞, ¬ë ¢¨¤¨¬, çâ® à ¤¨ãᮬ á室¨¬®á⨠à鸞 C ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì
¤«ï z 0 (t) ¯® ä®à¬ã«¥ R1 = lim n |2(−1)n+1 | = 1 ¨«¨ ¯®
 n→∞ ⮫쪮 r. …᫨ ®¡  à ¤¨ãá  ¡¥áª®­¥ç­ë, â®, ®ç¥¢¨¤­®, ¨ à ¤¨ãá
 2(−1)n+2  㪠§ ­­®© «¨­¥©­®© ª®¬¡¨­ æ¨¨ ¡¥áª®­¥ç¥­. ¥âਢ¨ «ì­ë©
ä®à¬ã«¥ R1 = lim  2(−1) n+1  = 1, ¯®áª®«ìªã à §«®¦¥­¨¥
n→∞
á«ãç ©, ¥á«¨ à ¤¨ãáë ª®­¥ç­ë ¨ à ¢­ë (R = r ). ‚ í⮬
¢ ¤ ­­®¬ á«ãç ¥ ¨¬¥¥â ¬¥áâ® ¯® á⥯¥­ï¬ t4n+1 ,   ­¥ ¯®
á«ãç ¥ ¥á«¨ ®¤¨­ ¨§ à冷¢ ­¥ á室¨âáï ¢ ­¥ª®â®à®© â®çª¥ ­ 
á⥯¥­ï¬ tn . Š ¯®¤®¡­ë¬ ä®à¬ã« ¬ ­ã¦­® ®â­®á¨âìáï á
®áâ®à®¦­®áâìî, ¢¥¤ì ¢ ¤à㣨å á«ãç ïå, ¤¥©áâ¢ãï â ª, ¬®¦­® 3
‚ë¡®à á«®¢  ª®­âà¯à¨¬¥à ®¡ãá«®¢«¥­ [10]. ¥ª®¬¥­¤ã¥¬ ç¨â â¥«î
¯®«ãç¨âì ­¥¯à ¢¨«ì­ë© ®â¢¥â. ®§­ ª®¬¨âìáï á í⮩ ª­¨£®©.

10 11
£à ­¨æ¥ ªà㣠 á室¨¬®áâ¨,   ¤à㣮© á室¨âáï, â® ¨å á㬬  ¥è¥­¨¥.
p q −n2
­¥ á室¨âáï ¢ í⮩ â®çª¥, ¨ à ¤¨ãá á室¨¬®á⨠à鸞 C ¯® n
|an | = 3 1 + 1
· n sin n1 =
3n2
⥮६¥ €¡¥«ï ¡ã¤¥â R. …᫨ ¦¥ ®¡  à鸞 ¨¬¥îâ ®¤­ã ¨ âã 



−n2
¦¥ ®¡« áâì á室¨¬®áâ¨, â® à ¤¨ãá á室¨¬®á⨠à鸞 C ¬®¦¥â = 1 + 9n1 2 + o n
1
2 1 − 6n
1
2 + o 1
2 =
 n  
®ª § âìáï ¡®«ìè¥, 祬 R, ¨ §¤¥áì âॡã¥âáï ¨áá«¥¤®¢ ­¨¥. DZਠ1


−n 2 −n 2 ln 1− 1 +o 1
= 1− + o n12 =e 18n2 n2 =
®ä®à¬«¥­¨¨ à¥è¥­¨ï ¦¥« â¥«ì­® ááë« âìáï ­  ¨á¯®«ì§ã¥¬ë¥ 1
18n2
+o(1) 1

⥮६ë. Žâ¬¥â¨¬, ç⮠㬭®¦¥­¨¥ à鸞 ­  ­¥­ã«¥¢®© =e 18 → e 18 > 1, n → ∞.

¬­®£®ç«¥­ ­¥ ¬¥­ï¥â à ¤¨ãá á室¨¬®áâ¨. Œ­®£®ç«¥­, ¤ ¦¥ DZ® ¯à¨§­ ªã Š®è¨ àï¤ à á室¨âáï.
­ã«¥¢®© á⥯¥­¨, à á¯¨á ­­ë© ¯® ¢®§à áâ ­¨î á⥯¥­¥© (x − Žè¨¡®ç­ë¬ ï¥âáï à áá㦤¥­¨¥: ¯®áª®«ìªã
− x0 )n , ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ï¥â ᮡ®© á⥯¥­­®© àï¤ á ¡¥áª®­¥ç­ë¬ p q −n2
à ¤¨ãᮬ á室¨¬®áâ¨. n sin n1 ∼ 1, n → ∞, â® |an | = 3 1 + 3n1 2
n
· n sin n1 ∼
q −n2
−n2 1
‡ ¤ ç  4. 2 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  á室¨¬®áâì àï¤ ∼ 3 1
1 + 3n2 ∼ 1 + 9n1 2 → e− 9 < 1, n → ∞.
∞
P (2(n−1)n )n
2) . DZ® ¯à¨§­ ªã Š®è¨ àï¤ á室¨âáï. Žè¨¡ª  ¢ ⮬, çâ®
n=1 n(n
p ¯à¨ ­ å®¦¤¥­¨¨ ¯à¥¤¥«®¢ ¯®ª § â¥«ì­®-á⥯¥­­®© ä㭪樨
n

1 n
¥è¥­¨¥. |an | = 2(n−1)
n
nn = 2 1− n → 2
e < 1, n → ∞. ­¥«ì§ï ¢ ®¡é¥¬ á«ãç ¥ § ¬¥­ïâì ®á­®¢ ­¨¥ ¨«¨ ¯®ª § â¥«ì
DZ® ¯à¨§­ ªã Š®è¨ àï¤ á室¨âáï. á⥯¥­¨ ­  íª¢¨¢ «¥­â­ë¥ ¢¥«¨ç¨­ë!


x n
‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. ∀ x ∈ R lim 1 + = DZਠn ex . ‡ ¤ ç  5a. 4 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­   ¡á®«îâ­ãî ¨ ãá«®¢­ãî
n→∞
®ä®à¬«¥­¨¨ ¯¨á쬥­­®© à ¡®âë íâ®â 䠪⠬®¦­® áç¨â âì á室¨¬®áâì ­¥á®¡á⢥­­ë© ¨­â¥£à «
¨§¢¥áâ­ë¬. +∞
Z
ex − esin x
DZ à ¨ ¬ ¥ à. ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  á室¨¬®áâì àï¤ dx.
∞ 
P  n (ch2 x − cos2 x)α
1 0
1 − ln nsin n .
n=1 ¥è¥­¨¥. ˆ­â¥£à « ¨¬¥¥â ¤¢¥ ®á®¡¥­­®áâ¨: ¢ ­ã«¥ ¨ ¢
¥è¥­¨¥
 . DZਠ1 ¤®áâ â®ç­®
n ¡®«ìè¨å n ®¡é¨© ç«¥­ à鸞 +∞
R R1 +∞
R
sin n
p + ∞. I = f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx = I1 + I2 . Š ¦¤ë©
an = 1 − ln n > 0. ’ ª ª ª lim n |an | = 1 ¨ 0 0 1
  n→∞
 an+1  ¨§ ¨­â¥£à «®¢ I1 ¨ I2 ¨¬¥¥â 㦥 ®¤­ã ®á®¡¥­­®áâì: I1 { ¢
lim  an  = 1, ¯à¨§­ ª¨ Š®è¨ ¨ „ « ¬¡¥à  ­¥¯à¨¬¥­¨¬ë, ­®
n→∞      ­¨¦­¥¬ ¯à¥¤¥«¥,   I2 { ¢ ¢¥àå­¥¬ ¯à¥¤¥«¥ ¨­â¥£à¨à®¢ ­¨ï.
x −esin x
an = e
1
) ln n) = en ln 1− n +o n2
n ln(1−(sin n
ln n
=e
ln n
− ln n+o √n
∼ n1
ln n
DZਠx > 0 f (x) = (ch2e x−cos 2 x)α > 0. DZਠx → 0 ¨¬¥¥¬: e −
x
3 3
¯à¨ n → ∞. Ž¡é¨© ç«¥­ à鸞 íª¢¨¢ «¥­â¥­ ®¡é¥¬ã ç«¥­ã à á- − esin x = x6 + o(x3 ) ∼ x6 , ch2 x − cos2 x = 2x2 + o(x2 ) ∼ 2x2 ,
室ï饣®áï £ à¬®­¨ç¥áª®£® à鸞. ï¤ à á室¨âáï ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã C
f (x) ∼ x2α−3 . DZ® ¯à¨§­ ªã áà ¢­¥­¨ï ¨­â¥£à « I1 á室¨âáï ⇔
áà ¢­¥­¨ï. C
⇔ 2α − 3 < 1 ⇔ α < 2. ’ ª ª ª f (x) ∼ e(2α−1)x ¯à¨ x → +∞, â®
DZ à ¨ ¬ ¥ à. ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  á室¨¬®áâì àï¤ ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã áà ¢­¥­¨ï ¨­â¥£à « I2 á室¨âáï ⇔ 2α − 1 > 0 ⇔
∞ p
P n 1

−n 3 ⇔ α > 21 . ˆ­â¥£à « I á室¨âáï ⇔ ¨­â¥£à « I1 á室¨âáï ¨
3
n3 + 3 sin n . ¨­â¥£à « I2 á室¨âáï ⇔ 21 < α < 2. ‘室¨¬®áâì  ¡á®«îâ­ ï.
n=1
12 13
 ‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. DZਧ­ ª áà ¢­¥­¨ï ¤«ï ­¥á®¡á⢥­­ëå Rb Rb
Rb Rb Žâ¬¥â¨¬, çâ® ¯à¨ c ∈ (a, b) ¨­â¥£à «ë f (x)dx ¨ f (x)dx á
¨­â¥£à «®¢ I = f (x)dx ¨ I˜ = g(x)dx á ¥¤¨­á⢥­­®© a c
a a ¥¤¨­á⢥­­®© ®á®¡¥­­®áâìî ¢ ¢¥àå­¥¬ ¯à¥¤¥«¥ ¨­â¥£à¨à®¢ ­¨ï
®á®¡¥­­®áâìî, ­ ¯à¨¬¥à ¢ ¢¥àå­¥¬ ¯à¥¤¥«¥ ¨­â¥£à¨à®¢ ­¨ï, Rb
¬®¦­® áä®à¬ã«¨à®¢ âì á«¥¤ãî騬 ®¡à §®¬: ¥á«¨ ∀ b0 ∈ á室ïâáï ¨«¨ à á室ïâáï ®¤­®¢à¥¬¥­­®, ¨ ¨­â¥£à «ë f (x)dx
a
∈ (a, b) f, g ∈ R[a, b0 ] ¨ ∃ a0 > a ∀ x ∈ [a0 , b) 0 6 f (x) 6 Rc
6 g(x), â® ¨§ á室¨¬®á⨠¨­â¥£à «  I˜ á«¥¤ã¥â á室¨¬®áâì ¨ f (x)dx á ¥¤¨­á⢥­­®© ®á®¡¥­­®áâìî ¢ ­¨¦­¥¬ ¯à¥¤¥«¥
a
¨­â¥£à «  I,   ¨§ à á室¨¬®á⨠I á«¥¤ã¥â à á室¨¬®áâì I. ˜ ‚ ¨­â¥£à¨à®¢ ­¨ï á室ïâáï ¨«¨ à á室ïâáï ®¤­®¢à¥¬¥­­®.
f (x)
ç áâ­®áâ¨, ¥á«¨ f (x) ∼ g(x) ¯à¨ x → b − 0 ¨«¨ ∃ lim g(x) =
x→b−0 6 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­   ¡á®«îâ­ãî ¨ ãá«®¢­ãî
‡ ¤ ç  5¡.
= k > 0, â® ¨­â¥£à «ë I ¨ I˜ á室ïâáï ¨«¨ à á室ïâáï á室¨¬®áâì ­¥á®¡á⢥­­ë© ¨­â¥£à «
®¤­®¢à¥¬¥­­®. ‡¤¥áì a ∈ R, b ∈ R ∪ {+∞}; § ¯¨áì x → +∞
Z  
→ b − 0 ¯à¨ b = +∞ ­ã¦­® ¯®­¨¬ âì ª ª x → +∞. α 1 1 √
Œ¥â®¤ ¨áá«¥¤®¢ ­¨ï ­  á室¨¬®áâì ­¥á®¡á⢥­­®£® ¨­â¥£à «  x sh − cos x dx.
x x
®â §­ ª®¯®áâ®ï­­®© ä㭪樨 á ¥¤¨­á⢥­­®© ®á®¡¥­­®áâìî 1

¢ ª ª®¬-«¨¡® ¨§ ¯à¥¤¥«®¢ ¨­â¥£à¨à®¢ ­¨ï á®á⮨⠢ ⮬, √

¥è¥­¨¥. ‡ ¬¥­®© t = x § ¤ ç  ᢮¤¨âáï ª
çâ®¡ë § ¬¥­¨âì ¯®¤ë­â¥£à «ì­ãî äã­ªæ¨î ­  íª¢¨¢ «¥­- ¨áá«¥¤®¢ ­¨î ­  á室¨¬®áâì ¨  ¡á®«îâ­ãî á室¨¬®áâì
â­ãî ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠®á®¡®© â®çª¨ ¡®«¥¥ ¯à®áâãî, ¥éñ «ãçè¥, ­¥á®¡á⢥­­®£® ¨­â¥£à « :
ýíâ «®­­ãîþ äã­ªæ¨î. â «®­ ¬¨ ïîâáï á«¥¤ãî騥 +∞
Z +∞
Z   +∞
Z
¨­â¥£à «ë (C 6= 0): 2α+1 1 1
I= f (t)dt = t sh 2 − 2 cos t dt = g(t) cos tdt,
+∞
R t t
C
I1 = xα dx { á室¨âáï, ¥á«¨ α > 1, ¨ à á室¨âáï, ¥á«¨ 1 1 1
1

α 6 1, £¤¥ g(t) = t2α+1 sh t12 − 1
t2
. Ÿá­®, çâ® lim g(t) =
t→+∞
t2α−5
R1 C = lim = 0 ⇔ 2α − 5 < 0 ⇔ α < 52 . DZ®ª ¦¥¬, çâ® ¯à¨
I2 = xα dx { á室¨âáï, ¥á«¨ α < 1, ¨ à á室¨âáï, ¥á«¨ t→+∞ 6
0 α < 52 ¨­â¥£à « I á室¨âáï ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã „¨à¨å«¥,   ¯à¨ α > 52
α > 1,
à á室¨âáï ¯® ªà¨â¥à¨î Š®è¨.
+∞
R

I3 = C
dx { á室¨âáï, ¥á«¨ α > 1 ¯à¨ «î¡®¬ β; I) ‘ å ® ¤ ¨ ¬ ® á â ì. g(t) = t2α−5 t6 sh t12 − t12 . DZਠα < 25
xα lnβ x
2 äã­ªæ¨ï ϕ(t)
= t2α−5  ­  «ãç¥ [1; +∞). ”ã­ªæ¨ï h(t) =
¥á«¨ α = 1, á室¨âáï ¯à¨ β > 1; ¢® ¢á¥å ®áâ «ì­ëå á«ãç ïå { = t6 sh t12 − t12  ­  «ãç¥ [t0, +∞) ¤«ï ­¥ª®â®à®£® t0 >
à á室¨âáï,

0 (t) = 2t3 3t2 sh 1 − 1 − ch 1 − 1

 1,
â ª ª ª ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ ï
h t2 t2 t2
=
2 2
1
R2 = − t5 120 + o(1) < 0 ¯à¨ ¤®áâ â®ç­® ¡®«ìè¨å t, ¯®áª®«ìªã
C
I4 = xα | ln x|β
dx { á室¨âáï, ¥á«¨ α < 1 ¯à¨ «î¡®¬ β; |o(1)| < 120 1
¯à¨ ¤®áâ â®ç­® ¡®«ìè¨å t. ’ ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬,
0
 
Rξ 
¥á«¨ α = 1, á室¨âáï ¯à¨ β > 1; ¢® ¢á¥å ®áâ «ì­ëå á«ãç ïå { 
1) g(t)  0 ­  «ãç¥ [t0 , +∞), 2) ∀ ξ ∈ [1; +∞)  cos t dt =

à á室¨âáï. 1 
14 15
= | sin ξ − sin 1| 6 2. DZ® ¯à¨§­ ªã „¨à¨å«¥ ¨­â¥£à « I á室¨âáï  ¡á®«îâ­® á室¨âáï ⮣¤  ¨ ⮫쪮 ⮣¤ , ª®£¤  α < 2.
¯à¨ ¢á¥å α < 52 . â®â १ã«ìâ â ¬®¦­® áä®à¬ã«¨à®¢ âì ¯®-¤à㣮¬ã: ¨­â¥£à «
á室¨âáï  ¡á®«îâ­®, ¥á«¨ α < 2; á室¨âáï ãá«®¢­®, ¥á«¨ 2 6
5 5
II)    á å ® ¤ ¨ ¬ ® á â ì. ∀ α > lim g(t)
2 t→+∞ = +∞, ¯à¨ α = 2 6 α < 25 , ¨ à á室¨âáï, ¥á«¨ α > 25 .
1 5 1
lim g(t) = 6. ’®£¤  ¯à¨ α >
∃ t0 > 1 ∀ t > t0 g(t) > 12 .
t→+∞ 
2
 ‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. …᫨ h0 (x) ∼ ϕ0 (x) < 0 ¯à¨ x → +∞, â® ¢
‡­ ç¨â, ∀ α > 25 ∃ t0 > 1 ∀ δ > t0 ∃ n = 2π δ δ 0
 +001 > 2π ∃ ξ = ­¥ª®â®à®© ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠+∞ h0 (x) < 0. …᫨ h0 (x) ∼ ϕ0 (x) >
 Rξ 00  Rξ > 0 ¯à¨ x → +∞, â® ¢ ­¥ª®â®à®© ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠+∞ h0 (x) >
 
= 2πn > δ, ∃ ξ 00 = π2 + 2πn > δ :  f (t) dt = g(t) cos t dt > > 0. ‚ § ¤ ç¥ 5¡ h0 (t) ∼ − 30t 1
5 < 0 ¯à¨ t → +∞. ‡­ ç¨â,
ξ 0  ξ0
00 h(t)  ¯à¨ t → +∞. DZਠ­ å®¦¤¥­¨¨ íª¢¨¢ «¥­â­®© ä㭪樨
Rξ
> 1
cos t dt = 12 1
. ˆâ ª, ∀ α > 25 ∃ ε0 = 12
1
> 0 ∀ δ > 1 ∃ ξ0 > ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬® ãç¨â뢠âì, çâ® ¢ ®¡é¥¬ á«ãç ¥ á㬬  ä㭪権 ­¥
12
ξ0  00  íª¢¨¢ «¥­â­  á㬬¥ íª¢¨¢ «¥­â­ëå ¨¬ ä㭪権.  ¯à¨¬¥à,
 Rξ 
q


  1 + t2 − 1 − 2t = 1t + o 1t ∼ 1t ¯à¨ t → +∞, ­® 1 + t12 −
1
> δ ∃ ξ > δ :  f (t) dt > ε0 . ‘¯à ¢¥¤«¨¢® ®âà¨æ ­¨¥ ãá«®¢¨ï
00
q
ξ 0 

− 1 − 2t 6∼ 1 + t12 − 1 ¯à¨ t → +∞. ‚® ¨§¡¥¦ ­¨¥ ®è¨¡®ª
Š®è¨ ªà¨â¥à¨ï Š®è¨ á室¨¬®á⨠­¥á®¡á⢥­­®£® ¨­â¥£à « 
+∞
R ­ã¦­® ª®à४⭮ ¯à¨¬¥­ïâì ä®à¬ã«ã ’¥©«®à  [7].
I= f (t) dt. DZ® ªà¨â¥à¨î Š®è¨ ¨­â¥£à « I à á室¨âáï ¯à¨
1 +∞
R

¢á¥å α > 52 . ‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. DZ®áª®«ìªã I = t2α+1 sh t12 − 1
t2
cos t dt =
1
III) € ¡ á ® « î â ­   ï á å ® ¤ ¨ ¬ ® á â ì. ˆ­â¥£à « I ¬®¦¥â +∞
R

cos t
 ¡á®«îâ­® á室¨âìáï «¨èì ¯à¨ â¥å §­ ç¥­¨ïå α, ¯à¨ ª®â®àëå = t5−2α
t6 sh t12 − 1
t2
dt,   äã­ªæ¨ï h(t) =
+∞
R 1

®­ á室¨âáï. DZਠα < 52 ¨­â¥£à « g(t) cos 2t dt á室¨âáï ¯® = t6 sh t12 − t12  61 6= 0 ¯à¨ t > t0 , â® ¯® á«¥¤á⢨î
1 ¨§ ¯à¨§­ ª  €¡¥«ï4 § ¤ ç  ᢮¤¨âáï ª ¨áá«¥¤®¢ ­¨î
¯à¨§­ ªã „¨à¨å«¥. ’®£¤  ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã áà ¢­¥­¨ï ¨§ 楯®çª¨
+∞
R +∞
R +∞
R ­  á室¨¬®áâì ¨  ¡á®«îâ­ãî á室¨¬®áâì ­¥á®¡á⢥­­®£®
­¥à ¢¥­á⢠g(t) dt > g(t)| cos t| dt > g(t) cos2 t dt = +∞
R cos t
1 1 1 ¨­â¥£à «  I˜ = t5−2α
dt, ª®â®àë©, ª ª ¨§¢¥áâ­®, á室¨âáï
+∞
R +∞
R 1
= 1
2 g(t) dt + 1
2 g(t) cos 2t dt > 0 á«¥¤ã¥â, çâ® ¨­â¥£à «  ¡á®«îâ­®, ¥á«¨ 5 − 2α > 1, á室¨âáï ãá«®¢­®, ¥á«¨ 0 < 5 −
1 1 − 2α 6 1, ¨ à á室¨âáï, ¥á«¨ 5− 2α 6 0. ‘«¥¤á⢨¥ ¨§ ¯à¨§­ ª 
+∞
R +∞
R +∞
R
|f (t)| dt = g(t)| cos t| dt á室¨âáï ⇔ ¨­â¥£à « g(t) dt €¡¥«ï § ª«îç ¥âáï ¢ á«¥¤ãî饬.
1 1 1
+∞
R 4
C DZ à ¨ § ­   ª € ¡ ¥ « ï. DZãáâì äã­ªæ¨ï f (x) ¨­â¥£à¨à㥬  ­  «î¡®¬
á室¨âáï ⇔ t5−2α dt á室¨âáï ⇔ 5 − 2α > 1 ⇔ α < 2. R
+∞
1 ®â१ª¥ [a, ξ]. ’®£¤  ¥á«¨ ¨­â¥£à « f (x)dx á室¨âáï,   äã­ªæ¨ï
‚ ë ¢ ® ¤. ¥§ã«ìâ âë ¨áá«¥¤®¢ ­¨ï ¯®§¢®«ïîâ ᤥ« âì a
g(x) ¬®­®â®­­  ¨ ®£à ­¨ç¥­  ­  ¯à®¬¥¦ã⪥ [a, +∞), â® ¨­â¥£à «
á«¥¤ãî騩 ¢ë¢®¤: ¤ ­­ë© ¢ ãá«®¢¨¨ § ¤ ç¨ ­¥á®¡á⢥­­ë© R
+∞

¨­â¥£à « á室¨âáï ⮣¤  ¨ ⮫쪮 ⮣¤ , ª®£¤  α < 25 , ¨ f (x)g(x)dx ⮦¥ á室¨âáï [4].
a

16 17
 ’ ¥ ® à ¥ ¬  . DZãáâì ¤«ï ­¥ª®â®à®£® a ∈ R äã­ªæ¨ï ‡ ¬¥ç ï, çâ® f (x) = (f (x)g(x)) g(x)
1
, ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã €¡¥«ï [4, 9]
f (x) ¨­â¥£à¨à㥬  ­  «î¡®¬ ®â१ª¥ [a, ξ],   äã­ªæ¨ï g(x) ¯®«ãç ¥¬ § ª«î祭¨¥ ⥮६ë.
¬®­®â®­­  ­  ¯à®¬¥¦ã⪥ [a, +∞) ¨ ∃ lim g(x) = k 6= 0. +∞
R
x→+∞ ‚ á ¬®¬ ¤¥«¥, ¥á«¨ ¨­â¥£à « Ie = f (x)dx á室¨âáï, â®
+∞
R a
’®£¤  ­¥á®¡á⢥­­ë¥ ¨­â¥£à «ë I = f (x)g(x)dx ¨ I˜ = +∞
R
a ¨­â¥£à « I = f (x)g(x)dx á室¨âáï ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã €¡¥«ï.
+∞
R a
= f (x)dx á室ïâáï ¨  ¡á®«îâ­® á室ïâáï ®¤­®¢à¥¬¥­­®. +∞
R
a Ž¡à â­®, ¥á«¨ ¨­â¥£à « I = f (x)g(x)dx á室¨âáï, â®
a
‡ ª«î祭¨¥ â¥®à¥¬ë ®§­ ç ¥â, çâ® ­¥á®¡á⢥­­ë¥ +∞
R +∞
R
¨­â¥£à «ë I ¨ I˜ «¨¡® ®¡  á室ïâáï  ¡á®«îâ­®, «¨¡® ®¡  ¨­â¥£à « Ie = f (x)dx = (f (x)g(x)) · 1
g(x) dx á室¨âáï
a a
á室ïâáï ãá«®¢­®, «¨¡® ®¡  à á室ïâáï. +∞
R
¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã €¡¥«ï. …᫨ ¨­â¥£à « |f (x)|dx á室¨âáï,
‡ ª«î祭¨¥ â¥®à¥¬ë ®áâ ñâáï ¢¥à­ë¬, ¥á«¨ äã­ªæ¨ï g(x) a
+∞
R +∞
R
¬®­®â®­­  ­  «ãç¥ [x0 , +∞) ¤«ï ­¥ª®â®à®£® x0 > a,   äã­ªæ¨ï â® ¨­â¥£à « |f (x)g(x)|dx = |f (x)||g(x)|dx á室¨âáï ¯®
f (x)g(x) ¨­â¥£à¨à㥬  ­  ®â१ª¥ [a, x0 ]. a a
+∞
R
„ ® ª   §   â ¥ « ì á â ¢ ®. ‘®£« á­® ãá«®¢¨î â¥®à¥¬ë ¨ ¯à¨§­ ªã €¡¥«ï. Ž¡à â­®, ¥á«¨ ¨­â¥£à « |f (x)g(x)|dx
a
᢮©á⢠¬ ¨­â¥£à¨à㥬ëå ¯® ¨¬ ­ã ä㭪権, ä㭪樨 +∞
R +∞
R
g(x), f (x)g(x), |f (x)|, |f (x)g(x)| ¨­â¥£à¨àã¥¬ë ­  «î¡®¬ á室¨âáï, â® ¨­â¥£à « Ie = |f (x)|dx = |f (x)g(x)| · 1
|g(x)| dx
a a
®â१ª¥ [a, ξ]. á室¨âáï ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã €¡¥«ï.
DZ®áª®«ìªã k 6= 0, ¢ ­¥ª®â®à®© ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠+∞ á¯à ¢¥¤«¨-
¢ë ­¥à ¢¥­á⢠ 0 < |k|− |k|
|k|
2 6 |g(x)| 6 |k|+ 2 , ®âªã¤  ¢ë⥪ ¥â,
‘«¥¤á⢨¥¬ ¨§ ¯à¨§­ ª  €¡¥«ï ¬®¦­® ¯®«ì§®¢ âìáï ¢

çâ® ¬®­®â®­­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï g(x) ¢ ¢ë¡à ­­®© ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠+ ¯¨á쬥­­®© à ¡®â¥ ¡¥§ ¤®ª § â¥«ìá⢠ «¨èì ¢ ⮬ á«ãç ¥,

+∞ á®åà ­ï¥â §­ ª. ’®£¤  ¢ í⮩ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠ä㭪樨 g(x), ¥á«¨ íâ  â¥®à¥¬  ¡ë«  ¤®ª § ­  ­  «¥ªæ¨ïå.
1
|g(x)|, g(x) 1
, |g(x)| ®¯à¥¤¥«¥­ë, ®£à ­¨ç¥­ë ¨ ¬®­®â®­­ë. ‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. …᫨ ¯®¤ §­ ª®¬ sin ¨«¨ cos ¢ ãá«®¢¨¨
’ ª ª ª ­¥á®¡á⢥­­ë¥ ¨­â¥£à «ë I ¨ Ie ¨¬¥îâ § ¤ ç¨ á⮨⠭¥ «¨­¥©­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï, ४®¬¥­¤ã¥âáï ¤¥« âì
¥¤¨­á⢥­­ãî ®á®¡¥­­®áâì +∞, â® ¡¥§ ®£à ­¨ç¥­¨ï ®¡é­®áâ¨5 § ¬¥­ã ¯¥à¥¬¥­­®©. ‡ ¬¥­ïâì ¯®¤ë­â¥£à «ì­ãî äã­ªæ¨î
¯®« £ ¥¬, çâ® a ¯à¨­ ¤«¥¦¨â ¢ë¡à ­­®© ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠+∞. ­  íª¢¨¢ «¥­â­ãî ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠¥¤¨­á⢥­­®© ®á®¡®© â®çª¨
­¥«ì§ï, ª ª ¢ ¯à¥¤ë¤ã饩 § ¤ ç¥ 5a, ¯®áª®«ìªã ®­  ­¥ §­ -
5 Rb Rb ª®¯®áâ®ï­­ , ¨ ¢ ®¡é¥¬ á«ãç ¥ â ª ï § ¬¥­  ­¥ ¯à¨¢®¤¨â
DZਠc ∈ (a, b) ¨­â¥£à «ë f (x)dx ¨ f (x)dx á ¥¤¨­á⢥­­®©
a c ª íª¢¨¢ «¥­â­®¬ã ¢ á¬ëá«¥ á室¨¬®á⨠­¥á®¡á⢥­­®¬ã
®á®¡¥­­®áâìî ¢ ¢¥àå­¥¬ ¯à¥¤¥«¥ ¨­â¥£à¨à®¢ ­¨ï á室ïâáï ¨  ¡á®«îâ­® +∞
R
Rb Rc ¨­â¥£à «ã.  ¯à¨¬¥à, ¨­â¥£à « √ sin x dx á室¨âáï
x−cos x
á室ïâáï ®¤­®¢à¥¬¥­­® ¨ ¨­â¥£à «ë f (x)dx ¨ f (x)dx á ¥¤¨­á⢥­­®©
a a
1
®á®¡¥­­®áâìî ¢ ­¨¦­¥¬ ¯à¥¤¥«¥ ¨­â¥£à¨à®¢ ­¨ï á室ïâáï ¨  ¡á®«îâ­®
+∞
R
ãá«®¢­®,   ¨­â¥£à « √ sin x dx à á室¨âáï. ‚ ª ¦¤®¬
á室ïâáï ®¤­®¢à¥¬¥­­®. x−sin x
1
18 19
¨§ íâ¨å á«ãç ¥¢ ¯®¤ë­â¥£à «ì­ ï äã­ªæ¨ï íª¢¨¢ «¥­â­  „ ® ª   §   â ¥ « ì á â ¢ ®. ”㭪樨 sin(kx + p) ¨ cos(kx +
+∞
R sin x + p) ¨¬¥îâ ®£à ­¨ç¥­­ë¥ ¯¥à¢®®¡à §­ë¥. Žáâ «®áì
ä㭪樨 sin
√ x ¯à¨ x → +∞, ¨ ¨­â¥£à « √ dx á室¨âáï
x x
1 ¢®á¯®«ì§®¢ âìáï ¯à¨§­ ª®¬ „¨à¨å«¥.
ãá«®¢­® (á¬. [6]). â®â ¯à¨¬¥à â ª¦¥ ¯®ª §ë¢ ¥â, çâ® ®â
ãá«®¢¨ï ¬®­®â®­­®á⨠¢ ¯à¨§­ ª¥ „¨à¨å«¥ ­¥«ì§ï ®âª § âìáï. ’ਣ®­®¬¥âà¨ç¥áª¨© ¯à¨§­ ª  ¡á®«îâ­®©

ˆ§ áâ६«¥­¨ï ¯®¤ë­â¥£à «ì­®© ä㭪樨 ª ­ã«î á室¨¬®áâ¨. DZãáâì äã­ªæ¨ï g(x) ­¥¯à¥à뢭® ¤¨ää¥-
­¥ á«¥¤ã¥â á室¨¬®áâì ­¥á®¡á⢥­­®£® ¨­â¥£à « , à ¢­® ७æ¨à㥬  ­  «ãç¥ [a; +∞) ¨ g(x) ↓ 0 ¯à¨ x → +∞. ’®£¤ 
+∞
R
ª ª ¨§ ­¥®£à ­¨ç¥­­®á⨠(¤ ¦¥ ¢áî¤ã ¯®«®¦¨â¥«ì­®© ∀ k 6= 0, ∀ p ¨­â¥£à « |g(x) sin(kx + p)|dx á室¨âáï ⇔
¨ ­¥¯à¥à뢭®©) ¯®¤ë­â¥£à «ì­®© ä㭪樨 ­¥ á«¥¤ã¥â a
+∞
R
à á室¨¬®áâì ­¥á®¡á⢥­­®£® ¨­â¥£à « . ˆ§ íª¢¨¢ «¥­â­®á⨠⇔ ¨­â¥£à « |g(x) cos(kx + p)|dx á室¨âáï ⇔ ¨­â¥£à «
¤ ­­®© ä㭪樨 ­¥ª®â®à®© ¬®­®â®­­®© ä㭪樨 ¯à¨ x → a, a
+∞
R
a ∈ R, ­¥ á«¥¤ã¥â ¬®­®â®­­®áâì ¨á室­®© ä㭪樨 ¢ ­¥ª®â®à®©
g(x)dx á室¨âáï.
®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠a. â «®­ ¬¨ ¬®¦­® áç¨â âì ¨­â¥£à «ë, ª®â®àë¥ a
à áᬠâਢ «¨áì ­  «¥ªæ¨ïå. +∞
R g(x)
„ ® ª   §   â ¥ « ì á â ¢ ®. ˆ­â¥£à « cos(2kx + 2p)dx
DZਠω 6= 0 ¨­â¥£à «ë a
2
á室¨âáï ¯® âਣ®­®¬¥âà¨ç¥áª®¬ã ¯à¨§­ ªã á室¨¬®áâ¨.
+∞
Z +∞
Z
sin(ωx + ϕ) cos(ωx + ϕ) ’®£¤  ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã áà ¢­¥­¨ï ¨§ 楯®ç¥ª ­¥à ¢¥­áâ¢
I5 = dx, I6 = dx +∞
R +∞
R +∞
R
xα xα g(x)dx > |g(x) sin(kx + p)|dx > g(x) sin2 (kx +
1 1
a a a
+∞
R +∞
R +∞
R
á室ïâáï  ¡á®«îâ­®, ¥á«¨ α > 1; á室ïâáï ãá«®¢­®, ¥á«¨ 0 < g(x) g(x)
+ p)dx = 2 dx − cos(2kx + 2p)dx > 0 ¨ g(x)dx >
< α 6 1, ¨ à á室ïâáï, ¥á«¨ α 6 0. a a
2
a
+∞
R +∞
R +∞
R g(x)
‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. ‘ç¨â ï ¨­â¥£à «ë I5 , I6 íâ «®­ ¬¨, ¬®¦­® > |g(x) cos(kx+p)|dx > g(x) cos2 (kx+p)dx = 2 dx+
a a a
¢ § ¤ ç¥ 5¡ ¨áá«¥¤®¢ âì  ¡á®«îâ­ãî á室¨¬®áâì á«¥¤ãî騬 +∞
R g(x)
C| cos t|
®¡à §®¬: â ª ª ª |f (t)| = g(t)| cos t| ∼ t5−2α ¯à¨ t → +∞, + 2 cos(2kx + 2p)dx > 0 á«¥¤ã¥â § ª«î祭¨¥ ⥮६ë.
+∞ a
R
â® ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã áà ¢­¥­¨ï ¨­â¥£à « |f (t)| dt á室¨âáï ⇔
1 ’ਣ®­®¬¥âà¨ç¥áª¨© ¯à¨§­ ª à á室¨¬®áâ¨. DZãáâì
+∞
R C| cos t| äã­ªæ¨ï g(x) ¨­â¥£à¨à㥬  ¯® ¨¬ ­ã ­  «î¡®¬ ®â१ª¥ [a, b],
¨­â¥£à « t5−2α
dt á室¨âáï ⇔ 5 − 2α > 1 ⇔ α < 2. b > a, ¯à¨çñ¬ ∃ lim g(x) = C > 0 ¨«¨ ∃ lim g(x) =
1 x→+∞ x→+∞
+∞
R
’ਣ®­®¬¥âà¨ç¥áª¨© ¯à¨§­ ª á室¨¬®áâ¨. DZãáâì = +∞. ’®£¤  ∀ k 6= 0, ∀ p ¨­â¥£à «ë g(x) sin(kx + p)dx ¨
äã­ªæ¨ï g(x) ­¥¯à¥à뢭® ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬  ­  «ãç¥ [a; +∞) +∞
a
R
¨ g(x) ↓ 0 ¯à¨ x → +∞. ’®£¤  ∀ k 6= 0, ∀ p ¨­â¥£à «ë g(x) cos(kx + p)dx à á室ïâáï.
+∞
R +∞
R a
g(x) sin(kx + p)dx ¨ g(x) cos(kx + p)dx á室ïâáï. „ ® ª   §   â ¥ « ì á â ¢ ®. DZãáâì lim g(x) = C. ’ ª ª ª ∃ x0 >
a a x→+∞
20 21
> a ∀ x > x0 g(x) > C
> 0, â® ∀ k > 0 ∃ x0 > a ∀ δ > x0 ∃ n ∈ N ª ¨áá«¥¤®¢ ­¨î ­  á室¨¬®áâì ¨  ¡á®«îâ­ãî á室¨¬®áâì
2 +∞
 Rξ 00  R cos(2t+1)
π
00 = 2 +2πn−p > δ :  g(x) sin(kx + p) dx > ¨­â¥£à «  I = dt. ’ ª ª ª lim 1+α 1 2α =
∃ ξ 0 = 2πn−p
k > δ, ∃ ξ k   1+α
9 t 2 (ln t)
2α t→+∞ t 2 (ln t)
ξ 0   1+α 0
 00  = 0 ⇔ α > −1 ¨ ¯à¨ α > −1 ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ ï t 2 (ln t)2α >
Rξ
00  Rξ 
 
> C2 sin(kx + p) dx > 2k C
> 0 ¨  g(x) cos(kx + p) dx > > 0 ¯à¨ ¢á¥å ¤®áâ â®ç­® ¡®«ìè¨å t, â® ¨­â¥£à « I
ξ0 ξ 0 
00
á室¨âáï ¯à¨ ¢á¥å α > −1 ¨ à á室¨âáï ¯à¨ ¢á¥å α 6
C
Rξ C 6 −1 ¯® âਣ®­®¬¥âà¨ç¥áª¨¬ ¯à¨§­ ª ¬ á室¨¬®á⨠¨
> 2 cos(kx + p) dx > 2k > 0. ˆ§ ªà¨â¥à¨ï Š®è¨ ¤«ï k >
ξ0 à á室¨¬®áâ¨. DZ® âਣ®­®¬¥âà¨ç¥áª®¬ã
  ¯à¨§­ ªã  ¡á®«îâ­®©
> 0 á«¥¤ã¥â § ª«î祭¨¥ ⥮६ë. …᫨ lim g(x) = +∞, R  cos(2t+1) 
+∞
á室¨¬®á⨠¨­â¥£à «  1+α 
x→+∞  t 2 (ln t)2α  dt á室¨âáï ⇔ ¨­â¥£à «
¯®« £ ¥¬ C = 1. 9
+∞
R
DZ®«ì§®¢ âìáï âਣ®­®¬¥âà¨ç¥áª¨¬¨ ¯à¨§­ ª ¬¨ ¢ 1+α
1
dt á室¨âáï ⇔ α > 1 (íâ «®­).
t 2 (ln t)2α
¯¨á쬥­­®© à ¡®â¥ ¡¥§ ¤®ª § â¥«ìá⢠ ¬®¦­® ⮫쪮 ¢ 9
Žâ¢¥â:  ¡á®«îâ­® á室¨âáï ¯à¨ α > 1, ãá«®¢­® á室¨âáï
⮬ á«ãç ¥, ¥á«¨ ®­¨ ¡ë«¨ ¤®ª § ­ë ­  «¥ªæ¨ïå.
¯à¨ −1 < α < 1, à á室¨âáï ¯à¨ α 6 −1.
DZ à ¨ ¬ ¥ à £à®¬®§¤ª®© § ¤ ç¨ .
6 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­   ¡á®«îâ­ãî t2α−5
+∞
R DZ à ¨ ¬ ¥ à. ‚ § ¤ ç¥ 5¡ lim g(t) = lim =0⇔α<
cos(2x2 +1) t→+∞ t→+∞ 6
¨ ãá«®¢­ãî á室¨¬®áâì ¨­â¥£à « (x ln2 x−arctg x)α
dx.
3 < 25 ¨ ¯à¨ α < 52 äã­ªæ¨ï g(t)  0 ­  «ãç¥ [t0 , +∞). DZ®
+∞
R cos(2x2 +1) 1
+∞
R âਣ®­®¬¥âà¨ç¥áª¨¬ ¯à¨§­ ª ¬ á室¨¬®áâ¨, à á室¨¬®á⨠¨
¥è¥­¨¥. dx = g(t) cos(2t + 1)dt,
3
(x ln2 x−arctg x)α 2
9
 ¡á®«îâ­®© á室¨¬®á⨠­ å®¤¨¬, çâ® ¨­â¥£à « I á室¨âáï ¯à¨
£¤¥ t = x2 , dx = 1 −1/2 1 α < 25 , à á室¨âáï ¯à¨ α > 25 ¨  ¡á®«îâ­® á室¨âáï ⮣¤  ¨
2t dt, g(t) = =
√ √
t1/2 (t1/2 ln2 t−arctg t)α
4α C ⮫쪮 ⮣¤ , ª®£¤  5 − 2α > 1 ⇔ α < 2.
= √ = 1+α  √  α . ”ã­ªæ¨ï
t1/2 (t1/2 ln2 t−4 arctg t)α t 2 (ln t)2α 1− 4√ arctg t
 √  t ln t 2 DZ à ¨ ¬ ¥ à. ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  á室¨¬®áâì ¨  ¡á®«îâ­ãî
arctg
√ t  ¯à¨ t → +∞, ¯®áª®«ìªã ¥ñ ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ ï á室¨¬®áâì ¯à¨ ω 6= 0 ¨­â¥£à «ë
t √ √  +∞ +∞
1√ t Z Z
2t t 1+t
− arctg t < 0 ¯à¨ ¤®áâ â®ç­® ¡®«ìè¨å t. ’®£¤  sin(ωx + ϕ) cos(ωx + ϕ)
 √ −1 I7 = β
dx, I8 = dx.
äã­ªæ¨ï ϕ(t) = 1 − 4√ arctg t
 ¯à¨ t → +∞. ”ã­ªæ¨ï
α
x ln x xα lnβ x
2
t ln t 2 2
h(t) = (ϕ(t)) ¬®­®â®­­  ¯à¨ «î¡®¬ §­ ç¥­¨¨ α ª ª
α
¥è¥­¨¥. DZãáâì g(x) = 1
. ’®£¤  lim g(x) = 0 ⇔
xα lnβ x
ª®¬¯®§¨æ¨ï ¬®­®â®­­ëå ä㭪権7. lim h(t) = 1 6= ( x→+∞
t→+∞ α > 0, ∀ β
6= 0. DZ® á«¥¤áâ¢¨î ¨§ ¯à¨§­ ª  €¡¥«ï § ¤ ç  ᢮¤¨âáï ⇔ . „«ï ª ¦¤®© ¯ àë §­ ç¥­¨© α ¨ β ¨§
α = 0, β > 0
6
’ਣ®­®¬¥âà¨ç¥áª¨¥ ¯à¨§­ ª¨ ¨ ¯à¨¬¥à £à®¬®§¤ª®© § ¤ ç¨ ¢§ïâë ¨§
¯®«ã祭­ëå ¤«ï α ¨ β §­ ç¥­¨© ­ ©¤ñâáï â ª®¥ x0 > 2, çâ® ¤«ï
«¥ªæ¨© ¯® ¬ â¥¬ â¨ç¥áª®¬ã  ­ «¨§ã €. ž. DZ¥â஢¨ç .
7
Š®¬¯®§¨æ¨ï ¬®­®â®­­ëå ä㭪権 ¬®­®â®­­ . …᫨, ­ ¯à¨¬¥à, f ↑,   6 f (g(x2 )) ⇒ h(x1 ) 6 h(x2 ). ‡­ ç¨â, h ↓ ­  [a, +∞). €­ «®£¨ç­®
g ↓ ­  [a, +∞) ¨ h = f ◦ g, â® ¨§ x1 > x2 ⇒ g(x1 ) 6 g(x2 ) ⇒ f (g(x1 )) 6 à áᬠâਢ îâáï ¤à㣨¥ á«ãç ¨.

22 23
¢á¥å x > x0 ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ ï g0 (x) = −1
(xα−1 lnβ−1 x)(α ln x + 3) äã­ªæ¨ï ψ(x) = √ 3 x ¬®­®â®­­® ã¡ë¢ ¥â ¯à¨ x > 1. ˆ­â¥£à «
1
(xα lnβ x)2
+ β) < 0. ‡­ ç¨â, äã­ªæ¨ï g(x) ¬®­®â®­­  ­  «ãç¥ [x0 , +∞). +∞
R 3 +∞
R sin3 x
DZ®(âਣ®­®¬¥âà¨ç¥áª¨¬ ¯à¨§­ ª ¬ ¨­â¥£à «ë
z dx = x dx á室¨âáï ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã „¨à¨å«¥: 1) ∀ ξ ∈
( I7 , I8 á室ïâáï 1 1 
α > 0, ∀ β α > 1, ∀ β Rξ   3   3 
⇔ ¨  ¡á®«îâ­® á室ïâáï ⇔ .    
∈ [1; +∞)  sin3 xdx =  cos3 ξ − cos ξ − cos3 1 − cos 1  6 4;
α = 0, β > 0 α = 1, β > 1 1 
DZ à ¨ ¬ ¥ à.8
ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­   ¡á®«îâ­ãî ¨ ãá«®¢­ãî 2) lim 1 = 0; 3) äã­ªæ¨ï ψ(x) = 1
¬®­®â®­­® ã¡ë¢ ¥â ¯à¨
  x→+∞ x x
+∞
R
á室¨¬®áâì ­¥á®¡á⢥­­ë© ¨­â¥£à « I = sin sin
√ x
dx. x > 1. ‘室¨¬®áâì I1 ¤®ª § ­ . ˆ§ á室¨¬®á⨠¨­â¥£à «®¢ I1
3x
1 ¨ I2 á«¥¤ã¥â á室¨¬®áâì ¨­â¥£à «  I = I1 + I2 . €¡á®«îâ­®©
¥è¥­¨¥. DZãáâì z = z(x) = sin x
3x .
√ ’®£¤  lim z(x) = 0, á室¨¬®á⨠­¥â. „¥©á⢨⥫쭮, | sin z(x)| ∼ |z(x)| ¯à¨ x →
x→+∞ +∞ +∞
+∞ R R
z3 z5
R → +∞, ¯®í⮬㠨­â¥£à « | sin z(x)|dx á室¨âáï ⇔ |z|dx
sin z = z − 6 + 120 + o(z 5 ) ¯à¨ z → 0, I = sin zdx = 1 1
1 +∞ +∞ +∞ +∞
R R R R
R 
+∞
z 3
 R 
+∞
z5

á室¨âáï. ® |z|dx = | sin x|
3 x dx
√ > sin2x
3 x dx
√ = 1 dx
√ −
= z− 6 dx + 120 + o(z 5 ) dx = I1 + I2 . „®ª ¦¥¬ 1 1 1
2
1
3x

1 1 +∞
R +∞
R
 ¡á®«îâ­ãî á室¨¬®áâì ¨­â¥£à «  I2 . DZ®áª®«ìªã ¤«ï ¢á¥å − 1 cos
√ 2x
3 x dx > 0, ¨­â¥£à « dx
√
3x à á室¨âáï (íâ «®­),  
2
¤®áâ â®ç­® ¬ «ëå z (¤«ï ¢á¥å ¤®áâ â®ç­® ¡®«ìè¨å x) 1 1
+∞
R
á¯à ¢¥¤«¨¢®, çâ® ¨­â¥£à « á室¨âáï ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã „¨à¨å«¥: 1) ∀ ξ ∈
cos 2x
3 x dx
 5    √
z    5
 5  5 1  6 |z|5 = | sin x| 6 1 1 
 120 + o(z ) = |z|  120 + o(1) Rξ 
x5/3 x5/3  
∈ [1; +∞)  cos 2xdx 6 2; 2) lim √ 1
= 0; 3) äã­ªæ¨ï
3
+∞
R dx 1  x→+∞ x
¨ ¨­â¥£à « á室¨âáï (íâ «®­), â® ¨­â¥£à « 1
x5/3 ϕ(x) = √ 3 x ¬®­®â®­­® ã¡ë¢ ¥â ¯à¨ x > 1. ‡­ ç¨â, ¨­â¥£à «
1
R 
+∞
 z5

 +∞
R
 120 + o(z 5 ) dx á室¨âáï ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã áà ¢­¥­¨ï. ˆâ ª, |z| dx ®æ¥­¨¢ ¥âáï á­¨§ã à á室ï騬áï ª +∞ ¨­â¥£à «®¬
1 1
¨­â¥£à « I2 á室¨âáï (¨ ¤ ¦¥  ¡á®«îâ­®). „®ª ¦¥¬ á室¨- ¨ à á室¨âáï ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã áà ¢­¥­¨ï.
R 
+∞ 3
 +∞
R +∞
R 3 Žâ¢¥â: ¨­â¥£à « I á室¨âáï ãá«®¢­®.
¬®áâì ¨­â¥£à «  I1 = z − z6 dx = zdx − 61 z dx.
+∞ +∞
1 1 1 ‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. DZ®à冷ª ¬ «®á⨠¢ à §«®¦¥­¨¨ sin z
R R
ˆ­â¥£à « zdx = sin x
á室¨âáï ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã „¨à¨å«¥:
x dx
¢ë¡¨à «áï â ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬, çâ®¡ë ¨­â¥£à « I2 á室¨«áï
1 1   ¡á®«îâ­®. „®áâ â®ç­® ¢ë¡à âì ­ ¨¬¥­ì訩 â ª®© ¯®à冷ª.
Rξ 
 
1) ∀ ξ ∈ [1; +∞)  sin xdx = | cos 1−cos ξ| 6 2; 2) lim √
3
1
= 0; ‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. ’ ª ª ª I = I1 + I2 ¨ ¨­â¥£à « I2
1  x→+∞ x
á室¨âáï  ¡á®«îâ­®, â® ¨­â¥£à «ë I ¨ I1 á室ïâáï ¨  ¡á®«îâ­®
8
â® ¢ ¦­ë© ¯à¨¬¥à ¤à㣮£® ª« áá  íª§ ¬¥­ æ¨®­­ëå § ¤ ç ­  íâã á室ïâáï ®¤­®¢à¥¬¥­­®. â® ã⢥ত¥­¨¥ á«¥¤ã¥â ¨§ ¯à¨§­ ª 
⥬ã. áà ¢­¥­¨ï ¨ ®§­ ç ¥â, çâ® ¨â¥£à «ë I ¨ I1 íª¢¨¢ «¥­â­ë ¢
24 25
á¬ëá«¥ á室¨¬®áâ¨: ®­¨ «¨¡® ®¡  á室ïâáï  ¡á®«îâ­®, «¨¡® ∃ C = |M | + |µ| + 1 > 0 ∀ x ∈  R |f (x)| < C. ’®£¤  ∀ a ∈ R
®¡  á室ïâáï ãá«®¢­®, «¨¡® ®¡  à á室ïâáï. Rb  Rb  Rb
   
∀ b > a ¢¥à­®, çâ®  f (x)dx =  f (x)dx 6 |f (x)|dx 6 CT.
DZ à ¥ ¤ « ® ¦ ¥ ­ ¨ ¥.9 ¥¯à¥à뢭 ï ­¥çñâ­ ï ¯¥à¨®¤¨ç¥áª ï a  β  β
äã­ªæ¨ï f : R → R ­  «î¡®¬ «ãç¥ [a, +∞) ¨¬¥¥â DZ।«®¦¥­¨¥ ¤®ª § ­®. Ž¯¨à ïáì ­  íâ® ¯à¥¤«®¦¥­¨¥, ¬®¦­®
®£à ­¨ç¥­­ãî ¯¥à¢®®¡à §­ãî. ¬£­®¢¥­­® § ª«îç¨âì, çâ® ¯¥à¢®®¡à §­ë¥ ä㭪権 sin x ¨
„ ® ª   §   â ¥ « ì á â ¢ ®. ‚ ᨫ㠭¥¯à¥à뢭®á⨠äã­ªæ¨ï f sin3 x ¨§ ¯à¥¤ë¤ã饣® ¯à¨¬¥à  ®£à ­¨ç¥­ë.
¨­â¥£à¨à㥬  ¯® ¨¬ ­ã ­  «î¡®¬ ®â१ª¥. DZãáâì T > 0 “ ¯ à   ¦ ­ ¥ ­ ¨ ¥. ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­   ¡á®«îâ­ãî ¨ ãá«®¢­ãî
a+T
R Ra +∞  
R
{ ¯¥à¨®¤ ä㭪樨 f. ∀ a ∈ R f (x)dx = f (t + T )dt = á室¨¬®áâì ­¥á®¡á⢥­­ë© ¨­â¥£à « arctg cos x·ln(x+x
√
9 4
2)
dx.
T 0 x
6
Ra a+T
R R0 RT Ž â ¢ ¥ â: á室¨âáï ãá«®¢­®.
= f (t)dt. ’®£¤  ∀ a ∈ R f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx +
0 a a 0
a+T ‡ ¤ ç  6 .5 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  á室¨¬®áâì ¨ à ¢­®¬¥à­ãî
R RT
+ f (x)dx = f (x)dx. DZ®« £ ï a = − T2 , ¢ ᨫ㠭¥çñâ­®á⨠f á室¨¬®áâì ­  ¬­®¦¥á⢠å E1 = (0, 1) ¨ E2 = (1, +∞)
T 0
T
ä㭪樮­ «ì­ãî ¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®áâì
− T2 T
RT R2 R R2 1 nx
¨¬¥¥¬: f (x)dx = f (x)dx = − f (−x)d(−x) + f (x)dx = fn (x) = √ cos .
0 − T2 0 0 x+2 1 + enx
T T
R2 R2 a+T
R ¥è¥­¨¥
=− f (t)dt + f (x)dx = 0. ‡­ ç¨â, ∀ a ∈ R f (x)dx = 0. 1) ∀ x ∈ E1 ∪ E2 lim fn (x) = √1 = f (x).
0 0 a n→∞ x+2
a+nT
R 2)  áᬮâਬ E1 = (0, 1).
DZ® ¨­¤ãªæ¨¨ ∀ a ∈ R ∀ n ∈ N f (x)dx = 0. „ «¥¥, ∀ b > a |Rn (x)|
 b−a  a  = |f (x) − fn (x)| =
1 nx 2 nx
∃ n = T : n 6 b−a T < n + 1. ’®£¤  0 6 b − a − T n < T
= x+2 1 − cos 1+e
√ nx = √x+2 sin2 2(1+enx ) ;
Rb a+nT
R Rb Rb
¨ f (x)dx = f (x)dx+ f (x)dx = f (x)dx, £¤¥ β = xn = n1 ∈ E1 ¯à¨ n > 2;
a a a+nT β |Rn (xn )| = q 12 sin2 2(1+e)
1
⇒
  +2
= a + nT, 0 6 b − β < T. ’ ª ª ª ∀ x0 ∃ n = xT0 ∈ Z : n

n 6 xT0 < n + 1, 0 6 x0 − nT < T, â® f (x0 ) = f (x0 − nT ) 6 ⇒ ∀ n > 2 sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ E1 } > |Rn (xn )| =
= q2 1
sin2 2(1+e) .
6 M = sup{f (x) : x ∈ [0; T ]} ¨ f (x0 ) = f (x0 − nT ) > µ = 1
+2
n
= inf{f (x) : x ∈ [0; T ]}. —¨á«  M ¨ µ áãé¥áâ¢ãîâ ¯® ⥮६¥ …᫨ ¯à¥¤¥« lim sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ E1 } áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â, â®
‚¥©¥àèâà áá  ® ­¥¯à¥à뢭ëå ­  ®â१ª¥ äã­ªæ¨ïå. ‡­ ç¨â, n→∞
lim sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ E1 } > lim q 12 sin2 2(1+e)1
=
n→∞ n→∞ +2
9 √ n
Š ª ã¯à ¦­¥­¨¥ íâ® ¯à¥¤«®¦¥­¨¥ ¨­®£¤  ®¡®á­®¢ë¢ ¥âáï ­  1
= 2 sin2 2(1+e) > 0.
ᥬ¨­ àáª¨å § ­ïâ¨ïå, ­® ¯®«ì§®¢ âìáï ¨¬ ¢ ¯¨á쬥­­®© à ¡®â¥ ¡¥§
¤®ª § â¥«ìá⢠ ¬®¦­® ⮫쪮 ¢ ⮬ á«ãç ¥, ¥á«¨ ®­® ¡ë«® ¤®ª § ­® ­  ’ ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬, «¨¡® ¯à¥¤¥« lim sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ E1 }
n→∞
«¥ªæ¨ïå. ­¥ áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â, «¨¡® ¥á«¨ áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â, â® ®â«¨ç¥­ ®â ­ã«ï.
26 27
‚ «î¡®¬ á«ãç ¥ ä㭪樮­ «ì­ ï ¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®áâì fn (x) ¨ ä㭪樮­ «ì­ ï ¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®áâì fn (x) à ¢­®¬¥à­®
­¥ ï¥âáï à ¢­®¬¥à­® á室ï饩áï ª f (x) ­  E1 . á室¨âáï ª f (x) ­  E2 .
fn (x) á室¨âáï ª f (x) ­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­® ­  E1 .
„ à ã £ ® © á ¯ ® á ® ¡. ’ ª ª ª ∀ n ∈ N ∀ x ∈ E2 |Rn (x)| =
‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. DZਢ¥¤ñ­­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ ¬®¦­® ®ä®à¬¨âì 2 nx nx 2


2
= |f (x) − fn (x)| = √x+2 sin2 2(1+e nx ) 6 6 enn < ε ¤«ï
­¥áª®«ìª® ¨­ ç¥, § ¬¥â¨¢, çâ® enx

∃ n0 > 2 ∀ n > n0 sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ E1 } √> |Rn (xn )| = ¢á¥å n > n0 (ε), £¤¥ ¯®«®¦¨â¥«ì­®¥ ε ¯à®¨§¢®«ì­®, â®, ᮣ« á­®
®¯à¥¤¥«¥­¨î (2), á室¨¬®áâì ­  E2 à ¢­®¬¥à­ ï.
1
= q 12 sin2 2(1+e) 1
> 12 · lim q 12 sin2 2(1+e) = 22 sin2 2(1+e)
1
>
+2 n→∞ +2
6 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  á室¨¬®áâì ¨ à ¢­®¬¥à­ãî
n n
‡ ¤ ç  6¡.
> 0. ’®£¤  ­¥¢¥à­®, çâ® lim sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ E1 } = 0. ‡­ ç¨â,
n→∞ á室¨¬®áâì ­  ¬­®¦¥á⢠å E1 = (0, 1) ¨ E2 = (1, +∞) àï¤
ä㭪樮­ «ì­ ï ¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®áâì fn (x) ­¥ ï¥âáï à ¢­®- P∞ sin xn
x2 +n2
¬¥à­® á室ï饩áï ª f (x) ­  E1 . 1+ln2 n
.
n=1
fn (x) á室¨âáï ª f (x) ­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­® ­  E1 . ¥è¥­¨¥. 1) ‘室¨¬®áâì. DZ®áª®«ìªã ∀ x ∈ E1 ∪E2 ∀ n ∈ N
xn ∞
P
‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. DZਢ¥¤ñ­­®¥ à¥è¥­¨¥ ®á­®¢ ­® ­  sin
x2 +n2
2 , n → ∞ ¨ ç¨á«®¢®© àï¤
C C
0 < un (x) = 1+ln 2 ∼ n ln2 n
á«¥¤ãî饬 ®¯à¥¤¥«¥­¨¨ (á¬. [1]): fn (x) ⇒ f (x) ­  E ⊂ Rn ⇔ n n ln n
n=2
∞
P
⇔ lim sup{|f (x) − fn (x)| : x ∈ E} = 0.  ¢­®á¨«ì­®¥ á室¨âáï (íâ «®­), â® ∀ x ∈ E1 ∪ E2 àï¤ un (x) á室¨âáï ¯®
n→∞
®¯à¥¤¥«¥­¨¥ (2) á®á⮨⠢ ⮬, çâ® fn (x) ⇒ f (x) ­  E ⊂ Rn ⇔ ¯à¨§­ ªã áà ¢­¥­¨ï.
n=1

⇔ ∀ ε > 0 ∃ N ∈ N ∀ n > N
∀ x ∈ E |f (x) − fn (x)| <

< ε. ‚ ­ è¥¬ ¯à¨¬¥à¥ lim |Rn n1 | = lim q 12 sin2 2(1+e) 1
= ‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. â «®­ ¬¨ ïîâáï á«¥¤ãî騥 ç¨á«®¢ë¥
n→∞ n→∞ +2
√ 1
n àï¤ë (C 6= 0):
= 2 sin2 2(1+e) = 2ε0 > 0. ‡­ ç¨â, ∃ ε0 > 0 ∀ N ∈ N ∃ n > N P∞
C
∃ xn = n1 ∈ E1 : |Rn (xn )| > ε0 . ‘®£« á­® ®¯à¥¤¥«¥­¨î (2), nα { á室¨âáï, ¥á«¨ α > 1, ¨ à á室¨âáï, ¥á«¨ α 6 1;
n=1
á室¨¬®áâì ­  E1 ­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­ ï. P∞
C
nα lnβ n
{ á室¨âáï, ¥á«¨ α > 1 ¯à¨ «î¡®¬ β ; ¥á«¨ α = 1,
3)  áᬮâਬ E2 = (1, +∞). n=2
2
∀ n ∈ N ∀ x ∈ E2 |Rn (x)| = |f (x) − fn (x)| = √x+2 nx
sin2 2(1+e â® á室¨âáï ¯à¨ β > 1; ¢® ¢á¥å ®áâ «ì­ëå á«ãç ïå { à á室¨âáï.
nx ) 6

2
2 ‘室¨¬®áâì ¨«¨ à á室¨¬®áâì íâ¨å à冷¢ ¯à¨ α > 0, ∀ β ¨
6 enx 6 enn , ¯®áª®«ìªã ¯à¨ «î¡®¬ 䨪á¨à®¢ ­­®¬ n ∈
nx

0 ¯à¨ α = 0, β > 0 ãáâ ­ ¢«¨¢ ¥âáï ¯® ¨­â¥£à «ì­®¬ã ¯à¨§­ ªã
∈ N ¯à¨ x ∈ E2 ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ ï enx nx x = n(1−nx)
enx < 0 ¨ (á«¥¤ã¥â ¨§ á室¨¬®á⨠¨«¨ à á室¨¬®á⨠ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãîé¨å


nx 2
äã­ªæ¨ï ϕn (x) = enx  0, â ª çâ® ∀ n ∈ N ∀ x ∈ ­¥á®¡á⢥­­ëå ¨­â¥£à «®¢); ¢® ¢á¥å ®áâ «ì­ëå á«ãç ïå
∈ E2 |ϕn (x)| 6 lim ϕn (x) = sup{ϕn (x) : x ∈ E2 } = 㪠§ ­­ë¥ ç¨á«®¢ë¥ àï¤ë à á室ïâáï, ¯®áª®«ìªã ®¡é¨© ç«¥­
n 2

x→1+0 ª ¦¤®£® ¨§ ­¨å ­¥ áâ६¨âáï ª ­ã«î ¯à¨ n → ∞.
= ϕn (1) = en ¯® ⥮६¥ ® ¯à¥¤¥«¥ ¬®­®â®­­®© ä㭪樨
¨ ¢ ᨫ㠭¥¯à¥à뢭®á⨠ϕn (x). ‘«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®, ∀ n ∈ N 0 6 xn
2) ’ ª ª ª ∀ x ∈ E1 ∀ n > 1 |un (x)| 6 (x2 +n2 )(1+ln 6

2 2
n)
6 sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ E2 } 6 enn . ’®£¤  ¯® ⥮६¥ ® ∞
P 1
§ ¦ â®© ¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®á⨠∃ lim sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ E2 } = 0, 6 n ln12 n ¨ ç¨á«®¢®© àï¤ n ln2 n
á室¨âáï, â® ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã
n→∞ n=2
28 29
 ∞
 
P  n+p 
‚¥©¥àèâà áá  ä㭪樮­ «ì­ë© àï¤ un (x) á室¨âáï à ¢­®-  P 
> 0 ∃ n0 ∈ N ∀ n > n0 ∃ p = n ∃ xn = n ∈ E2 :  uk (xn ) =
n=1 k=n+1 
¬¥à­® ­  E1 . x(n+1) x2n
sin sin nx
n sin 1
3) Ž¡é¨© ç«¥­ à鸞 un (x) ⇒ 0 ­  E1 ∪ E2 . ‚ á ¬®¬ ¤¥«¥, = x2 +(n+1)2
+· · ·+ |x2 +(2n)2
|x=n >
= 1+ln2 2n
5
> x2 +4n2 n sin
 sin x2xn  1+ln (n+1) 2
1+ln (2n) 1+ln 2n x=n 2 2


∀ ε > 0 ∃ n0 ∈ N ∀ n > n0 ∀ x ∈ E1 ∪ E2  1+ln2 n  6 +n2  ∞
P
> 1, â® ãá«®¢¨¥ Š®è¨ ­¥ ¢ë¯®«­ï¥âáï ¨ àï¤ un (x) ­¥
1 n=1
6 < ε. ’ ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬, ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬®¥ ãá«®¢¨¥ à ¢­®¬¥à­®©
ln2 n ï¥âáï à ¢­®¬¥à­® á室ï騬áï ­  E2 .
∞
P
á室¨¬®á⨠­  E2 ä㭪樮­ «ì­®£® à鸞 un (x) ¢ë¯®«­¥­®,
n=1 ‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. „®¯ãá⨬,
 㤠«®áì ­ ©â¨ â ªãî 䪭ªæ¨î
¨ àï¤ ¬®¦¥â á室¨âìáï ª ª à ¢­®¬¥à­®, â ª ¨ ­¥ à ¢­®¬¥à-  P 2n 
 
­® (á室¨¬®áâì à鸞 ãáâ ­®¢«¥­  ¢ ¯ã­ªâ¥ 1). „®ª ¦¥¬ ¯à¨ g(n), çâ®  uk (xn ) > |g(n)| → C > 0, n → ∞. ’®£¤  ¢
k=n+1 
¯®¬®é¨ ªà¨â¥à¨ï Š®è¨ ®âáãâá⢨¥ à ¢­®¬¥à­®©  á室¨¬®áâ¨

P∞ 
 P2n 
 à áá㦤¥­¨¨ ¤®áâ â®ç­® ¢§ïâì ε0 = C2 . ‚ á«ãç ¥ lim |g(n)| =
n→∞
­  E2 ã à鸞 un (x). ’ ª ª ª ∀ x ∈ E2  uk (x) = = +∞, ª ª, ­ ¯à¨¬¥à, ¢ 㪠§ ­­®¬ à¥è¥­¨¨, ¯®¤®©¤ñâ «î¡®¥
n=1 k=n+1 
sin
x(n+1)
sin x2n
n sin nx ε0 > 0, ­ ¯à¨¬¥à, ε0 = 1.
x2 +(n+1)2 x2 +(2n)2 x2 +4n2
= 2
1+ln (n+1)
+ ··· +
1+ln 2 , â® ¯à¨ x = xn =
> 2
  (2n) 1+ln 2n
‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. …᫨ ªà¨â¥à¨© Š®è¨ à ¢­®¬¥à­®©
 P 
 2n  n sin 2 nx 2 n sin 15 á室¨¬®á⨠­  ¬­®¦¥á⢥ E ä㭪樮­ «ì­®£® à鸞 ­¥
= n ∈ E2  uk (xn ) > 1+lnx 2+4n |x=n = 1+ln2 2n
> 1, ∀ n >
¢ë¯®«­ï¥âáï,10 â® àï¤ «¨¡® á室¨âáï ­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­® ­ 
k=n+1  2n

> n0 > 1, ¨, â ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬, ∃ ε0 = 1 > 0 ∃ n0 ∈ N ∀ N ∈ N ¬­®¦¥á⢥ E, «¨¡® à á室¨âáï å®âï ¡ë ¢ ®¤­®© â®çª¥
 n+p 
 P  ¬­®¦¥á⢠ E. DZ®â®ç¥ç­ ï á室¨¬®áâì ¨áá«¥¤ã¥âáï ®â¤¥«ì­®
∃ n = max{N, n0 } > N ∃ p = n ∃ xn = n ∈ E2 :  u (x ) >
k=n+1 k n  ¢ ¯ã­ªâ¥ 1. DZਠà¥è¥­¨¨ â ª¨å § ¤ ç (¨ááá«¥¤®¢ âì ­ 
> ε0 , ª ª ¨ âॡ®¢ «®áì. ï¤ á室¨âáï ­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­® ­  E2 . ¯®â®ç¥ç­ãî ¨ à ¢­®¬¥à­ãî á室¨¬®áâì ­  ¬­®¦¥á⢥ E
x(n+k)
ä㭪樮­ «ì­ãî ¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®áâì ¨«¨ ä㭪樮­ «ì­ë©
‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. ∀ x ∈ E2 ∀ n ∈ N ∀ k ∈ N → 0 < x2 +(n+k)2
= àï¤) ¢® ¨§¡¥¦ ­¨¥ ®è¨¡®ª ¢á¥£¤  ­ ¤® ¢ ¯¥à¢ãî ®ç¥à¥¤ì
= x +1 n+k 6 12 , ®âªã¤  ¢ë⥪ ¥â ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ ­­ ï ¢ à¥è¥­¨¨ ¯à®¢¥á⨠¨áá«¥¤®¢ ­¨¥ ¯®â®ç¥ç­®© á室¨¬®áâ¨.
n+k x
¬®­®â®­­®áâì ᨭãá .
DZ à ¨ ¬ ¥ à.
ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  á室¨¬®áâì ¨ à ¢­®¬¥à­ãî
‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. DZਠ®ä®à¬«¥­¨¨ à¥è¥­¨ï ¢ ¤ ­­®¬ á«ãç ¥ ∞
P 1
á室¨¬®áâì ­  ¬­®¦¥á⢥ E = (1; +∞) àï¤ ζ(x) = nx .
­¥ ­ã¦­® ¤®ª §ë¢ âì, çâ® un (x) ⇒ 0 ­  E1 ∪ E2 . n=1
  ¬­®¦¥á⢥ E àï¤ á室¨âáï ¯® ¨­â¥£à «ì­®¬ã
¥è¥­¨¥.
‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. ”®à¬ «ì­®¥ ®âà¨æ ­¨¥ ãá«®¢¨ï Š®è¨
¯à¨§­ ªã, ­®, ¯® ªà¨â¥à¨î Š®è¨, ­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­®. ‚ á ¬®¬
¢ë⥪ ¥â ¨§ ãá«®¢¨ï ∃ ε0 = 1 > 0 ∃ n0 ∈ N ∀ n > n0 ∃ p =
 n+p 
 P  10
‘âண® £®¢®àï §¤¥áì ¯à¥¤¯®« £ ¥âáï, çâ® ­¥ ¢ë¯®«­ï¥âáï ãá«®¢¨¥
= n ∃ xn = n ∈ E2 :  uk (xn ) > ε0 , çâ® ¯®§¢®«ï¥â
k=n+1  Š®è¨ ªà¨â¥à¨ï Š®è¨. Šà¨â¥à¨© Š®è¨ ¢á¥£¤  ¢ë¯®­ï¥âáï, ¡ã¤ãç¨ ¢¥à­®©
§ ¯¨á âì à¥è¥­¨¥ á«¥¤ãî騬 ®¡à §®¬: â ª ª ª ∃ ε0 = 1 > ⥮६®©. DZ®¬­ï ®¡ í⮬, ¬ë ¤®¯ã᪠¥¬ ¢®«ì­®áâì à¥ç¨.

30 31
   ∞
 P  P
 2n  1 1 1 n á íª¢¨¢ «¥­â­ë¬ ®¡é¨¬ ç«¥­®¬ un (x), ª ª ¡ë«® ¯®ª § ­®,
¤¥«¥, â ª ª ª  uk (x) = (n+1)x + (n+2)x + · · ·+ (2n)x > (2n)x ,
k=n+1  n=1
  á室¨âáï ­  E ­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­®.

 P2n 
1   n
â® ¯à¨ x = xn = 1 + n ∈ E2  uk (xn ) > (2n)x |x=1+ n
1 = ‚뢮¤. DZਠ¨áá«¥¤®¢ ­¨¨ à ¢­®¬¥à­®© á室¨¬®áâ¨
k=n+1 
®¡é¨© ç«¥­ à鸞, ¤ ¦¥ §­ ª®¯®áâ®ï­­®£®, ­¥«ì§ï ¬¥­ïâì ­ 
= n
1 →¯à¨ n → ∞. ’ ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬, ∃ ε0 = 14 > 0 ∃ n0 ∈
1
2 íª¢¨¢ «¥­â­ãî ¢¥«¨ç¨­ã.
(2n)1+ n  
 n+p 
 P  Žè¨¡®ç­ë¬ ï¥âáï à áá㦤¥­¨¥: ¯à¨ ¯®¤áâ ­®¢ª¥
∈ N ∀ n > n0 ∃ p = n ∃ xn = n ∈ E2 :  u (x ) >
k=n+1 k n  ∞
P sin xn
x2 +n2
¢ ä㭪樮­ «ì­ë© àï¤ 2 ¯à¨ x ∈ E2 ¢¬¥áâ® x
> ε0 , ®âªã¤  ¢ë⥪ ¥â á¯à ¢¥¤«¨¢®áâì ä®à¬ «ì­®£® ®âà¨æ ­¨ï n=1
1+ln n
∞
P
ªà¨â¥à¨ï Š®è¨ à ¢­®¬¥à­®© á室¨¬®á⨠ä㭪樮­ «ì­®£® §­ ç¥­¨© x = xn = n ∈ N ¯®«ãç ¥âáï ç¨á«®¢®© àï¤
sin 21
.
1+ln2 n
à鸞. n=1
DZ®áª®«ìªã 㪠§ ­­ë© ç¨á«®¢®© àï¤ à á室¨âáï, ¤«ï ­¥£®
Žè¨¡®ç­ë¬ ï¥âáï (¯à¨ à¥è¥­¨¨
à áá㦤¥­¨¥
  á¯à ¢¥¤«¨¢® ®âà¨æ ­¨¥ ãá«®¢¨ï Š®è¨ ªà¨â¥à¨ï  Š®è¨: ∃ ε0 >
 n+p 
§ ¤ ç¨ 6¡): ¯®áª®«ìªã ∀ x ∈ E1 ∀ n > 1 0 < un (x) ∼ n lnx2 n  P 
  > 0 ∀ N ∈ N ∃ n > N ∃ p ∈ N ∃ xn = n ∈ E2 :  uk (xn ) >
  ∞
P k=n+1 
¯à¨ n → ∞,  n lnx2 n  6 n ln12 n ¨ ç¨á«®¢®© àï¤ 1
n ln2 n
á室¨âáï, > ε0 .   ®á­®¢ ­¨¨ ªà¨â¥à¨ï Š®è¨ ® à ¢­®¬¥à­®© á室¨¬®áâ¨
n=2
∞
P ä㭪樮­ «ì­ëå à冷¢ § ª«îç ¥¬ ®âáãâá⢨¥ à ¢­®¬¥à­®©
â® ¯® ⥮६¥ ‚¥©¥àèâà áá  ä㭪樮­ «ì­ë© àï¤ un (x) P∞
n=1 á室¨¬®á⨠­  E2 ã à鸞 un (x).
á室¨âáï à ¢­®¬¥à­® ­  E1 . n=1

∞ ∞
P
P Š®­âà¯à¨¬¥à: àï¤ un (x) ­  E = [1, +∞), £¤¥
Š®­âà¯à¨¬¥à: àï¤ un (x) ­  E = [1, +∞), £¤¥
n=1 n=1
(
( 1
, ¥á«¨ x 6= n,
1
xn2
, ¥á«¨ x 6= n, un (x) = xn2
un (x) = 1
¥á«¨ x = n.
1+ 1
, ¥á«¨ x = n. n,
n2  
 n+p 
’ ª ª ª ∀ x ∈ E un (x) ∼ ¯à¨ n → ∞, â® àï¤ á室¨âáï ­  E.
C  P 
’ ª ª ª ∀ ε > 0 ∃ N ∈ N ∀ n > N ∀ p ∈ N ∀ x ∈ E  u (x) 6
n2
’ ª ª ª ∀ n ∈ N sup{|un (x)| : x ∈ E} > |un (n)| = 1 + n12 > 1, â® k=n+1 k 
!
®¡é¨© ç«¥­ à鸞 un (x) 6⇒ 0 ­  E ¨ àï¤ á室¨âáï ­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­® n+p
P 1  
1 1 1 1
6 + 6 + · · · + (n+p−1)(n+p) + n+1 =
­  E, â ª ª ª ­¥ ¢ë¯®«­¥­® ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬®¥ ãá«®¢¨¥ à ¢­®¬¥à­®© k2 n+1 n(n+1)
á室¨¬®á⨠ä㭪樮­ «ì­®£® à鸞. Ž¤­ ª® 0 < un (x) ∼ xn1 2 6  k=n+1     
∞
P = n1 − n+1
1
+ n+11 1
− n+2 + · · · + n+p−1 1 1
− n+p 1
+ n+1 = n1 −
6 n12 . —¨á«®¢®© àï¤ 1
n2
á室¨âáï. DZ® ⥮६¥ ‚¥©¥àèâà áá  P∞
1 1
n=1 − n+p + n+1 < n2 < ε, â® ¯® ªà¨â¥à¨î Š®è¨ àï¤ un (x)
P∞
1 n=1
ä㭪樮­ «ì­ë© àï¤ á室¨âáï à ¢­®¬¥à­® ­  E,   àï¤ á室¨âáï à ¢­®¬¥à­® ­  E = [1, +∞). Ž¤­ ª® un (n) = 1
n,
xn2
n=1
32 33
 ∞
P 1 ­  E = [1, +∞), £¤¥
ç¨á«®¢®© àï¤ n à á室¨âáï. DZ® 㪠§ ­­®¬ã ®è¨¡®ç­®¬ã (
n=1
∞ 0, ¥á«¨ x 6= n,
P un (x) = 1
à áá㦤¥­¨î ¯®«ãç ¥âáï, çâ® ä㭪樮­ «ì­ë© àï¤ un (x)
n=1 n , ¥á«¨ x = n.
á室¨âáï ­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­® ­  E. ‡ ¤ ç  7. 6 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬®áâì ¢
” ªâ¨ç¥áª¨ â ª¨¬ à áá㦤¥­¨¥¬ ¯®ª § ­®, çâ® ∃ ε0 > 0 â®çª¥ D(1, 1) äã­ªæ¨î
∀ N ∈ N ∃ n > N ∃ p ∈ N ∃ xn+1 p
 = (n + 1) ∈ E2 , . . . , ∃ xn+p = z(x, y) = (2x2 − y 2 − 1) x2 + y 2 − xy − x − y + 1.
 n+p
P 
 
= (n + p) ∈ E2 :  uk (xk ) > ε0 ,   íâ® ­¥ ¥áâì ä®à¬ «ì­®¥  ¯®¬­¨¬, çâ® ç¨á«®¢ ï äã­ªæ¨ï ¤¢ãå ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå
k=n+1 
f (x, y) ­ §ë¢ ¥âáï ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬®© ¢ â®çª¥ (x0 , y0 ),
®âà¨æ ­¨¥ ãá«®¢¨ï Š®è¨, ª ª § ï¢«¥­®.
¥á«¨ ¥ñ ¯à¨à é¥­¨¥ ¢ í⮩ â®çª¥ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ï¥âáï ¢ ¢¨¤¥
∆f (∆x, ∆y) = f (x0 + ∆x, y0 + ∆y) − f (x0 ,p y0 ) = A∆x +
 Žè¨¡®ç­ë¬   ï¥âáï  à áá㦤¥­¨¥: ¯®áª®«ìªã
+ B∆y + o(ρ) ¯à¨ (∆x, ∆y) → (0, 0), £¤¥ ρ = (∆x)2 + (∆y)2
 P 2n   P2n 1  1
   sin 2 
n sin
¥áâì äã­ªæ¨ï 2-å ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå ∆x ¨ ∆y , ∆x = x − x0 =
 u (k) =  2
 > 1+ln2 2n > 1, ∀ n > n0 > 1,
k=n+1 k  k=n+1 1+ln2 k  = dx, ∆y = y − y0 = dy . “ ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬®© ä㭪樨 A =
â® ∃ ε0 = 1 >  0 ∀ N ∈ N ∃ n = max{N, n0 } > N ∃ p = n ∃ xn = = ∂f d f (x0 +∆x,y0 )−f (x0 ,y0 )
∂x (x0 , y0 ) = dx f (x, y0 )|x=x0 = lim ∆x , B =
 n+p  ∆x→0
 P  ∂f f (x0 ,y0 +∆y)−f (x0 ,y0 )
= n ∈ E2 :  u (x ) > ε0 .   ®á­®¢ ­¨¨ ªà¨â¥à¨ï Š®è¨ = ∂y (x0 , y0 ) = d
dy f (x0 , y)|y=y0 = lim .
k=n+1 k n  ∆y→0 ∆y

§ ª«îç ¥¬ ®âáãâá⢨¥ à ¢­®¬¥à­®© á室¨¬®á⨠­  E2 ã à鸞 …᫨ ®¡¥ ç áâ­ë¥ ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ë¥ A ¨ B áãé¥áâ¢ãîâ,
P∞ â® ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬®áâì à ¢­®á¨«ì­  à ¢¥­áâ¢ã
un (x). f (x0 +∆x,y0 +∆y)−f (x0 ,y0 )−A∆x−B∆y
n=1 lim √ 2 2
= 0 .
(∆x,∆y)→(0,0) (∆x) +(∆y)

Š®­âà¯à¨¬¥à â®â ¦¥, çâ® ¢ ¯à¥¤ë¤ã饬 á«ãç ¥. ¥è¥­¨¥. ˆ§ â¥®à¥¬ë ® ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬®áâ¨

ª®¬¯®§¨æ¨¨ ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬ëå ä㭪権 á«¥¤ã¥â, çâ®
‚® ¨§¡¥¦ ­¨¥ ®è¨¡®ª ¢ à áá㦤¥­¨¨ â®çªã x = xn ­ã¦­® § ¬¥­®© u = x − 1, v = y − 1 § ¤ ç  ᢮¤¨âáï ª ¨áá«¥¤®¢ ­¨î
¯®¤áâ ¢«ïâì 㦥 ¯®á«¥ ®æ¥­ª¨ á­¨§ã ¬®¤ã«ï ®â१ª  à鸞! ­  ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬®áâì ¢ â®çª¥ O(0, 0) ä㭪樨 √ f (u, v) =
= z(u + 1, v + 1), f (u, v) = (2u2 + 4u − v 2 − 2v) u2 + v 2 − uv.
∂f d
” ªâ¨ç¥áª¨ â ª¨¬ à áá㦤¥­¨¥¬ ¯®ª § ­®, çâ® ∃ ε0 > ¥âà㤭®
 ¢¨¤¥âì, çâ®  f (0, 0) = 0, 2 ∂u (0, 0) = du f (u, 0)|u=0 =
√
> 0 ∀ N ∈ N ∃ n > N ∃ p ∈ N ∃ xn+1  = (n + 1) ∈ = dud
(2u2 + 4u) u2 |u=0 = lim (2u +4u)|u| = lim (2u + 4)|u| =
 n+p  u→0 u u→0
 P   √ 
∈ E2 , . . . , ∃ xn+p = (n + p) ∈ E2 :  u (x ) > ε0 ,   íâ® ­¥ ∂f d d 2
= 0, ∂v (0, 0) = dv f (0, v)|v=0 = dv (−v − 2v) v 2 |v=0 =
k=n+1 k k 
(−v2 −2v)|v|
¥áâì ä®à¬ «ì­®¥ ®âà¨æ ­¨¥ ãá«®¢¨ï Š®è¨, ª ª § ï¢«¥­®. = lim v = lim (−v − 2)|v| = 0, ¨, â ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬,
v→0 v→0
Žâ¬¥â¨¬, çâ® ¢ ª ç¥á⢥ ª®­âà¯à¨¬¥à  ¢ í⮬ ¨ ¢ äã­ªæ¨ï f (u, v) ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬  ¢ â®çª¥ √(0, 0) ⮣¤  ¨
P∞
(2u2 +4u−v√
2 −2v) u2 +v 2 −uv
¯à¥¤ë¤ã饬 á«ãç ¥ ¬®¦­® ¢§ïâì ¡®«¥¥ ¯à®á⮩ àï¤: un (x) ⮫쪮 ⮣¤ , ª®£¤  ∃ lim = 0.
(u,v)→(0,0) u2 +v2
n=1
34 35
DZ¥à¥©¤ñ¬ ª ¯®«ïà­ë¬ ª®®à¤¨­ â ¬:  2u = ρ2 cos ϕ, √ v = ρ sin
 ϕ. ‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. Œ®¦­® ®¡®©â¨áì ¡¥§ ¯¥à¥å®¤  ª ¯®«ïà­ë¬
 (2u +4u−v√−2v) u2 +v2 −uv  ª®®à¤¨­ â ¬ [3]. ‡ ¬¥â¨¬, çâ® ¤«ï ¢á¥å x, √ y ∈ R |x| 6
’®£¤  ∀ ρ > 0 ∀ ϕ ∈ [0, 2π)  u2 +v2
 = p p
  6 x + y ¨ |y| 6 x + y . DZãáâì 0 < ρ = u2√ + v 2 < 1.
 (2ρ2 cos2 ϕ+4ρ cos ϕ−ρ2 sin2 ϕ−2ρ sin ϕ)√ρ2 −ρ2 cos ϕ sin ϕ 
2 2 2 2
   2 √ 
= 6  (2u +4u−v√−2v) u +v −uv 
2 2 2 2 2
(2ρ +4ρ+ρ +2ρ) ρ2 +2ρ2
 ρ  ’®£¤  0 6   6 ρ 6
√ √
2
u +v 2
√
6 2ρ(3ρ + 6) → 0, √ ¥á«¨ ρ → +0. ‘«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®, 6 ρ(3ρ + 6) 3 6 18ρ = 18 u2 + v 2 → 0, ¥á«¨ (u, v) →
(2u2 +4u−v√
2 −2v) u2 +v 2 −uv √
∃ lim u2 +v2
= 0, ¨ äã­ªæ¨ï f (u, v) → (0, 0). ‘«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®, ∃ lim (2u2 +4u−v√
2 −2v) u2 +v 2 −uv
=
(u,v)→(0,0) (u,v)→(0,0) u2 +v2
¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬  ¢ â®çª¥ (0, 0). = 0, ¨ äã­ªæ¨ï f (u, v) ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬  ¢ â®çª¥ (0, 0).
Žâ¢¥â: äã­ªæ¨ï z(x, y) ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬  ¢ â®çª¥ D(1, 1).
DZ à ¨ ¬ ¥ à. ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬®áâì ¢ â®çª¥
‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. DZ®¤ç¥àª­ñ¬,
 çâ® ®ª®­ç â¥«ì­ ï ®æ¥­ª  M (0, 0) äã­ªæ¨î
 f (ρ cos ϕ, ρ sin ϕ)  √  2
¬®¤ã«ï  ρ  6 2ρ(3ρ + 6) ­¥ ¤®«¦­  ᮤ¥à¦ âì y
sh(3x), x 6= 0,
ϕ, ®­  ¤®«¦­  ᮤ¥à¦ âì ⮫쪮 ρ. f (x, y) = x
 y 3 + |y|3/2 , x = 0.
Žè¨¡®ç­ë¬ ï¥âáï à áá㦤¥­¨¥: ∀ ϕ ∈ [0, 2π)
√
(2ρ2 cos2 ϕ+4ρ cos ϕ−ρ2 sin2 ϕ−2ρ sin ϕ) ρ2 −ρ2 cos ϕ sin ϕ ¥è¥­¨¥. f (0, 0) = 0. ∂f lim f (∆x,0)−f
∂x (0, 0) = ∆x→0 ∆x
(0,0)
=
∃ lim ρ =  
ρ→+0
√ = lim 0−0 = 0. ∂f d 3 3/2 )0 |
= 2 2
lim ρ(2ρ cos ϕ+4 cos ϕ−ρ sin ϕ−2 sin ϕ) 1 − cos ϕ sin ϕ =0 ∆x→0 ∆x ∂y (0, 0) = dy f (0, y) |y=0 = (y + |y| y=0 =
ρ→+0 √ 3 p
|∆y|
(¯à¥¤¥« à ¢¥­ ­ã«î, ­ ¯à¨¬¥à, ª ª ¯à®¨§¢¥¤¥­¨¥ ¡¥áª®­¥ç­® = (y 3 )0 |y=0 + lim ∆y = lim |∆y|
∆y |∆y| = 0.
∆y→0 ∆y→0
¬ «®© ρ ­  ®£à ­¨ç¥­­ãî äã­ªæ¨î: √¯®« £ ¥¬ ρ < 1).
(2u2 +4u−v√
2 −2v) u2 +v 2 −uv „®ª ¦¥¬, çâ® ∃ lim √f (∆x,∆y) = 0. (∗)
‘«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®, ∃ lim u2 +v2
= 0. â¨¬ (∆x,∆y)→(0,0) 2
∆x +∆y 2
(u,v)→(0,0)
p
à áá㦤¥­¨¥¬ (¯®á뫪  ¨¬¯«¨ª æ¨¨) ãáâ ­®¢«¥­® «¨èì, çâ® I ᯮᮡ. DZãáâì ∆x2 + ∆y 2 ∈ (0, ρ0 ), £¤¥ ¯®«®¦¨â¥«ì­®¥
¯à¥¤¥« ¯® ª ¦¤®¬ã ­ ¯à ¢«¥­¨î à ¢¥­ ­ã«î, ®âªã¤  ¥éñ ­¥ ρ0 áâ®«ì ¬ «®, çâ® | sh(3∆x)| < 6|∆x|. ’®£¤  ¯à¨ ∆x 6=

á«¥¤ã¥â áãé¥á⢮¢ ­¨¥ ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãî饣® ¤¢®©­®£® ¯à¥¤¥« .  f (∆x,∆y)   ∆y2 sh(3∆x) 
 6 √ 6∆y2 2 2

¥ ।ª® 㪠§ ­­®¥ ®è¨¡®ç­®¥ à áá㦤¥­¨¥√ ®ä®à¬«ï¥âáï 6= 0  √ 2 2

= √
  2 2  2 2
6 6(∆x
√ +∆y ) =
∆x +∆y ∆x ∆x +∆y ∆x +∆y ∆x +∆y 2
2
(2u2 +4u−v2 −2v) u2 +v2 −uv p
¢ ¢¨¤¥ à ¢¥­á⢠ lim √
u2 +v2
= = ∆x2 + ∆y 2 → 0, ¥á«¨ (∆x, ∆y) → (0, 0) ¯® ¬­®¦¥áâ¢ã
(u,v)→(0,0)
√ ®¯à¥¤¥«¥­¨ï (¯à¨ ∆x 6= 0).    
(2ρ2 cos2 ϕ+4ρ cos ϕ−ρ2 sin2 ϕ−2ρ sin ϕ) ρ2 −ρ2 cos ϕ sin ϕ
= lim = 0,  f (∆x,∆y) 
 
 ∆y3 +|∆y|3/2 
  6
ρ→+0 ρ DZਠ∆x = 0, ∆y 6= 0  √ =  √
∆x2 +∆y 2  ∆x2 +∆y 2 
ª®â®à®¥ ­¥ ¤®ª §ë¢ ¥â âॡ㥬®¥, â ª ª ª ¢ ®¡é¥¬ á«ãç ¥ √ 3 √  3/2
à ¢¥­á⢮ lim √f (u,v) = lim f (ρ cos ϕ,ρ sin ϕ) ­¥ ï¥âáï |∆y|3 +|∆y|3/2 ∆x2 +∆y 2 + ∆x2 +∆y 2
2 2
(u,v)→(0,0) u +v ρ ρ→+0 6 √ 6 √ 6 (∆x2 + ∆y 2 ) +
∆x2 +∆y 2 ∆x2 +∆y 2
¢¥à­ë¬.11
ª ¦¤®¬ã ­ ¯à ¢«¥­¨î à ¢¥­ 0,   ¤¢®©­®© ¯à¥¤¥« ­¥ áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â, â ª ª ª,
11 x2 y
„«ï ä㭪樨 f (x, y) = x4 +y 2
, x2 + y 2 > 0, ¢ â®çª¥ (0; 0) ¯à¥¤¥« ¯® ­ ¯à¨¬¥à, f (x, x2 ) = 21 . ‘¬. [5].

36 37
 p 1/2
¥è¥­¨¥. ”®à¬ «ì­® ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨àãï ⮦¤¥á⢮ z 2 −
+ ∆x2 + ∆y 2 → 0, ¥á«¨ (∆x, ∆y) → (0, 0) ¯® ¬­®¦¥áâ¢ã
− 2xy = ln z + y, ­ å®¤¨¬ 2zdz − 2ydx − 2xdy = dz z + dy (1).
®¯à¥¤¥«¥­¨ï (¯à¨ ∆x = 0, ∆y 6= 0). DZ®¤áâ ¢«ïï ¢ (1) x = 0, y = 1, z = 1, ­ å®¤¨¬ dz = 2dx +
’ ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬, ¤«ï ¢á¥å ¤®áâ â®ç­® ¬ «ëå  ∆x ¨ ∆y , + dy (2).
 f (∆x,∆y) 
­¥ à ¢­ëå ®¤­®¢à¥¬¥­­® ­ã«î, ¢ë¯®«­¥­®  √ 2  6 ”®à¬ «ì­® ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨àãï (1) ¨ áç¨â ï dx ¨ dy
∆x +∆y 2  2 2
p p ¯®áâ®ï­­ë¬¨, ­ å®¤¨¬ 2dz 2 +2zd2 z −2dxdy −2dxdy = d z·z−dz .
6 ∆x2 + ∆y 2 + (∆x2 + ∆y 2 ) + ( ∆x2 + ∆y 2 )1/2 → 0 ¯à¨ z2
DZ®¤áâ ¢«ïï x = 0, y = 1, z = 1, ­ å®¤¨¬ d2 z = 4dxdy − 3dz 2 .
(∆x, ∆y) → (0, 0). ‡­ ç¨â, ∃ lim √f (∆x,∆y) = 0.
2
(∆x,∆y)→(0,0) 2 ∆x +∆y DZ®¤áâ ¢«ïï ¢¬¥áâ® dz á㬬ã 2dx + dy ¨§ (2), ­ å®¤¨¬ d2 z = −
−12dx2 − 8dxdy − 3dy 2 .
II ᯮᮡ. DZ¥à¥©¤ñ¬ ª ¯®«ïà­ë¬ ª®®à¤¨­ â ¬: 2
( ”®à¬ã«  ’¥©«®à  ¨¬¥¥â ¢¨¤: z − 1 = dz + d2!z + o(ρ2 ).
∆x = ρ cos ϕ, “ç¨â뢠ï, çâ® dx = (x − 0), dy = (y − 1), ρ2 = x2 + (y − 1)2 ,
∆y = ρ sin ϕ, ρ > 0, ϕ ∈ [0, 2π). ­ å®¤¨¬, çâ® z(x, y) = 1 + 2(x − 0) + 1 · (y − 1)+ + 21 (−12(x −
1-© á«ãç ©: ∆x  6= 0. ∃ ρ0 > 0 ∀ ρ ∈ (0, ρ0 ) ∀ ϕ − 0)2 − 8(x − 0)(y − 1) − 3(y − 1)2 ) + o(x2 + (y − 1)2 ).
 ∈
π 3π  f (ρ cos ϕ, ρ sin ϕ)   sin2 ϕ 
∈ [0, 2π) \ { 2 , 2 }  ρ  =  cos ϕ sh(3ρ cos ϕ) = ‡ ¤ ç  2. 4  ©â¨ ¤«¨­ã ¤ã£¨ ªà¨¢®© y = ln(1 +
 
 cos ϕ)  + cos x), 0 6 x 6 π2 .
= 6ρ sin2 ϕ · sh(3ρ
6ρ cos ϕ  6 |6ρ sin ϕ| 6 6ρ = F1 (ρ), ¯®áª®«ìªã
2
π/2
R p
¤«ï ­¥ª®â®à®£® α0 > 0, 0 < sh α
2α < 1 ¤«ï ¢á¥å α
 : 0 < |α| < α0 . ¥è¥­¨¥. „«¨­  ¤ã£¨ ªà¨¢®© l = 1 + y 02 dx =
 f (ρ cos ϕ,ρ sin ϕ)  r 0
2-© á«ãç ©: ∆x = 0. ∀ ρ > 0 ∀ ϕ ∈ { π2 , 3π 2 }  ρ = π/2
R  2 π/2
R dx π/4
R dy π/4
R d sin y
 2 3 √  √ = − sin x
1 + 1+cos dx = x = 2 = 2 =
= ρ sin ϕ + ρ| sin ϕ|  6 ρ + ρ = F2 (ρ).
3/2 2 x cos cos y 2 1−sin2 y
0 0 0 0
 ’ ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬,  ∃ ρ0 > 0 ∀ ρ ∈ (0, ρ0 ) ∀ ϕ ∈ [0, 2π) √1
R
√1
R    √1 √
 f (ρ cos ϕ, ρ sin ϕ)  √ 2 2
 1+t 2
 ρ  6 F1 (ρ)+F2 (ρ) = 6ρ+ρ2 + ρ → 0 ¯à¨ ρ → +0, =2 dt
1−t2
= 1
1−t + 1
1+t dt = ln  1−t = 2 ln(1 + 2).
0
çâ® ¨ âॡ®¢ «®áì ¤®ª § âì. 0 0

“⢥ত¥­¨¥ (∗) à ¢­®á¨«ì­® ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬®á⨠‡ ¤ ç  3. 4 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬®áâì ¢

ä㭪樨 f (x, y) ¢ â®çª¥ M (0, 0). â®çª¥ M (0, 0) äã­ªæ¨î
 r !
Žâ¢¥â: f (x, y) ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬  ¢ â®çª¥ M (0, 0). 4

 ln 1 + x sin 3 y , x 6= 0,
z(x, y) = x
§ 2. ‚ à¨ ­â Œ”’ˆ-61 

0, x = 0.
‡ ¤ ç  1. 5  ©â¨ ¯¥à¢ë© ¨ ¢â®à®© ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨ «ë ¢ ∂z d d
¥è¥­¨¥. ’ ª ª ª ∂x (0, 0) = dx z(x, 0)|x=0
= dx 0 = 0,
â®çª¥ (0, 1) ä㭪樨 z = z(x, y), § ¤ ­­®© ­¥ï¢­® ãà ¢­¥­¨¥¬ ∂z d d
∂y (0, 0)= dy z(0, y)|y=0 â® äã­ªæ¨ï
= dy 0 = 0, z(0, 0) = 0,
z 2 − 2xy = ln z + y, £¤¥ z(0, 1) = 1.  §«®¦¨âì äã­ªæ¨î z =
z(x, y) ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬  ¢ â®çª¥ (0, 0) ⮣¤  ¨ ⮫쪮 ⮣¤ ,
= z(x, y) ¯® ä®à¬ã«¥ ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠í⮩ â®çª¨ ¤®
ª®£¤  ∃ lim √z(x,y) = 0.
o(x2 + (y − 1)2 ). 2 2
(x,y)→(0,0) x +y

38 39
 I ᯮᮡ. DZ®áª®«ìªã ¤«ï ¢á¥å ¤®áâ â®ç­® ¬ «ëå  x ¨ y , ∞
P n (−1)
n+1 n+1
4
 z(x,y)  = π2 + C− 1 (4n+2)·32n+1 x
4n+2 . DZਠ¯®ç«¥­­®¬ ¨­â¥£à¨à®¢ ­¨¨
­¥ à ¢­ëå ®¤­®¢à¥¬¥­­® ­ã«î, ¢ë¯®«­¥­® 0 6  √ 2 2  6 n=0 2
x +y á⥯¥­­®£®
q à鸞 à ¤¨ãá á室¨¬®á⨠­¥ ¬¥­ï¥âáï. DZ®í⮬ã R =
√ √  2 √ 4
2 3 x2 y 4 2 x2 +y 2 3 x2 +y 2 3 p = 32 .
6 √ 2 2 6 √ 2 2 6 2 x2 + y 2 → 0 ¯à¨ 1




x +y x +y Žâ¬¥â¨¬, çâ® C− n
1 = n! − 21 − 23 . . . − 12 − (n − 1) =
(x, y) → (0, 0), â® ∃ lim √z(x,y) = 0 ¨ äã­ªæ¨ï z(x, y) (−1)n (2n−1)!!
2

(x,y)→(0,0) x2 +y 2 = 2n (n!) ¤«ï ¢á¥å ­ âãà «ì­ëå n; C−

0
1 = 1. ® íâ¨
¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬  ¢ â®çª¥ M (0, 0). ¯à¥®¡à §®¢ ­¨ï ¤¥« âì ­¥ ®¡ï§ â¥«ì­®: Cαn { áâ ­¤ àâ­ë©
2

II ᯮᮡ. DZ¥à¥©¤ñ¬ ª ¯®«ïà­ë¬ ª®®à¤¨­ â ¬: x = ᨬ¢®«.

= ρ cos ϕ, y = ρ sin ϕ. DZ®áª®«ìªã ¤«ï ¢á¥å ¤¥©á⢨⥫ì­ëå
§­ ç¥­¨© ¯¥à¥¬¥­­®© t á¯à ¢¥¤«¨¢® ­¥à ¢¥­á⢮ | sin t| 6 |t| ‡ ¤ ç  5. 3 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  á室¨¬®áâì àï¤
s
¨ ¤«ï ¢á¥å ¤®áâ â®ç­® ¬ «ëå ¯® ¬®¤ã«î ¤¥©á⢨⥫ì­ëå ∞
X (3n)!
§­ ç¥­¨© ¯¥à¥¬¥­­®© t á¯à ¢¥¤«¨¢® ­¥à ¢¥­á⢮ | ln(1 + .
(2n)3n
+ t)| 6 |2t|, â® ∃ ρ0 > 0 ∀  ρ ∈ (0, ρr0 ) ∀ ϕ!  ∈
n=1
  q 
 ln 1+x sin 3 y4   ln 1+ρ cos ϕ·sin 3 ρ4 sin4 ϕ   ¥è¥­¨¥.
 q r q
 x   ρ cos ϕ
  an+1  (3n+3)!(2n)3n (3n+1)(3n+2)(3n+3) 27
∈ [0, 2π) \ { π2 , 3π }  √ = 6  an  = (2n+2)3n+3 (3n)!
= 3n → 8e3
<
2  x 2 +y 2   ρ  1
(2n+2)3 (1+ n )
   
p < 1, n → ∞. DZ® ¯à¨§­ ªã „ « ¬¡¥à  àï¤ á室¨âáï.
6 2ρ 3 cos 2 ϕ sin4 ϕ 6 2ρ. ‘«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®, ∀ ρ > 0 ∀ ϕ ∈
 z(x,y)    ‡ ¤ ç  6a. 4 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­   ¡á®«îâ­ãî ¨ ãá«®¢­ãî
   z(ρ cos ϕ, ρ sin ϕ) 
√
∈ [0, 2π)  2 2  =  ρ  6 2ρ → 0, ¥á«¨ ρ → +0. á室¨¬®áâì ­¥á®¡á⢥­­ë© ¨­â¥£à «:
x +y

‘«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®, ∃ lim √z(x,y) = 0 ¨ äã­ªæ¨ï z(x, y)

+∞
Z √
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 +y 2 ( 3 x + x3 )α
2 dx.
¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬  ¢ â®çª¥ M (0, 0). (x17 + 2) arcsin x2x+2
0
√
( 3 x+x3 )α
‡ ¤ ç  4. 4  §«®¦¨âì ¯® á⥯¥­ï¬ x äã­ªæ¨î ¥è¥­¨¥. f (x) = x2
> 0 ¯à¨ x > 0.
(x17 +2) arcsin
x2 +2
2x2 ˆ­â¥£à « ¨¬¥¥â ¤¢¥ ®á®¡¥­­®áâ¨: ¢ ­ã«¥ ¨ ¢ +∞. I =
f (x) = arcctg √ +∞
R R1 +∞
R
9 − 4x4 = f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx = I1 + I2 . Š ¦¤ë© ¨§
¨ ­ ©â¨ à ¤¨ãá á室¨¬®á⨠¯®«ã祭­®£® à鸞. 0 0 1
¨­â¥£à «®¢ I1 ¨ I2 ¨¬¥¥â 㦥 ®¤­ã ®á®¡¥­­®áâì: I1 { ¢ ­¨¦­¥¬
¥è¥­¨¥.

−1/2 ∞
P n+1 n+1 ¯à¥¤¥«¥,   I2 { ¢ ¢¥àå­¥¬ ¯à¥¤¥«¥ ¨­â¥£à¨à®¢ ­¨ï. „«ï
f 0 (x) = − 34 x 1 − 49 x4 = n (−1)
x4n+1 .  ¤¨ãá
C− 4
1
2
32n+1 ¨áá«¥¤®¢ ­¨ï á室¨¬®á⨠¨­â¥£à «®¢ I1 ¨ I2 ¢®á¯®«ì§ã¥¬áï
n=0   C
á室¨¬®á⨠¯®«ã祭­®£® à鸞 ®¯à¥¤¥«ï¥âáï ¨§ ãá«®¢¨ï  49 x4  < ¯à¨§­ ª®¬ áà ¢­¥­¨ï. ’ ª ª ª f (x) ∼ 2− α ¯à¨ x → 0, â®
x 3
q Rx 0 I1 á室¨âáï ⇔ 2 − α3 < 1 ⇔ α > 3. ’ ª ª ª f (x) ∼ x17−3α
C
¯à¨
3
< 1, ®âªã¤  |x| < 2 = R. ’®£¤  f (x) = f (0) + f (t)dt =
0
x → +∞, â® I2 á室¨âáï ⇔ 17 − 3α > 1 ⇔ α < 3 . ˆ­â¥£à «
16

40 41
  00 
I á室¨âáï ⇔ ¨­â¥£à « I1 á室¨âáï ¨ ¨­â¥£à « I2 á室¨âáï ⇔  Rξ 
 
⇔ 3 < α < 16 ∀ α 6 −2 ∃ ε0 = 12 > 0 ∀ δ > 1 ∃ ξ 0 > δ ∃ ξ 00 > δ :  f (t) dt > ε0 .
3 . ‘室¨¬®áâì  ¡á®«îâ­ ï. ξ 0 
‡ ¤ ç  6¡. 6 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­   ¡á®«îâ­ãî ¨ ãá«®¢­ãî DZ® ªà¨â¥à¨î Š®è¨ ¨­â¥£à « I à á室¨âáï ¯à¨ α 6 −2.
á室¨¬®áâì ­¥á®¡á⢥­­ë© ¨­â¥£à « III) € ¡ á ® « î â ­   ï á å ® ¤ ¨ ¬ ® á â ì. ˆ­â¥£à « I ¬®¦¥â
+∞
Z  ¡á®«îâ­® á室¨âìáï «¨èì ¯à¨ â¥å §­ ç¥­¨ïå α, ¯à¨ ª®â®àëå
sin x3 dx +∞
R
. ®­ á室¨âáï. DZਠα > −2 ¨­â¥£à « g(t) cos 2t dt á室¨âáï ¯®
(x + cos ln x)α 1
1 ¯à¨§­ ªã „¨à¨å«¥. ’®£¤  ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã áà ¢­¥­¨ï ¨§ 楯®çª¨
+∞
R +∞
R +∞
R
¥è¥­¨¥. ‡ ¬¥­®© t = x3 § ¤ ç  ᢮¤¨âáï ª ¨áá«¥¤®¢ ­¨î
­¥à ¢¥­á⢠g(t) dt > g(t)| sin t| dt > g(t) sin2 t dt =
­  á室¨¬®áâì ¨  ¡á®«îâ­ãî á室¨¬®áâì ­¥á®¡á⢥­­®£® 1 1 1
+∞
R +∞
R +∞ +∞
R R
¨­â¥£à «  I = f (t)dt = g(t) sin tdt, £¤¥ g(t) = = 1
g(t) dt − 1
g(t) cos 2t dt > 0 á«¥¤ã¥â, çâ® ¨­â¥£à «
2 2
1 1 1 1
1 2+α
= 2+α
 √
3t
α > 0. Ÿá­®, çâ® lim g(t) = 0 ⇔ 3 > +∞
R +∞
R +∞
R
t 3 1+ cos √
ln
3t
t→+∞ |f (t)| dt = g(t)| sin t| dt á室¨âáï ⇔ ¨­â¥£à « g(t) dt
1 1 1
> 0 ⇔ α > −2. DZ®ª ¦¥¬, çâ® ¯à¨ α > −2 ¨­â¥£à « á室¨âáï +∞
R C 2+α
¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã „¨à¨å«¥,   ¯à¨ α 6 −2 { à á室¨âáï ¯® ªà¨â¥à¨î á室¨âáï ⇔ 2+α dt á室¨âáï ⇔ 3 > 1 ⇔ α > 1.
t 3
Š®è¨.   1
Rξ  Žâ¢¥â:á室¨âáï  ¡á®«îâ­®, ¥á«¨ α > 1; á室¨âáï ãá«®¢­®,
  ¥á«¨ −2 < α 6 1, ¨ à á室¨âáï, ¥á«¨ α 6 −2.
I) ‘ å ® ¤ ¨ ¬ ® á â ì. 1) ∀ ξ ∈ [1; +∞)  sin t dt 6 2.
1 
2) DZ஢¥à¨¬, çâ® g(t)  0 ¯à¨ t > t0 ¨ α > −2. „®áâ â®ç­® ‡ ¤ ç  7a. 5 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  á室¨¬®áâì ¨ à ¢­®¬¥à­ãî
¤®ª § âì, çâ® h(t) = g(t) 1
 ¯à¨ t > t0 ¨ α > −2,   íâ® ¢ë⥪ ¥â á室¨¬®áâì ­  ¬­®¦¥á⢠å E1 = (0, 1) ¨ E2 = (1, +∞)
¨§ á«¥¤ãî饣® ã⢥ত¥­¨ï: ∀ α > − 2  ä㭪樮­ «ì­ãî ¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®áâì

α−2 √ α
ln 3 t
cos √
∃ t0 > 1 ∀ t > t0 h0 (t) = 2+α 3 t 3 1 + 3 × n2 x
    t fn (x) = sin 2 + sin x.
√ √ √
ln 3 t
−1 √
x n
× 3 t − α2+α2 1 + cos √ 3
t
sin ln 3
t + π
4 > 0, ¯®áª®«ìªã ¥è¥­¨¥.
äã­ªæ¨ï ¢ ª¢ ¤à â­ëå ᪮¡ª å áâ६¨âáï ª +∞ ¯à¨ t → +∞. 1) ∀ x ∈ E1 ∪ E2 lim fn (x) = 1 + sin x = f (x).
n→∞
ˆ§ 1) { 2) ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã „¨à¨å«¥ § ª«îç ¥¬, çâ® ¯à¨ α > −2 2)  áᬮâਬ E2 = (1, +∞).
¨­â¥£à « I á室¨âáï.  
 n2 
|Rn (x)| = |f (x) − fn (x)| = 1 − sin nx2  ,
II)    á å ® ¤ ¨ ¬ ® á â ì. ’ ª ª ª ∀ α 6 −2 lim g(t) > 1, â® x
t→+∞
xn = n2 ∈ E2 ¯à¨ n > 2,
∀ α 6 −2 ∃ t0 > 1 ∀ t > t0 g(t) > 21 . ‡­ ç¨â, ∀ α 6 −2 ∃ t0 > 1
δ δ 0 00 π
|Rn (xn )| = |1 − sin 1| ⇒
∀ 00δ > t0 ∃n = 00 2π + 1 > 2π ∃ ξ 00= 2πn > δ, ∃ ξ = 2 + 2πn > δ : ⇒ ∀ n > 1 sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ E2 } > |Rn (xn )| = |1 − sin 1| > 0 ⇒
 Rξ  Rξ Rξ
  ⇒ ä㭪樮­ «ì­ ï ¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®áâì fn (x) ­¥ ï¥âáï
 f (t) dt = g(t) sin t dt > 21 sin t dt = 12 . ˆâ ª,
ξ 0  ξ0 ξ0 à ¢­®¬¥à­® á室ï饩áï ª f (x) ­  E2 .
42 43
 fn (x) á室¨âáï ª f (x) ­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­® ­  E2 . ˆá¯®«ì§ã¥¬ ­¥à ¢¥­á⢠ x − x6 6 sin x 6 x,
III ᯮᮡ.
3

á¯à ¢¥¤«¨¢ë¥ ¤«ï ¢á¥å x > 0.

3)  áᬮâਬ E1 = (0, 1).
x ¥à ¢¥­á⢮ sin x 6 x ¤®ª §ë¢ «®áì ­  «¥ªæ¨ïå. „®ª ¦¥¬
I ᯮᮡ. ’ ª ª ª ∀ n ∈ N ∀ x ∈ E1 0 < n2 < 1, â® ¯® 3
­¥à ¢¥­á⢮ x − x6 6 sin x ¯à¨ ¯®¬®é¨ â¥®à¥¬ë ‹ £à ­¦  ®
ä®à¬ã«¥ Œ ª«®à¥­  á ®áâ â®ç­ë¬ ç«¥­®¬ ¢ ä®à¬¥ ‹ £à ­¦ 
ξ x2 á।­¥¬ ϕ(x) − ϕ(0) = ϕ0 (ξ)x, 0 < ξ < x. „¢ ¦¤ë ¯à¨¬¥­ïï
¨¬¥¥¬: sin nx2 = nx2 − sin 2! · n4 , 0 < ξ < 1. ’ ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬, ∀ n ∈ 3
⥮६㠋 £à ­¦ , ­ å®¤¨¬: ϕ(x) = sin x − x + x6 = (cos ξ − 1 +
∈ N ∀ x ∈ E1 ∃ ξ  ∈ (0; 1) : |Rn (x)| = |f (x) − fn (x)| = |1 − ξ2
2  sin ξ  + 2 )x = (− sin η + η)ξx > 0, 0 < η < ξ < x, ª ª ¨ âॡ®¢ «®áì.
− nx sin nx2 | =  x2n 1
2  6 2n2 → 0 ¯à¨ n → ∞ ⇒ ä㭪樮­ «ì­ ï 3
‘«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®, ∀ t ∈ R |t − sin t| 6 |t|6 ¨ |Rn (x)| =
¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®áâì fn (x) à ¢­®¬¥à­® á室¨âáï ª f (x) ­  E1 . 2   2 x3 x2
= nx  nx2 − sin nx2  6 nx · 6n 6 = 6n4 6 6n4 → 0 ¯à¨ n → ∞.
1

‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. ¥§®£®¢®à®ç­®¥ ¯à¨¬¥­¥­¨¥ ä®à¬ã«ë fn (x) à ¢­®¬¥à­® á室¨âáï ª f (x) ­  E1 .

Œ ª«®à¥­  á ®áâ â®ç­ë¬ ç«¥­®¬  ¢ ä®à¬¥ DZ¥ ­® §¤¥áì ­¥

 DZ à ¨ ¬ ¥ à. ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  á室¨¬®áâì ¨ à ¢­®¬¥à­ãî
ª®à४⭮: ­ ¯à¨¬¥à, |Rn (x)| = o
nx2  → 0 ¯à¨ n → ∞ ¯à¨
á室¨¬®áâì ­  ¬­®¦¥á⢠å E1 = (0, 1) ¨ E
2 = (1, +∞)
«î¡®¬ 䨪á¨à®¢ ­­®¬ x, ­® o nx2 § ¢¨á¨â ª ª ®â n, â ª ¨
¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®áâì ä㭪権 fn (x) = n ln 1 + nx .
®â x, ¨, ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì, áâ६«¥­¨¥ ª ­ã«î  ¯®
x ­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­®¥. ¥è¥­¨¥. 1) ∀ x ∈ E1 ∪ E2 lim fn (x) = x = f (x).
 ¯à¨¬¥à, ­  ¬­®¦¥á⢥ E2 |Rn (x)| = o nx2  → 0 ¯à¨ n → ∞ n→∞
¯à¨ «î¡®¬ 䨪á¨à®¢ ­­®¬ x, ­® ­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­®. 2)  áᬮâਬ E1 = (0, 1). „®ª ¦¥¬, çâ® ¤«ï ¢á¥å t > 0
2
á¯à ¢¥¤«¨¢ë ­¥à ¢¥­á⢠ t − t2 6 ln(1 + t) 6 t. DZਬ¥­ïï
‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. ”®à¬ã«  Œ ª«®à¥­  á ®áâ â®ç­ë¬ ç«¥­®¬ ⥮६㠋 £à ­¦  ® á।¥¬, ­ å®¤¨¬: ϕ(t) = t − ln(1 + t) =
¢ ä®à¬¥ ‹ £à ­¦  ¢ ç áâ­®¬ á«ãç ¥ ¢ë£«ï¤¨â á«¥¤ãî騬 ξ
= 1+ξ
2 η2
t > 0 ¨ ψ(t) = ln(1 + t) − t + t2 = 1+η t > 0, 0 < η, ξ < t,
00
®¡à §®¬: f (t) = f (0) + f 0 (0)t + f 2!(ξ) t2 , 0 < ξ < t. DZà¨
ª ª ¨ âॡ®¢ «®áì.12 ‘«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®, ∀ t > 0 |t − ln(1 + t)| 6 t2
2

­¥®¡å®¤¨¬®á⨠¬®¦­® ¢§ïâì ¡®«ìè¥ ç«¥­®¢ à §«®¦¥­¨ï. ‚ 
 
 x2

¨ |Rn (x)| = x − n ln 1 + nx  = n  nx − ln 1 + nx  6 n · 2n 2 =
¯à¨¢¥¤ñ­­®¬ à¥è¥­¨¨ f (t) = sin t, t = nx2 . ’®çª  ξ áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â
x2
¨ 㤮¢«¥â¢®àï¥â 㪠§ ­­ë¬ ­¥à ¢¥­á⢠¬. ’ ª ª ª ξ = ξ(n, x) = 2n 6 2n → 0 ¯à¨ n → ∞. ‘室¨¬®áâì ­  E1 à ¢­®¬¥à­ ï.
1

§ ¢¨á¨â ®â x, ®ª®­ç â¥«ì­ ï ®æ¥­ª  ­¥ ¤®«¦­  ᮤ¥à¦ âì ξ. 3)  áᬮâਬ E2 = (1, +∞). |Rn (n)| = n| ln 2 − 1| → +∞
¯à¨ n → ∞. ‘室¨¬®áâì ­  E2 ­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­ ï.
II ᯮᮡ. ˆáá«¥¤ã¥¬ ¯®¢¥¤¥­¨¥ ä㭪樨 Rn (x) = f (x) −
2 DZ à ¨ ¬ ¥ à. ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  á室¨¬®áâì ¨ à ¢­®¬¥à­ãî
− fn (x) = 1 − nx sin nx2 ­  E1 ¯à¨ 䨪á¨à®¢ ­­®¬ n á ¯®¬®éìî
2
á室¨¬®áâì ­  ¬­®¦¥á⢠å E1 = (0, a) ¨ E2 = (a, +∞)
¯à®¨§¢®¤­®©: Rn0 (x) = − nx2 nx2 cos nx2 − sin nx2 = ¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®áâì ä㭪権 fn (x) = x ln(xn) .
2
n2
= − nx2 cos nx2 nx2 − tg nx2 > 0, â ª ª ª tg α > α, ¥á«¨ 0 < α 6 ¥è¥­¨¥. 1) ∀ x ∈ E1 ∪ E2 lim fn (x) = 0 = f (x).
n→∞
6 1. ‡¤¥áì α = nx2 . ‡­ ç¨â, Rn (x)  ­  ¯®«ã¨­â¥à¢ «¥ (0; 1]. x
2) DZãáâì Rn (x) = fn (x) − 0 = n2
ln(xn).
’®£¤  0 < Rn (x) < Rn (1) = 1 − n2 sin n12 . ’ ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬, ∀ n ∈ ln(xn)+1 1
2 ∀ n ∈ N Rn0 (x) = , Rn0 (x) = 0 ¯à¨ xn = ne , Rn (xn ) =
∈ N ∀ x ∈ E1 |Rn (x)| =
|f (x) − fn (x)| = |1 − nx sin nx2 | < 1 − n2

− n2 sin n12 = 6n1 4 + o n14 → 0 ¯à¨ n → ∞ ⇒ ä㭪樮­ «ì­ ï 12

‚®§¬®¦­®, ­¥à ¢¥­á⢮ ln(1+t) 6 t ¤®ª §ë¢ «®áì ­  «¥ªæ¨ïå. ‚ â ª®¬
¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®áâì fn (x) à ¢­®¬¥à­® á室¨âáï ª f (x) ­  E1 . á«ãç ¥ ­¥ ­ ¤® ¤®ª §ë¢ âì íâ® ­¥à ¢¥­á⢮.

44 45
= − en1 3 , |Rn (xn )| = en1 3 , |Rn (+0)| = 0, |Rn (a − 0)| = ¯à¥¤¥« lim |un (xn )| > 0, â® à ¢­®¬¥à­®© á室¨¬®á⨠ã
n→∞
= na2 | ln an|, sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ E1 } = max{ en1 3 , na2 | ln an|} 6 ä㭪樮­ «ì­®£® à鸞 ­¥â.13 ‚ á ¬®¬ ¤¥«¥, ãá«®¢¨¥  Š®è¨
6 en13 + na2 | ln an| → 0 ¯à¨ n → ∞. ‘室¨¬®áâì ­  E1 n+p−1
P 
à ¢­®¬¥à­ ï. ∀ ε > 0 ∃ N ∈ N ∀ n > N ∀ p ∀ x ∈ E  uk (x) < ε ¤«ï
k=n
3) ∀ n ∈ N sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ E2 } = |Rn (+∞)| = +∞. p = 1 ¨¬¥¥â ¢¨¤: ∀ ε > 0 ∃ N ∈ N ∀ n > N ∀ x ∈ E |un (x)| < ε.
‘室¨¬®áâì ­  E2 ­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­ ï. DZ®áª®«ìªã ¯à¥¤¥« lim |un (xn )| = 2ε0 > 0, â® (∗) ∃ ε0 > 0 ∀ N ∈
n→∞
4 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  á室¨¬®áâì ¨ à ¢­®¬¥à­ãî
‡ ¤ ç  7¡. ∈ N ∃ n > N ∃ xn ∈ E : |un (xn )| > ε0 . ‡­ ç¨â, ãá«®¢¨¥ Š®è¨ ­¥
á室¨¬®áâì ­  ¬­®¦¥á⢠å E1 = (0, 1) ¨ E2 = (1, +∞) àï¤ ¢ë¯®«­ï¥âáï ¨ ¯® ªà¨â¥à¨î Š®è¨ àï¤ ­¥ ï¥âáï à ¢­®¬¥à­®
∞
P x x á室ï騬áï ­  E. ‚ ­ è¥¬ ¯à¨¬¥à¥ lim |un (xn )| = 23 sh 2 > 0.
x+n sh n . n→∞
n=1
¥è¥­¨¥. 1) ’ ª ª ª ∀ x ∈ E1 ∪ E2 ∀ n ∈ N 0 < un (x) = â®â 䠪⠬®¦­® ®¡êïá­¨âì ¯®-¤à㣮¬ã. DZ®áª®«ìªã
∞
P ¯à¥¤¥« lim |un (xn )| = 2ε0 > 0, â® ¢ë¯®«­¥­® ãá«®¢¨¥
= x
x+n sh nx ∼ nC2 , n → ∞ ¨ ç¨á«®¢®© àï¤ C
n2
á室¨âáï n→∞
n=1 (∗). ‡­ ç¨â, ®¡é¨© ç«¥­ à鸞 un (x) «¨¡® ­¥ áâ६¨âáï
∞
P
(íâ «®­), â® ∀ x ∈ E1 ∪ E2 àï¤ un (x) á室¨âáï ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã ¯®â®ç¥ç­® ª ­ã«î ­  E , «¨¡® áâ६¨âáï ª ­ã«î ­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­®
∞
P
áà ¢­¥­¨ï.
n=1
­  E . ‡­ ç¨â, àï¤ un (x) ­¥ ï¥âáï à ¢­®¬¥à­®
n=1
2) ’ ª ª ª ∀ x ∈ E1 ∀ n ∈ N |un (x)| 6 n1 sh n1 ∼ n12 , n → ∞ á室ï騬áï ­  E, â ª ª ª ¤«ï ­¥£® ­¥ ¢ë¯®«­¥­® ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬®¥
∞
P
¨ ç¨á«®¢®© àï¤ 1
á室¨âáï, â® ¯® ⥮६¥ ‚¥©¥àèâà áá  ãá«®¢¨¥ à ¢­®¬¥à­®© á室¨¬®á⨠ä㭪樮­ «ì­ëå à冷¢: ã
n2
n=1 à ¢­®¬¥à­® á室ï饣®áï ­  E ä㭪樮­ «ì­®£® à鸞 ®¡é¨©
∞
P
ä㭪樮­ «ì­ë© àï¤ un (x) á室¨âáï à ¢­®¬¥à­® ­  E1 . ç«¥­ à鸞 à ¢­®¬¥à­® ­  E áâ६¨âáï ª ­ã«î.
n=1
3)  áᬮâਬ E2 . …᫨ ¯à¥¤¥« lim |un (xn )| ­¥ áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â, â® ãá«®¢¨¥ (∗)
n→∞
∞
P
„®ª ¦¥¬, çâ® ®¡é¨© ç«¥­ ä㭪樮­ «ì­®£® à鸞 un (x) ¢ë¯®«­¥­®. ‚ á ¬®¬ ¤¥«¥, ¤®¯ãá⨢ ¯à®â¨¢­®¥, ­ å®¤¨¬,
n=1 çâ® ®¡é¨© ç«¥­ à鸞 un (x) ⇒ 0 ­  E . ® ⮣¤ 
­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­® ­  E2 áâ६¨âáï ª ­ã«î. ’ ª ª ª ­  E2 àï¤ ∃ lim sup{|un (x)| : x ∈ E} = 0 ¨ ¨§ 楯®çª¨ ­¥à ¢¥­áâ¢
n→∞
á室¨âáï, â® ∀ x ∈ E2 lim un (x) = 0. „ «¥¥, |un (x)| =
  n→∞ sup{|un (x)| : x ∈ E} > |un (xn )| > 0 ¯® ⥮६¥ ® § ¦ â®©
 x  ¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®á⨠¢ë⥪ ¥â, çâ® ∃ lim |un (xn )| = 0 ¢®¯à¥ª¨
=  x+n sh nx  ; ∀ n ∈ N xn = 2n ∈ E2 ; |un (xn )| = n→∞
∞
P
= 23 sh 2 > 0 ⇒ ®¡é¨© ç«¥­ à鸞 un (x) áâ६¨âáï ª ­ã«î ãá«®¢¨î. ‡­ ç¨â, ¨ ¢ í⮬ á«ãç ¥ àï¤ un (x) ­¥ ï¥âáï
­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­®, ®âªã¤  á«¥¤ã¥â ­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­ ï á室¨¬®áâì ­  n=1
P∞ à ¢­®¬¥à­® á室ï騬áï ­  E .
E2 á ¬®£® ä㭪樮­ «ì­®£® à鸞 un (x), â ª ª ª ­¥
n=1
¢ë¯®«­¥­® ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬®¥ ãá«®¢¨¥ ¥£® à ¢­®¬¥à­®© á室¨¬®áâ¨
(á室¨¬®áâì à鸞 ãáâ ­®¢«¥­  ¢ ¯ã­ªâ¥ 1). 13
â¨¬ 䠪⮬ ¬®¦­® ¯®«ì§®¢ âìáï ¢ ¯¨á쬥­­®© à ¡®â¥ ¡¥§ ¤®ª § -
‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. ˆ§ ªà¨â¥à¨ï Š®è¨ á«¥¤ã¥â, çâ® ¥á«¨ ⥫ìá⢠.

46 47
 ∞
P − f (1, 0) = f (x, y) − ln 3, ρ2 = (x − 1)2 + y 2 , ­ å®¤¨¬ f (x, y) =
‡ ¤ ç  8. 5 DZãáâì àï¤ a2n á室¨âáï. ‚¥à­® «¨, çâ®
n=1 = ln 3 + 31 (y − 0) − 13 (x − 1)(y − 0) − 18
1
(y − 0)2 + o((x − 1)2 + y 2 ).
∞
P 1 2
àï¤ an
á室¨âáï? „®ª § âì, ¨«¨ ®¯à®¢¥à£­ãâì ¯à¨¬¥à®¬.
2
Žâ¢¥â: df (A) = 3 dy; d f (A) = − 3 dxdy − 19 dy 2 ; f (x, y) =
n 1 1 1
n=1 = ln 3 + 3 (y − 0) − 3 (x − 1)(y − 0) − 18 (y − 0)2 + o((x − 1)2 + y 2 ).
  a2n + 12
¥è¥­¨¥. ‚¢¨¤ã ¢¥à­®£® ­¥à ¢¥­á⢠  ann  6 2
n
‡ ¤ ç  2. 3  ©â¨ ¤«¨­ã ¤ã£¨ ªà¨¢®©: y = 21 (ln cos x +
(¬¥¦¤ã á।­¨¬ £¥®¬¥âà¨ç¥áª¨¬ ¨ á।­¨¬  à¨ä¬¥â¨ç¥áª¨¬) + ln sin x), π
6 x 6 π3 .
∞   ∞ ∞ 6
P P P π
àï¤  an  6 1 a2n + 1 1
2 á室¨âáï ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã R3 p
n 2 2 n
n=1 n=1 n=1 ¥è¥­¨¥. „«¨­  ¤ã£¨ ªà¨¢®© l = 1 + y 02 dx.
∞
P π
an
áà ¢­¥­¨ï. ‡­ ç¨â, àï¤ n  ¡á®«îâ­® á室¨âáï, §­ ç¨â, ®­ 1 − sin x cos x

cos 2x
6 p
n=1 DZ®áª®«ìªã y 0 = 2 cos x + sin x = 2 sin x cos x , 1 + y 02 =
á室¨âáï. π 2π
p R
3 R3 dy
1 dx 1
= 1 + ctg2 2x = sin 2x , â® l = sin 2x = 2 sin y =
π π
§ 3. ‚ à¨ ­â Œ”’ˆ-71 6 3
2π 1 1
R3 R2 R2  
‡ ¤ ç  1. 4  ©â¨ ¯¥à¢ë© ¨ ¢â®à®© ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨ «ë ¢ = − 21 d cos y
1−cos2 y = 1
2
dt
1−t2 = 1
4
1
1−t + 1
1+t dt =
â®çª¥ A(1, 0) ä㭪樨 f (x, y) = ln(sh xy +3).  §«®¦¨âì ¤ ­­ãî π
3 − 12 − 21
  1
äã­ªæ¨î ¯® ä®à¬ã«¥ ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠â®çª¨ A(1, 0) ¤® 1  1+t  2 ln 3
= 4 ln  1−t  |− 1 = 2 .
o((x − 1)2 + y 2 ). 2

¥è¥­¨¥. ‡ ¤ ç  3. 4 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬®áâì ¢

∂f
p
∂x = −1
y
sh x +3
ch xy xy2 ; â®çª¥ M (0, 0) äã­ªæ¨î z(x, y) = ln(2 + y + x y ).
5 2 4
∂f

= sh y1 +3 ch xy x1 ;
∂y x p¥è¥­¨¥. „®ª ¦¥¬, çâ® äã­ªæ¨ï f (x, y) = 2 + y +
df (x, y) = ∂f ∂f
∂x dx + ∂y dy;
+ 5 x2 y 4 ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬  ¢ â®çª¥ M (0, 0). ’ ª ª ª ∂f
∂x (0, 0) =
d d ∂f d
df (1, 0) = 13 dy; = dx f (x, 0)|x=0 = dx 2 = 0, ∂y (0, 0) = dy f (0, y)|y=0 =
  d
∂2f
(1, 0) = d ∂f
(x, 0) |x=1 d
= dx 0 = 0; = dy (2 + y)|y=0 = 1 ¨ f (0, 0) = 2, â® äã­ªæ¨ï f (x, y)
∂x 2 dx ∂x
2
 
¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬 
 √¢ â®çª¥

M (0, 0) ⮣¤  ¨ ⮫쪮 ⮣¤ , ª®£¤ 
∂ f d ∂f d 1 −1 −1
∂x∂y (1, 0) = dx ∂y (x, 0) |x=1 = dx 3x |x=1 = 3x2 |x=1 = 3 ;
5
2+y+ x2 y 4 −2−y
    ∃ lim √ = 0.
∂2f d ∂f d ch y (x,y)→(0,0) x2 +y 2
∂y 2
(1, 0) = dy ∂y (1, y) |y=0 = dy sh y+3 |y=0 =  √ 
p  5 x2 y 4 
= sh y(sh y+3)−ch y ch y
|y=0 = −1 I ᯮᮡ.DZãáâì ρ = x2 + y 2 > 0. ’®£¤  0 6  √ 2 2  6
(sh y+3)2 9 ; x +y
2 2 2 p 1/5
∂ f
d2 f = ∂∂xf2 dx2 + 2 ∂x∂y dxdy+ ∂∂yf2 dy 2 ; 2/5 4/5 √
6 ρ ρρ = 5 ρ = x2 + y 2 → 0 ¯à¨ (x, y) → (0, 0). ‘«¥-
d2 f (1, 0) = − 23 dxdy − 91 dy 2 . √5
(2+y+ x2 y 4 )−2−y
2 ¤®¢ â¥«ì­®, ∃ lim √ = 0 ¨ äã­ªæ¨ï f (x, y)
”®à¬ã«  ’¥©«®à  ¨¬¥¥â ¢¨¤: 4f = df + d2!f + o(ρ2 ). 2 2
(x,y)→(0,0) x +y
“ç¨â뢠ï, çâ® dx = (x − 1), dy = (y − 0), 4f (1, 0) = f (x, y) − ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬  ¢ â®çª¥ M (0, 0).
48 49
 II ᯮᮡ. DZ¥à¥©¤ñ¬ ª ¯®«ïà­ë¬ ª®®à¤¨­ â ¬:  √ x = ¯à¨§­ ª®¬ áà ¢­¥­¨ï. ’ ª ª ª ¯à¨ x → 0 ¨¬¥¥¬ ch x − 1 −
 5 x2 y 4  2 2 √ √
= ρ cos ϕ, y = ρ sin ϕ. ’®£¤  ∀ ρ > 0 ∀ ϕ ∈ [0, 2π)  √ 2 2  = − ln(1 + x2 ) = 16 x4 + o(x4 ), ex − 1 − x = x2 + o(x2 ), x + 6 x =
√ √
√  x +y = 6 x + o( 6 x), â® f (x) ∼ αC−2 , x → 0. DZ®í⮬ã I1 á室¨âáï
 5 ρ6 cos2 ϕ sin4 ϕ  x6
=   6 √ 5 ρ → 0 ¯à¨ ρ → +0. ‘«¥¤®¢ - ⇔ α6 − 2 < 1 ⇔ α < 18. ’ ª ª ª f (x) ∼ Cα ¯à¨ x → +∞, â® I2
ρ  x2
√ á室¨âáï ⇔ α2 > 1 ⇔ α > 2. ˆ­â¥£à « I á室¨âáï ⇔ I1 á室¨âáï
(2+y+ 5 x2 y 4 )−2−y
⥫쭮, ∃ lim √
2 2
= 0 ¨ äã­ªæ¨ï f (x, y) ¨ I2 á室¨âáï ⇔ 2 < α < 18. ‘室¨¬®áâì  ¡á®«îâ­ ï.
(x,y)→(0,0) x +y
¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬  ¢ â®çª¥ M (0, 0). 5 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­   ¡á®«îâ­ãî ¨ ãá«®¢­ãî
‡ ¤ ç  5¡.
á室¨¬®áâì ­¥á®¡á⢥­­ë© ¨­â¥£à «
„ «¥¥, â ª ª ª äã­ªæ¨ï ®¤­®© ¯¥à¥¬¥­­®© ln u
+∞
Z
¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬  ¢ â®çª¥ u0 = 2 = f (0, 0), â® á«®¦­ ï x − arctg x
äã­ªæ¨ï z(x, y) = ln f (x, y) ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬  ¢ â®çª¥ sin(2x + 3)dx.
xα
M (0, 0) ¯® ⥮६¥ ® ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬®á⨠ª®¬¯®§¨æ¨¨ 1
¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬ëå ä㭪権. +∞
R +∞
R
¥è¥­¨¥.14
x−arctg x
Žâ¢¥â: äã­ªæ¨ï z(x, y) ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬  ¢ â®çª¥ M (0, 0).
I = f (x)dx = xα sin(2x + 3)dx =
1 1
+∞
R x−arctg x
‡ ¤ ç  4. 3 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  á室¨¬®áâì àï¤ = g(x) sin(2x + 3)dx, £¤¥ g(x) = xα .
1  
∞
X 2n (n!)3 2 I) € ¡ á ® « î â ­   ï á å ® ¤ ¨ ¬ ® á â ì. |f (x)| 6  x−arctg
xα
x
∼
sh n. 1
∼ xα−1 ¯à¨ x → +∞. DZ® ¯à¨§­ ªã áà ¢­¥­¨ï ¨­â¥£à «
(3n)!
n=1 +∞ +∞
  R R 1
 an+1  2n+1 ((n+1)!)3 (3n)! 2 |f (x)|dx á室¨âáï, ¥á«¨ ¨­â¥£à « dx á室¨âáï. ˆ­-
¥è¥­¨¥.  an  = (3n+3)!2n (n!)3
· shsh(n+1)
2
n
= 1
xα−1
1
2(n+1)3 sh2 (n+1) 2 +∞
R
2e
= · → 27 < 1, n → ∞. DZ® ¯à¨§­ ªã
1
(3n+1)(3n+2)(3n+3) sh2 n ⥣ࠫ xα−1 dx á室¨âáï ⇔ α − 1 > 1 ⇔ α > 2. ’ ª¨¬
„ « ¬¡¥à  àï¤ á室¨âáï. 1
®¡à §®¬, ¥á«¨ α > 2, â® ¨­â¥£à « I á室¨âáï  ¡á®«îâ­®.
‡ ¤ ç  5a. 4 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­   ¡á®«îâ­ãî ¨ ãá«®¢­ãî II) ‘ å ® ¤ ¨ ¬ ® á âì. ‚®á¯®«ì§ã¥¬áï
 ¯à¨§­ ª®¬ „¨à¨å«¥.
+∞
R ch x−1−ln(1+ x22 ) Rξ 
á室¨¬®áâì ­¥á®¡á⢥­­ë© ¨­â¥£à « dx.  
√ √
(ex −1−x)( x+ 6 x)α 1) ∀ ξ ∈ [1; +∞)  sin(2x + 3) dx 6 1.
0 1 
2
ch x−1−ln(1+ x2 ) 1− arctg x
¥è¥­¨¥. f (x) = > 0 ¯à¨ x > 0.
√ √
(ex −1−x)( x+ 6 x)α 2) lim g(x) = lim α−1
x
= 0 ⇔ α − 1 > 0 ⇔ α > 1.
x→+∞ x→+∞ x
ˆ­â¥£à « ¨¬¥¥â ¤¢¥ ®á®¡¥­­®áâ¨: ¢ ­ã«¥ ¨ ¢ +∞. I =
+∞
R R1 +∞
R 14
‚ à¥è¥­¨¨ ¯à¨¢®¤¨âáï â. ­. á奬  ¨§ ç¥âëàñå áâ㯥­¥ª (â. ¥. íâ ¯®¢,
= f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx = I1 + I2 . Š ¦¤ë© ¨§
0 0 1 ¨«¨ ¯ã­ªâ®¢ ¨áá«¥¤®¢ ­¨ï). DZ®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®áâì íâ¨å ¯ã­ªâ®¢ ¬®¦­®
¨­â¥£à «®¢ I1 ¨ I2 ¨¬¥¥â 㦥 ஢­® ®¤­ã ®á®¡¥­­®áâì: I1 { ®¯à¥¤¥«ñ­­ë¬ ®¡à §®¬ ¬¥­ïâì. “¤®¡­®, ­ ¯à¨¬¥à, ¢­ ç «¥ ¨áá«¥¤®¢ âì
¢ ­¨¦­¥¬,   I2 { ¢ ¢¥àå­¥¬ ¯à¥¤¥«¥ ¨­â¥£à¨à®¢ ­¨ï. „«ï á室¨¬®áâì ¨ à á室¨¬®áâì,   § â¥¬  ¡á®«îâ­ãî ¨ ãá«®¢­ãî á室¨¬®áâì
¨áá«¥¤®¢ ­¨ï á室¨¬®á⨠¨­â¥£à «®¢ I1 ¨ I2 ¢®á¯®«ì§ã¥¬áï (á¬. [2]). ‚ ¯à¥¤ë¤ãé¨å ¯ à £à ä å ¯à¨¬¥­ï« áì á奬  ¨§ âàñå áâ㯥­¥ª.

50 51
 3) h∀ α > 1 ∃ x0 >i 1 ∀ x > x0 g0 (x) = ’®£¤  ∀ α 6 1 ∃ x0 > 1 ∀ δ > x0 ∃ n ∈ N ∃ ξ 0 = 2πn−3
2 >
= x−α α arctg x
− 1
− (α − 1) = x−α (1 − α + o(1)) < 0 ¨,  ξ 00  ξ 00
x 1+x2
π
+2πn−3 R  R
> δ, ∃ ξ 00 = 2 2 > δ :  f (x) dx = g(x) sin(2x +
â ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬, g(x)  ¯à¨ x ∈ [x0 , +∞). ξ 0  ξ0
ˆ§ 1) { 3) ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã „¨à¨å«¥ ­ å®¤¨¬, çâ® ∀ α > 1 00
Rξ
¨­â¥£à « I á室¨âáï. + 3) dx > 1
2 ’ ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬, ∀ α 6 1
sin(2x + 3) dx = 1
4.
ξ0
III) “ á « ® ¢ ­   ï á å ® ¤ ¨ ¬ ® á â ì. DZ®ª ¦¥¬, çâ® ∀ α ∈  00
 Rξ


∈ (1; 2] ¨­â¥£à « I á室¨âáï ãá«®¢­®. ’ ª ª ª á室¨¬®áâì I  
∃ ε0 = 41 > 0 ∀ δ > 1 ∃ ξ 0 > δ ∃ ξ 00 > δ :  f (x) dx >
¢ 㪠§ ­­®¬ ¯à®¬¥¦ã⪥ §­ ç¥­¨© ¯ à ¬¥âà  α ãáâ ­®¢«¥­ , ξ 0 
¤®áâ â®ç­® ¤®ª § âì ®âáãâá⢨¥  ¡á®«îâ­®© á室¨¬®á⨠> ε0 { á¯à ¢¥¤«¨¢® ®âà¨æ ­¨¥ ãá«®¢¨ï Š®è¨ ªà¨â¥à¨ï Š®è¨
+∞
R
¨­â¥£à «  I , â® ¥áâì à á室¨¬®áâì ­¥á®¡á⢥­­®£® ¨­â¥£à «  á室¨¬®á⨠­¥á®¡á⢥­­®£® ¨­â¥£à «  I = f (x) dx. DZ®
+∞
R
Iˆ = |f (x)| dx ¯à¨ α ∈ (1; 2]. ‘®£« á­® ᢮©á⢠¬ ªà¨â¥à¨î Š®è¨ ¨­â¥£à « I à á室¨âáï ¯à¨ ¢á¥å α 6 1.
1
1
¬®­®â®­­®á⨠¨ «¨­¥©­®á⨠­¥á®¡á⢥­­®£® ¨­â¥£à « , Iˆ = ‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. ξ 0 ¨ ξ 00 ¤«ï ªà¨â¥à¨ï Š®è¨ ¢ë¡¨à «¨áì
+∞
R +∞
R
= g(x)| sin(2x + 3)| dx > g(x) sin2 (2x + 3) dx = â ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬, çâ®¡ë ¤«ï ¢á¥å x ∈ [ξ 0 , ξ 00 ] ¢ë¯®«­ï«®áì
1 1 ¤¢®©­®¥ ­¥à ¢¥­á⢮ 2πn 6 (2x + 3) 6 π2 + 2πn.
+∞ +∞
R R ξ 0 ¨ ξ 00 ­ å®¤ïâáï ¨§ ãá«®¢¨© 2πn = 2ξ 0 +3, 2ξ 00 +3 = π2 +2πn.
= 1
2 g(x) dx − 1
2 g(x) cos 2(2x + 3) dx > 0. ˆ­â¥£à «
1 1 Žâ¢¥â: á室¨âáï  ¡á®«îâ­®, ¥á«¨ α > 2; á室¨âáï ãá«®¢­®,
+∞
R
g(x) dx à á室¨âáï ¯à¨ α ∈ (1; 2]. â® ãáâ ­®¢«¥­® ¢ ¯ã­ªâ¥ ¥á«¨ 1 < α 6 2, ¨ à á室¨âáï, ¥á«¨ α 6 1.
1
+∞
R ‡ ¤ ç  6a. 4 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  á室¨¬®áâì ¨ à ¢­®¬¥à­ãî
(I). ˆ­â¥£à « g(x) cos 2(2x + 3) dx á室¨âáï ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã á室¨¬®áâì ­  ¬­®¦¥á⢠å E1 = (0, 1) ¨ E2 = (1, +∞)
1 1
„¨à¨å«¥, â ª ª ª ¢ ¯ã­ªâ¥ (II) ãáâ ­®¢«¥­®, çâ® g(x)  0 ¯à¨ ä㭪樮­ «ì­ãî ¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®áâì fn (x) = n(e nx − 1).

Rξ  ¥è¥­¨¥.
 
x > x0 , ¨, ªà®¬¥ ⮣®, ∀ ξ ∈ [1; +∞)  cos 2(2x + 3) dx 6 1. 1) ∀ x ∈ E1 ∪ E2 lim fn (x) = 1
x = f (x).
1  n→∞
+∞
R 2)  áᬮâਬ E1 = (0, 1). 
’ ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬, ¨­â¥£à « g(x) sin2 (2x+3) dx à á室¨âáï ª ª  1 
|Rn (x)| = |f (x) − fn (x)| =  x1 − n(e nx − 1) ,
1
«¨­¥©­ ï ª®¬¡¨­ æ¨ï á ®â«¨ç­ë¬¨ ®â ­ã«ï ª®íää¨æ¨¥­â ¬¨ xn = n1 ∈ E1 ¯à¨ n > 2,
á室ï饣®áï ¨ à á室ï饣®áï ¨­â¥£à «®¢ ¢ ®¤­¨å ¨ â¥å ¦¥ |Rn (xn )| = n|2 − e| ⇒
¯à¥¤¥« å ¨­â¥£à¨à®¢ ­¨ï. ˆ­â¥£à « Iˆ à á室¨âáï ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã ⇒ ∀ n > 2 sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ E1 } > |Rn (xn )| = n|2 − e| ⇒
áà ¢­¥­¨ï. ⇒ lim sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ E1 } =
6 0⇒
n→∞
IV)    á å ® ¤ ¨ ¬ ® á â ì. DZ®«ì§ãïáì ªà¨â¥à¨¥¬ Š®è¨, ⇒ ä㭪樮­ «ì­ ï ¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®áâì fn (x) ­¥ ï¥âáï
¤®ª ¦¥¬ à á室¨¬®áâì ¨­â¥£à «  I ¯à¨ ¢á¥å α 6 1. ’ ª ª ª à ¢­®¬¥à­® á室ï饩áï ª f (x) ­  E1 .
∀ α 6 1 lim g(x) > 1, â® ∀ α 6 1 ∃ x0 > 1 ∀ x > x0 g(x) > 21 .   E1 fn (x) á室¨âáï ª f (x) ­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­®.
x→+∞
52 53
 ‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. ‡ ¯¨áì lim sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ E1 } =
6 0 ∞
P
n→∞ (íâ «®­), â® ∀ x ∈ E1 ∪ E2 àï¤ un (x) á室¨âáï ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã
®§­ ç ¥â @ lim sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ E1 } = 0, â® ¥áâì «¨¡® n=1
n→∞ áà ¢­¥­¨ï.
@ lim sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ E1 }, «¨¡® ∃ lim sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ E1 }, 3 n3
2) ’ ª ª ª ∀ x ∈ E1 ∀ n ∈ N |un (x)| 6 xx6 +n x3 1
n→∞ n→∞ 2 · n3 6 n2
­® lim sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ E1 } =
6 0. ∞
P 1
n→∞ ¨ ç¨á«®¢®© àï¤ n2 á室¨âáï, â® ¯® ⥮६¥ ‚¥©¥àèâà áá 
n=1
3)  áᬮâਬ E2 = (1, +∞). ∞
P
1
I ᯮᮡ. ’ ª ª ª ∀ n ∈ N ∀ x ∈ E2 0 < nx < 1, â® ¯® ä㭪樮­ «ì­ë© àï¤ un (x) á室¨âáï à ¢­®¬¥à­® ­  E1 .
n=1
ä®à¬ã«¥ Œ ª«®à¥­  á ®áâ â®ç­ë¬ ç«¥­®¬ ¢ ä®à¬¥ ‹ £à ­¦  ∞
P
1
3) ’ ª ª ª lim |un (n)| = th 1 > 0, â® àï¤
ξ
¨¬¥¥¬: e nx = 1 + nx 1
+ e2! · n21x2 , 0 < ξ < 1. ’ ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬, n→∞
un (x)
n=1
∀ n ∈ N ∀ x ∈ E 2 ∃  ξ ∈ (0; 1) : |Rn (x)| = |f (x) − fn (x)| = ­¥ ï¥âáï à ¢­®¬¥à­® á室ï騬áï ­  E2 . ï¤ á室¨âáï
 1   eξ 
=  x1 − n(e nx − 1) =  2nx e
2  6 2n ⇒ ∃ lim sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ ­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­® ­  E2 (á室¨¬®áâì à鸞 ãáâ ­®¢«¥­  ¢ ¯ã­ªâ¥ 1).
n→∞
∈ E2 } = 0 ⇒ ä㭪樮­ «ì­ ï ¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®áâì fn (x)
‡ ¤ ç  7. 4  §«®¦¨âì ¯® á⥯¥­ï¬ x äã­ªæ¨î f (x) =
à ¢­®¬¥à­® á室¨âáï ª f (x) ­  E2 .
x2
II ᯮᮡ. ˆáá«¥¤ã¥¬ ¯®¢¥¤¥­¨¥ ä㭪樨 Rn (x) = f (x) − = arccos √4+x 4
¨ ­ ©â¨ à ¤¨ãá á室¨¬®á⨠¯®«ã祭­®£® à鸞.
1
− fn (x) = x1 − n(e nx − 1) ­  E2 ¯à¨ ¥è¥­¨¥.
 䨪á¨à®¢ ­­®¬
 n á
−4x
∞
P 4n
1 1
f 0 (x) = =  −x 4  = −x (−1)n x4n =
¯®¬®éìî ¯à®¨§¢®¤­®©: Rn0 (x) = x2 e nx − 1 > 0 ¯à¨ x ∈ 4+x4 4 1+ x4 n=0
∈ [1; +∞). ’ ª ª ª¤«ï ¢á¥å t >  0 ¢ë¯®«­ï¥âáï e > 1 +
t ∞
P (−1)n+1 x4n+1
1 = 4n  ¤¨ãá á室¨¬®á⨠¯®«ã祭­®£® à鸞
.
+ t, â® Rn (x) = n 1 + nx 1
− e nx < 0. ‡­ ç¨â, Rn (x)  0 n=0  4
 1    √
­  E2 ¨ sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ E2 } = −Rn (1) = n e n − 1 − 1. ®¯à¥¤¥«ï¥âáï ¨§ ãá«®¢¨ï  x4  < 1, ®âªã¤  |x| < 2 = R.
’ ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬, ∀ n ∈ N ∀ x ∈ E Rx P∞
(−1)n+1 x4n+2
 2 |Rn (x)| = |f (x) −fn (x)| = f (x) = f (0)+ f 0 (t)dt = π2 + 4n (4n+2) . DZਠ¯®ç«¥­­®¬ ¨­-
1 1  1 1
0 n=0
=  x − n(e nx − 1) < n e n − 1 − 1; lim n e n − 1 − 1 = ⥣à¨à®¢ ­¨¨ √
á⥯¥­­®£® à鸞 à ¤¨ãá á室¨¬®á⨠­¥ ¬¥­ï¥âáï.


n→∞
= lim n 1 + n1 + o n1 − 1 − 1 = 0 ⇒ ∃ lim sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ DZ®í⮬ã R = 2.
n→∞ n→∞
∈ E2 } = 0 ⇒ ä㭪樮­ «ì­ ï ¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®áâì fn (x)
‡ ¤ ç  8. 4 Ÿ¢«ï¥âáï «¨ äã­ªæ¨ï z(x, y) = sin x2 +y12 +2y
à ¢­®¬¥à­® á室¨âáï ª f (x) ­  E2 .
à ¢­®¬¥à­®-­¥¯à¥à뢭®© ¢ ®¡« á⨠G = {x2 + y 2 + y < 0}?
‡ ¤ ç  6¡. 4 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  á室¨¬®áâì ¨ à ¢­®¬¥à­ãî ¥è¥­¨¥. ‡ ¬¥­®© ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå: u = x, v = y + 1
á室¨¬®áâì ­  ¬­®¦¥á⢠å E1 = (0, 1) ¨ E2 = (1, +∞) àï¤ § ¤ ç  ᢮¤¨âáï ª ¢®¯à®áã: ï¥âáï «¨ äã­ªæ¨ï f (u, v) =
P∞
3
x 3 n3
th nx . = − sin 1−u12 −v2 à ¢­®¬¥à­®-­¥¯à¥à뢭®© ¢ ®¡« á⨠H =
n=1
x6 +n2 n
2 o
= u2 + v − 12 < 41 ? ‚ í⮩ ®¡« á⨠äã­ªæ¨ï f (u, v)
¥è¥­¨¥. 1) ’ ª ª ª ∀ x ∈ E1 ∪ E2 ∀ n ∈ N 0 < un (x) =

∞
P ­¥ ï¥âáï à ¢­®¬¥à­®-­¥¯à¥à뢭®©.  ‚qá ¬®¬ ¤¥«¥,  ¤«ï
x 3 n3 x 3
= x6 +n2
th n ∼ nC2 ¯à¨ n → ∞ ¨ ç¨á«®¢®© àï¤ C
n2
á室¨âáï ¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®á⥩ Mn = (un , vn ) = 0, 1− 1
∈ H ¨
n=1 2πn

54 55
  q 
2
Mn0 = (u0n , vn0 ) = 0, 1 − π(1+4n) ∈ H ¨¬¥¥¬: ρ(Mn , Mn0 ) = π/2
R p
q q  = 4π 2 sin t cos t 1 + 4 sin2 tdt =
p  1 2  0
= 0 2 0 2
(un − un ) + (vn − vn ) =  1 − 2πn − 1 − π(1+4n)  → π/2
R p
→ 0 ¯à¨ n → ∞, ®¤­ ª®
 ∀ n ∈ N |f (Mn ) − f (Mn0 )| = = 4π sin 2t 1 + 2(1 − cos 2t)dt =
= − sin 2πn + sin π2 + 2πn  = 1. ’ ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬, ∃ ε0 = 0
π/2
R √
= 1 > 0 ∀ δ > 0 ∃ Mn ∈ H ∃ Mn0 ∈ H : ρ(Mn , Mn0 ) < =π 3 − 2 cos 2td(3 − 2 cos 2t) =
< δ ∧ |f (Mn ) − f (Mn0 )| > ε0 , â® ¥áâì ¢ë¯®«­¥­® ä®à¬ «ì­®¥ 0
®âà¨æ ­¨¥ ­¥®¡å®¤¨¬®£® ¨ ¤®áâ â®ç­®£® ãá«®¢¨ï à ¢­®¬¥à­®© R5 √ 2π
√
=π udu = 3 (5 5 − 1).
­¥¯à¥à뢭®áâ¨. 1

‡ ¤ ç  3. 3 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  á室¨¬®áâì àï¤

§ 4. ‚ à¨ ­â Œ”’ˆ-81
∞
X 2n n!
‡ ¤ ç  1. 4  ©â¨ ¯¥à¢ë© ¨ ¢â®à®© ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨ «ë .
(n + 1)n
n=1
¢ â®çª¥ A(1, 1, 1) ä㭪樨 z = z(x, y), § ¤ ­­®© ­¥ï¢­®  
2 2   2n+1 (n+1)!(n+1)n
ãà ¢­¥­¨¥¬ π4 + z − x2 − y2 − arctg z = 0. ¥è¥­¨¥. lim  an+1
an  = lim n+1 2n n! =
n→∞ n→∞ (n+2)
π
¥è¥­¨¥. ”®à¬ «ì­® ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨àãï ⮦¤¥á⢮ 4 + z − 2(n+1) 2 2 2
= lim n+2 n = lim 1 n = lim n+1 = e < 1.
x2 y2 dz n→∞ (n+2)( n+1 ) n→∞ (1+ n+1 ) n→∞ (1+ n+11
)
− − − arctg z = 0, ­ å®¤¨¬ dz − xdx − ydy − = 0 (1).
1+z 2
2 2
DZ® ¯à¨§­ ªã „ « ¬¡¥à  àï¤ á室¨âáï.
DZ®¤áâ ¢«ïï x = 1, y = 1, z = 1, ­ å®¤¨¬ dz = 2dx + 2dy (2).
”®à¬ «ì­® ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨àãï (1) ¨ áç¨â ï dx ¨ dy ‡ ¤ ç  4. 4  §«®¦¨âì äã­ªæ¨î y(x) = (x + 2) ln(2x2 +
2 2 )−2zdz 2
¯®áâ®ï­­ë¬¨, ­ å®¤¨¬ d2 z − dx2 − dy 2 − d z·(1+z = 0. + 8x + 9) ¢ àï¤ ’¥©«®à  ¢ ®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠â®çª¨ x0 = −2 ¨ ­ ©â¨
(1+z 2 )2
DZ®¤áâ ¢«ïï x = 1, y = 1, z = 1, ­ å®¤¨¬ d z = 2dx + 2dy 2 −
2 2 à ¤¨ãá á室¨¬®á⨠¯®«ã祭­®£® à鸞.
− dz 2 . DZ®¤áâ ¢«ïï ¢¬¥áâ® dz á㬬ã 2dx + 2dy ¨§ (2), ­ å®¤¨¬
d2 z = −2dx2 − 8dxdy − 2dy 2 . DZãáâì t = x + 2. ’®£¤  x = t − 2 ¨ y(x) =
¥è¥­¨¥.
∞
P (−1)n+1 2n 2n
Žâ¢¥â: dz(A) = 2dx + 2dy, d2 z(A) = −2dx2 − 8dxdy − 2dy 2 . = y(t − 2) = f (t) = t ln(1 + 2t2 ) = t n t =
n=1
∞
P
‡ ¤ ç  2. 4  ©â¨ ¯«®é ¤ì ¡®ª®¢®© ¯®¢¥àå­®áâ¨, (−1)n+1 2n 2n+1
t .  ¤¨ãá á室¨¬®á⨠¯®«ã祭­®£® à鸞
n
®¡à §®¢ ­­®© π¢à é¥­¨¥¬ ªà¨¢®© x = 2 sin t, y = 2 cos2 t ¢®ªà㣠n=1
®á¨ Oy, t ∈ 0; 2 . ®¯à¥¤¥«ï¥âáï ¨§ ãá«®¢¨ï |2t2 | < 1, ®âªã¤  |t| < √12 = R.
¥è¥­¨¥. ˆáª ®¬ ï ¯«®é ¤ì ¡®ª®¢®© ¯®¢¥àå­®á⨠DZந§¢¥¤ï ®¡à â­ãî § ¬¥­ã ¯¥à¥¬¥­­®©, ­ å®¤¨¬ ®â¢¥â:
∞
P (−1)n+1 2n
π/2
R p y(x) = n (x + 2)2n+1 ; R = √12 .
σ = 2π |x| x02 + y 02 dt = n=1
0
π/2
R p 5 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  á室¨¬®áâì ¨ à ¢­®¬¥à­ãî
‡ ¤ ç  5a.
= 2π 2 sin t 4 cos2 t + 16 cos2 t sin2 tdt =
0
á室¨¬®áâì ­  ¬­®¦¥á⢠å E1 = (0, 1) ¨ E2 = (1, +∞)
56 57
ä㭪樮­ «ì­ãî ¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®áâì ∞
P
  á室¨âáï (íâ «®­), â® ∀ x ∈ E1 ∪ E2 àï¤ un (x) á室¨âáï
πn ¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã áà ¢­¥­¨ï.
n=1
fn (x) = sin .
2 + n2 x 2)  áᬮâਬ E1 = (0, 1). ’ ª ª ª ∀ n ∈ N ∀ x ∈ E1 0 <
x3
¥è¥­¨¥. < n < 1, â® ¯® ä®à¬ã«¥ Œ ª«®à¥­   á ®áâ â®ç­ë¬ ç«¥­®¬ ¢
6
1) ∀ x ∈ E1 ∪ E2 lim fn (x) = 0 = f (x). 3
ä®à¬¥ ‹ £à ­¦  ¨¬¥¥¬: ch xn − 1 = x 2nch2 ξ , 0 < ξ < 1. Šà®¬¥
n→∞  
2)  áᬮâਬ E2 = (1, +∞).  ∀ n ∈ N ∀ x ∈ E2 ¢ë¯®«­¥­®  − x2 

  
  πn 
 ⮣®, n n  6 1. DZ®áª®«ìªã ∀ x ∈ E1 ∀ n ∈ N |un (x)| 6 ch 1
2n2
πn π
|Rn (x)| = |f (x) − fn (x)| = sin 2+n 2 x  6  2+n2 x  6 nx 6
P∞
6 nπ ⇒ ¨ ç¨á«®¢®© àï¤ C
n2 á室¨âáï, â® ¯® ⥮६¥ ‚¥©¥àèâà áá 
n=1
⇒ ∀ n ∈ N 0 6 sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ E2 } 6 πn ⇒ ∞
P
⇒ ∃ lim sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ E2 } = 0 ⇒ ä㭪樮­ «ì­ë© àï¤ un (x) á室¨âáï à ¢­®¬¥à­® ­  E1 .
n→∞ n=1√
⇒ ä㭪樮­ «ì­ ï ¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®áâì fn (x) à ¢­®¬¥à­® 3) ∀ n > 2 xn = 3
n ∈ E2 . ’ ª ª ª lim |un (xn )| =
n→∞
á室¨âáï ª f (x) ­  E2 . 1
= lim n−1/3 | ch 1 − 1| = | ch 1 − 1| > 0, â® ä㭪樮­ «ì­ë©
3)  áᬮâਬ E1 = (0, 1). n→∞ n
∞
  P
 πn
|Rn (x)| = |f (x) − fn (x)| = sin 2+n
 àï¤ un (x) á室¨âáï ­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­® ­  E2 (á室¨¬®áâì à鸞
2x  ,
n=1
xn = n12 ∈ E1 ¯à¨ n > 2, ãáâ ­®¢«¥­  ¢ ¯ã­ªâ¥ 1).
|Rn (xn )| = | sin πn
3 |⇒ ‡ ¤ ç  6 . 5 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­   ¡á®«îâ­ãî ¨ ãá«®¢­ãî
⇒ sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ E1 } > | sin πn
3 | > 0. á室¨¬®áâì ¨­â¥£à «
DZ।¯®«®¦¨¢, çâ® ∃ lim sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈ E1 } = +∞
Z
n→∞ lnα (1 + x2 )
= 0, ¯® ⥮६¥ ® § ¦ â®© ¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®á⨠­ å®¤¨¬, çâ® p√ dx.
∃ lim | sin πn x + x4
n→∞ 3 | = 0,   íâ® ­¥ â ª. ‡­ ç¨â, lim sup{|Rn (x)| : x ∈
n→∞ 0
∈ E1 } 6 0 ¨ ä㭪樮­ «ì­ ï ¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®áâì fn (x) ­¥
= α 2
¥è¥­¨¥. f (x) = ln
√√(1+x ) > 0 ¤«ï x > 0 ¨ ¢á¥å
ï¥âáï à ¢­®¬¥à­® á室ï饩áï ª f (x) = 0 ­  E1 . fn (x) 4 x+x
á室¨âáï ª f (x) ­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­® ­  E1 . α. ˆ­â¥£à « ¨¬¥¥â ¤¢¥ ®á®¡¥­­®áâ¨: ¢ ­ã«¥ ¨ ¢ +∞. I =
+∞
R R1 +∞
R
= f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx = I1 + I2 . Š ¦¤ë© ¨§
‡ ¤ ç  5¡. 5 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  á室¨¬®áâì ¨ à ¢­®¬¥à­ãî 0 0 1
á室¨¬®áâì ­  ¬­®¦¥á⢠å E1 = (0, 1) ¨ E2 = (1, +∞) ¨­â¥£à «®¢ I1 ¨ I2 ¨¬¥¥â 㦥 ®¤­ã ®á®¡¥­­®áâì: I1 { ¢ ­¨¦­¥¬
∞
P  
ä㭪樮­ «ì­ë© àï¤
x2 3
n− n ch xn − 1 . ¯à¥¤¥«¥,   I2 { ¢ ¢¥àå­¥¬ ¯à¥¤¥«¥ ¨­â¥£à¨à®¢ ­¨ï. „«ï
n=1 ¨áá«¥¤®¢ ­¨ï á室¨¬®á⨠¨­â¥£à «®¢ I1 ¨ I2 ¢®á¯®«ì§ã¥¬áï
¯à¨§­ ª®¬ áà ¢­¥­¨ï. ’ ª ª ª f (x) ∼ 1C−2α ¯à¨ x → 0, â®
¥è¥­¨¥. 1) ’ ª ª ª ∀ x ∈ E1 ∪ E2 ∀ n ∈ N 0 < un (x) = x4
2   ∞
P I1 á室¨âáï ⇔ 41 − 2α < 1 ⇔ α > − 83 . ’ ª ª ª f (x) ∼ x2 lnC−α x
− xn x3 x6 C
= n ch − 1 ∼ 2n 2 , n → ∞ ¨ ç¨á«®¢®© àï¤
n
n=1
n2 ¯à¨ x → +∞, â® I2 á室¨âáï ¯à¨ ¢á¥å α ¨§ R. ˆ­â¥£à « I
58 59
á室¨âáï ⇔ I1 á室¨âáï ¨ I2 á室¨âáï ⇔ α > − 83 . ‘室¨¬®áâì +∞
R
I= f (t) dt. DZ® ªà¨â¥à¨î Š®è¨ ¨­â¥£à « I à á室¨âáï ¯à¨
 ¡á®«îâ­ ï. 1
¢á¥å α > 0.
‡ ¤ ç  6¡. 5 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­   ¡á®«îâ­ãî ¨ ãá«®¢­ãî Žâ¢¥â:  ¡á®«îâ­® á室¨âáï, ¥á«¨ α 6 0, ¨ à á室¨âáï, ¥á«¨
á室¨¬®áâì ¨­â¥£à « α > 0.
π ‡ ¤ ç  7. 5 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬®áâì ¢
Z4
â®çª¥ O(0, 0) äã­ªæ¨î
eα ctg x cos(ctg x) dx.  5  
 x ln 1 + y4
0 , y 6= 0,
z(x, y) = y 3 (x2 + y 2 )2

¥è¥­¨¥. ‡ ¬¥­®© t = ctg x § ¤ ç  ᢮¤¨âáï ª 0, y = 0.
¨áá«¥¤®¢ ­¨î ­  á室¨¬®áâì ¨  ¡á®«îâ­ãî á室¨¬®áâì ’ ª ª ª ∂z d d
+∞
R +∞
R eαt cos t
¥è¥­¨¥. ∂x (0, 0) = dx z(x, 0)|x=0 = dx 0 = 0,
∂z d d
­¥á®¡á⢥­­®£® ¨­â¥£à «  I = f (t)dt = dt = ∂y (0, 0) = dy z(0, y)|y=0 = dy 0 = 0, z(0, 0) = 0, â® äã­ªæ¨ï
1+t2
1 1 z(x, y) ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬  ¢ â®çª¥ (0, 0) ⮣¤  ¨ ⮫쪮 ⮣¤ ,
+∞
R
= g(t) cos t dt, £¤¥ g(t) = eαt
. lim g(t) = 0 ⇔ α 6 0. ª®£¤  ∃ lim √z(x,y) = 0.
1+t2 t→+∞ (x,y)→(0,0) x2 +y 2
1   
DZ®ª ¦¥¬, çâ® ¨­â¥£à « I á室¨âáï  ¡á®«îâ­® ¯à¨ α 6 0 ¯®  x5 ln 1+ y4 
 y3 (x2 +y 2 )2  |x|5 |y|
¯à¨§­ ªã áà ¢­¥­¨ï ¨ à á室¨âáï ¯à¨ α > 0 ¯® ªà¨â¥à¨î I ᯮᮡ. 0 6   √ 2 2  6 √  6
x +y  (x +y )2
2 2 x2 +y 2
Š®è¨.  
√ 5 √
€ ¡ á ® « î â ­   ï á å ® ¤ ¨ ¬ ® á â ì. ∀ α 6 0 ∀ t > 1 |f (t)| 6 x2 +y 2 x2 +y 2 p
+∞ 6 √ 6 x2 + y 2 → 0 ¯à¨ (x, y) → (0, 0).
eαt
R 1 2 2 2
(x +y ) 2
x +y 2

2 6 t2 . ˆ­â¥£à « dt á室¨âáï (íâ «®­). DZ® ¯à¨§­ ªã

1
6 1+t
1
t2 ‘«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®, ∃ lim √z(x,y) = 0 ¨ äã­ªæ¨ï z(x, y)
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 +y 2
+∞
R
áà ¢­¥­¨ï ¨­â¥£à « |f (t)|dt á室¨âáï. ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬  ¢ â®çª¥ O(0, 0).
1
II ᯮᮡ. DZ¥à¥©¤ñ¬ ª ¯®«ïà­ë¬ ª®®à¤¨­ â ¬: x =
   á å ® ¤ ¨ ¬ ® á â ì. ’ ª ª ª ∀ α > 0 lim g(t) = +∞, â®
t→+∞ = ρ cos ϕ, y = ρ sin
ϕ. ’®£¤  ∀ ρ > 0 ∀ ϕ ∈ [0, 2π) \ {0, π}
∀ α > 0 ∃ t0 > 1 ∀ t > t0 g(t) > 1. DZ®í⮬ã ∀ α > 0 ∃ t0 >  x5 ln 1+ y4   
δ δ  y3 (x2 +y 2 )2   cos5 ϕ 
> 1 ∀ δ > t0 ∃ n = 2π + 1 > 2π ∃ ξ 0 = 2πn > δ, ∃ ξ 00 = á¯à ¢¥¤«¨¢®   √  4
x 2 +y 2  = ρ sin3 ϕ ln(1 + sin ϕ) 6
 Rξ00  Rξ
00
Rξ
00  
π  
= 2 + 2πn > δ :  f (t) dt = g(t) cos t dt > cos t dt = 6 |ρ cos5 ϕ ρ. ‘«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®, ∀ ρ > 0 ∀ ϕ ∈
ξ 0  ξ0 ξ0  sin ϕ|  6  
   z(ρ cos ϕ, ρ sin ϕ) 
= 1. ’ ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬,
 00 ∀ α > 0 ∃ ε0 = 1 > 0 ∀ δ > 1 ∃ ξ 0 > ∈ [0, 2π)  √z(x,y)  =   6 ρ → 0 ¯à¨ ρ → +0.
 Rξ  x +y 
2 2 ρ
 
> δ ∃ ξ 00 > δ :  f (t) dt > ε0 { á¯à ¢¥¤«¨¢® ®âà¨æ ­¨¥ ãá«®¢¨ï ‘«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®, ∃ lim √z(x,y) = 0 ¨ äã­ªæ¨ï z(x, y)
ξ 0  (x,y)→(0,0) x2 +y 2
Š®è¨ ªà¨â¥à¨ï Š®è¨ á室¨¬®á⨠­¥á®¡á⢥­­®£® ¨­â¥£à «  ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬  ¢ â®çª¥ O(0, 0).
60 61
 α > 2
3. ‡­ ç¨â, ¤«ï ª ¦¤®£® α > 2
3 ∃ lim √f (x,y) = 0 ¨
2
x +y 2
(x,y)→(0,0)
§ 5. ‚ à¨ ­â Œ”’ˆ-02 äã­ªæ¨ï f (x, y) ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬  ¢ â®çª¥ O(0, 0).

DZãáâì α ∈ 0, 32 . ’®£¤  ¯® ¯àאַ© x = 0 lim √f (x,y) =
‡ ¤ ç  1. 5  ©â¨ ¯¥à¢ë© ¨ ¢â®à®© ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨ «ë 2 2
(x,y)→(0,0) x +y
¢ â®çª¥ M (0, 1) ä㭪樨 f (x, y), ¥á«¨ f (x, y) = ln(1 + √f (x,y) arctg√|x|α+1/3
= 0,   ¯® ¯àאַ© y = x lim = lim 6= 0.
+ y sin x).  §«®¦¨âì äã­ªæ¨î f (x, y) ¯® ä®à¬ã«¥ ’¥©«®à  ¢ (x,y)→(0,0) x2 +y 2 x→0 2|x|
®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠â®çª¨ M (0, 1) ¤® o(x2 + (y − 1)2 ). ‡­ ç¨â, äã­ªæ¨ï f (x, y) ­¥ ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬  ¢ â®çª¥ O(0, 0).
¥è¥­¨¥. DZãáâì u = x − 0, v = y − 1. ’®£¤  f (x, y) = Žâ¢¥â: ­¥¯à¥à뢭  ¯à¨ α > 0 ¨ ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬  ¯à¨
= f (u, v + 1) = g(u, v) = ln(1 + (v + 1) sin u) = ln(1 + sin u + α > 32 .
+ v sin u) = ln(1 + u + uv + o(ρ2 )) = u + uv − 21 u2 + o(ρ2 ), £¤¥
ρ2 = x2 + (y − 1)2 . ’ ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬, f (x, y) = x + x(y − 1) − ‡   ¬ ¥ ç   ­ ¨ ¥. ¥¯à¥à뢭®áâì ä㭪樨 f (x, y) ¬®¦­®
− 21 x2 + o(x2 + (y − 1)2 ) ¥áâì ¨áª®¬®¥ ⥩«®à®¢áª®¥ à §«®¦¥­¨¥, ¯®­¨¬ âì ª ª ­¥¯à¥à뢭®áâì ¯® ¬­®¦¥áâ¢ã ¥ñ ®¯à¥¤¥«¥­¨ï.
®âªã¤  ¢¨¤­®, çâ® df (0, 1) = dx, d2 f (0, 1) = −dx2 + 2dxdy. DZਠα 6 0 í⨬ ¬­®¦¥á⢮¬ ¡ã¤¥â ¬­®¦¥á⢮ M = {(x; y) ∈
Žâ¢¥â: df (M ) = dx; d2 f (M ) = −dx2 + 2dxdy; f (x, y) = x + ∈ R2 : x = 0 ⇒ y = 0}. ’®£¤  ¯à¨ α = 0 äã­ªæ¨ï
+ x(y − 1) − 12 x2 + o(x2 + (y − 1)2 ). f (x, y) ¡ã¤¥â ­¥¯à¥à뢭  ¢ â®çª¥ O(0; 0) ¯® ¬­®¦¥áâ¢ã M ,
â ª ª ª ¯à¨ α = 0 ¨ (x; y) ∈ M |f (x, y)| 6 ρ1/3 → 0, ¥á«¨
‡ ¤ ç  2. 6 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  ­¥¯à¥à뢭®áâì ¨ M 3 (x, y) → (0, 0). ‡­ ç¨â, ∃ lim f (x, y) = 0 =
M 3(x,y)→(0,0)
¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬®áâì ¯à¨ ¢á¥å α ∈ R ¢ â®çª¥ O(0, 0) äã­ªæ¨î:
= f (0, 0), ª ª ¨ âॡ®¢ «®áì. DZਠα < 0 ¯® ªà¨¢®© y =
(
arctg(|x|α |y|1/3 ), x2 + y 2 6= 0 = |x|−3α lim f (x, y) = lim arctg 1 = arctg 1,   ¯® ªà¨¢®©
(x,y)→(0,0) x→0
f (x, y) =
0, x2 + y 2 = 0. y = |x|−6α lim f (x, y) = lim arctg |x|−α = 0. DZ® à §­ë¬
(x,y)→(0,0) x→0
¥è¥­¨¥. DZਠα 6 0 äã­ªæ¨ï f (x, y) ­¥ ®¯à¥¤¥«¥­  ¢ ªà¨¢ë¬ à §­ë¥ ¯à¥¤¥«ë, §­ ç¨â, @ lim f (x, y) ¨ ¯à¨
M 3(x,y)→(0,0)
®ªà¥áâ­®á⨠â®çª¨ O(0, 0), ¯®í⮬㠭¥ ï¥âáï ­¥¯à¥à뢭®© α < 0 äã­ªæ¨ï f (x.y) ­¥ ï¥âáï ­¥¯à¥à뢭®© ¢ â®çª¥ O(0; 0)
¨ ⥬ ¡®«¥¥ ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬®© ¢ í⮩ â®çª¥ (¯®« £ ¥¬ 0α ¯à¨ ¯® ¬­®¦¥áâ¢ã M .
α 6 0p ­¥ ¨¬¥¥â á¬ëá« , ¯à¨ α > 0 0α = 0). DZãáâì α > 0
¨ ρ = x2 + y 2 > 0. ’®£¤  |f (x, y)| 6 ρα ρ1/3 = ρα+1/3 → 0, ‡ ¤ ç  3. 3  ©â¨ ¯«®é ¤ì 䨣ãàë, ®£à ­¨ç¥­­®©
¥á«¨ (x, y) → (0, 0). ‡­ ç¨â, ∃ lim f (x, y) = 0 = f (0, 0) ¨ ªà¨¢ë¬¨ y = ex sin x, y = 0, x = π4 , £¤¥ 0 6 x 6 π4 .
(x,y)→(0,0)
äã­ªæ¨ï f (x, y) ­¥¯à¥à뢭  ¢ â®çª¥ O(0, 0). R¥è¥­¨¥. „¢ ¦¤ëR x ¨­â¥£à¨àãï ¯® ç áâï¬,R ­ å®¤¨¬ I =
f (∆x,0)−f (0,0) x
= e sin xdx x x
R = − e d cos x = −e cos x + Rcos xde = −
∂f 0−0
∂x (0, 0) = lim ∆x = lim
∆x→0 ∆x
= 0.
∆x→0 −ex cos x + ex d sin x = −ex cos x + ex sin x − ex sin xdx =
∂f
∂y (0, 0) = lim f (0,∆y)−f
∆y
(0,0)
= lim 0−0
= 0. x
= ex (sin x − cos x) − I ⇒ I = e2 (sin x − cos x) + C. ˆáª®¬ ï
  ∆y→0 ∆y→0 ∆y
  π/4
R x x π/4
0 6  √f (x,y)  6 ρα+1/3 = ρα−2/3 → 0 ¯à¨ (x, y) → (0, 0), ¥á«¨ ¯«®é ¤ì S = e sin xdx = e2 (sin x − cos x)|0 = 21 .
x +y2 2 ρ
0
62 63
  
‡ ¤ ç  4a. 4 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­   ¡á®«îâ­ãî ¨ ãá«®¢­ãî = − 31 t−2 lnα−1 (1 + t−1/3 ) 2t1/3 ln(1 + t−1/3 ) + α
=
+∞ (1+t−1/3 )
R arctg(x−1)
á室¨¬®áâì ­¥á®¡á⢥­­ë© ¨­â¥£à « √ dx. = − 13 t−2 lnα−1 (1 + t−1/3 )(2 + α + o(1)) ∼ − 2+α
3 t
−2 lnα−1 (1
+
ex (x− 3 x)α
1 + t−1/3 ) < 0 ¯à¨ t → +∞.  ’ ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬, 1) g(t)  0 ¯à¨
¥è¥­¨¥. ‡ ¬¥­®© t = x − 1 § ¤ ç  ᢮¤¨âáï ª Rξ 
¨áá«¥¤®¢ ­¨î ­  á室¨¬®áâì ¨  ¡á®«îâ­ãî á室¨¬®áâì ­¥á®¡-  
t → +∞, 2) ∀ ξ ∈ [1, +∞)  sin tdt = | − cos ξ + cos 1| 6 2. DZ®
+∞
R 1 
arctg
√t
á⢥­­®£® ¨­â¥£à «  I = et (1+t− 3 1+t)α
dt. DZ®¤ë­â¥£à «ì­ ï ¯à¨§­ ªã „¨à¨å«¥ ¨­â¥£à « I á室¨âáï ¯à¨ ¢á¥å α > −2.
0
arctg
äã­ªæ¨ï f (t) = et (1+t− √
3
t
> 0 ¯à¨ t > 0 ¨ ¢á¥å α ¨§ II)    á å ® ¤ ¨ ¬ ® á â ì. ∀ α < 2 lim g(t) = +∞, ¯à¨ α = −
1+t)α t→+∞
R. ˆ­â¥£à « ¨¬¥¥â ¤¢¥ ®á®¡¥­­®áâ¨: ¢ ­ã«¥ ¨ ¢ +∞. I = −2 lim g(t) = 1. ’®£¤  ∀ α > −2 ∃ t0 > 1 ∀ t > t0 g(t) > 21 .
+∞
R R1 +∞
R t→+∞ δ
= f (t)dt = f (t)dt + f (t)dt = I1 + I2 . Š ¦¤ë© ¨§ ‡­ ç¨â, ∀ α > −2 ∃ t0 > 1 ∀ δ > t0 ∃ n = 2π δ
+ 1 > 2π ∃ ξ0 =
0 0 1  Rξ 00  00
¨­â¥£à «®¢ I1 ¨ I2 ¨¬¥¥â 㦥 ®¤­ã ®á®¡¥­­®áâì: I1 { ¢ ­¨¦­¥¬   Rξ
= 2πn > δ, ∃ ξ 00 = π2 + 2πn > δ :  f (t) dt = g(t) sin t dt >
¯à¥¤¥«¥,   I2 { ¢ ¢¥àå­¥¬ ¯à¥¤¥«¥ ¨­â¥£à¨à®¢ ­¨ï. „«ï ξ 0  ξ0
¨áá«¥¤®¢ ­¨ï á室¨¬®á⨠¨­â¥£à «®¢ I1 ¨ I2 ¢®á¯®«ì§ã¥¬áï 00
Rξ
1
¯à¨§­ ª®¬ áà ¢­¥­¨ï. ’ ª ª ª f (t) ∼ tα−1 C
¯à¨ t → 0, â® > 2 sin t dt = 12 . ˆâ ª, ∀ α > −2 ∃ ε0 = 12 > 0 ∀ δ > 1 ∃ ξ 0 >
ξ0
¨­â¥£à « I1 á室¨âáï ⇔ α − 1 < 1 ⇔ α < 2. ’ ª ª ª f (t) ∼  00
 Rξ


∼ etCtα ¯à¨ t → +∞, â® I2 á室¨âáï ¯à¨ ¢á¥å α ¨§ R. ˆ­â¥£à «  
> δ ∃ ξ 00 > δ :  f (t) dt > ε0 . ‘¯à ¢¥¤«¨¢® ®âà¨æ ­¨¥ ãá«®¢¨ï
I á室¨âáï ⇔ I1 á室¨âáï ¨ I2 á室¨âáï ⇔ α > 2. ‘室¨¬®áâì ξ 0 
 ¡á®«îâ­ ï. Š®è¨ ªà¨â¥à¨ï Š®è¨ á室¨¬®á⨠­¥á®¡á⢥­­®£® ¨­â¥£à « 
+∞
R
‡ ¤ ç  4b. 6 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­   ¡á®«îâ­ãî ¨ ãá«®¢­ãî I= f (t) dt. DZ® ªà¨â¥à¨î Š®è¨ ¨­â¥£à « I à á室¨âáï ¯à¨
+∞ 1
R
¢á¥å α > −2.
á室¨¬®áâì ­¥á®¡á⢥­­ë© ¨­â¥£à « lnα 1 + x1 sin x3 dx.
1 III) € ¡ á ® « î â ­   ï á å ® ¤ ¨ ¬ ® á â ì. ‚®á¯®«ì§ã¥¬áï
¥è¥­¨¥. ‡ ¬¥­®© t = x3 § ¤ ç  ᢮¤¨âáï ª | sin t|
¯à¨§­ ª®¬ áà ¢­¥­¨ï. ’ ª ª ª |f (t)| ∼ 2+α ¯à¨ t → +∞, â®
¨áá«¥¤®¢ ­¨î ­  á室¨¬®áâì ¨  ¡á®«îâ­ãî á室¨¬®áâì +∞
t 3
+∞
+∞
R +∞
R R R | sin t|
­¥á®¡á⢥­­®£® ¨­â¥£à «  I = f (t)dt = g(t) sin tdt = ¨­â¥£à « |f (t)|dt á室¨âáï ⇔ ¨­â¥£à « 2+α dt á室¨âáï
1 1 t 3
1 1 2+α
+∞
R   ⇔ > 1 ⇔ α > 1 (íâ «®­).
3
1 α 1 1
= t2/3
ln 1 + √
3
t
sin t dt. lim g(t) = lim 2+α = 0 ⇔ Žâ¢¥â:  ¡á®«îâ­® á室¨âáï ¯à¨ α > 1; ãá«®¢­® á室¨âáï
1 t→+∞ t→+∞ t 3
⇔ α > −2. „®ª ¦¥¬, çâ® ¯à¨ α > −2 ¨­â¥£à « I á室¨âáï ¯à¨ −2 < α 6 1; à á室¨âáï ¯à¨ α 6 2.
¯® ¯à¨§­ ªã „¨à¨å«¥,   ¯à¨ α 6 −2 à á室¨âáï ¯® ªà¨â¥à¨î
P∞
Š®è¨. 2 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  á室¨¬®áâì àï¤ 32n (n!)4
‡ ¤ ç  5. (3n)!(n+1)! .
I) ‘ å ® ¤ ¨ ¬ ® á â ì. DZਠα > −2 ¯à®¨§¢®¤­ ï g0 (t) =   n=1
−2/3 α lnα−1 (1+t−1/3 )
−4/3  an+1  32n+2 (n+1)!4 (3n)!(n+1)!
= − 32 t−5/3 lnα (1 + t−1/3 ) + t (1+t−1/3 )
· − 1
3 t = ¥è¥­¨¥.  an  = (3n+3)!(n+2)! · 32n (n!)4
=
64 65
 9(n+1) 4
9 ∞
P
= (3n+1)(3n+2)(3n+3)(n+2) → 27 < 1, n → ∞. DZ® ¯à¨§­ ªã = n
C−1/2 (−1)n+1 32n+1 x2n .  ¤¨ãá á室¨¬®á⨠¯®«ã祭­®£®
„ « ¬¡¥à  àï¤ á室¨âáï. n=0  
à鸞 ®¯à¥¤¥«ï¥âáï ¨§ ãá«®¢¨ï −9x2  < 1, ®âªã¤  |x| < 31 = R.
‡ ¤ ç  6. 5 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  á室¨¬®áâì ¨ à ¢­®¬¥à­ãî P∞ 2n+1
g(x) = arcctg 0 + n
C−1/2 (−1)n+1 32n+1 x2n+1 . ’®£¤  f (x) =
á室¨¬®áâì ­  ¬­®¦¥á⢠å E1 = (0, 1) ¨ E2 = (1,p +∞)
n=0
√ ∞
ä㭪樮­ «ì­ãî ¯®á«¥¤®¢ â¥«ì­®áâì fn (x) = n ln 1 + nx . πx4 P 2n+5
√ = x4 g(x) = 2 + n
C−1/2 (−1)n+1 32n+1 x2n+1 . DZਠ¯®ç«¥­­®¬
¥è¥­¨¥. ∀ x ∈ E1 ∪ E2 lim fn (x) = x = f (x). DZ® n=0
n→∞ ¨­â¥£à¨à®¢ ­¨¨ á⥯¥­­®£® à鸞 ¨ 㬭®¦¥­¨¨ ­  ­¥­ã«¥¢®©
ä®à¬ã«¥ Œ ª«®à¥­  á ®áâ â®ç­ë¬ ç«¥­®¬ ¢ ä®à¬¥ ‹ £à ­¦ 
¬­®£®ç«¥­ à ¤¨ãá á室¨¬®á⨠­¥ ¬¥­ï¥âáï, ¯®í⮬ã R = 31 .
¨¬¥¥¬: ∀ x ∈ E1 ∀ n ∈ N ∃ ξ ∈ (0; 1) : |Rn (x)|
p= |f (x) − fn (x)|
 = ∞ Cn
P (−1)n+1 32n+1 x2n+5
√ √ p x
 √ √  πx4
=  x − n ln 1 + n  =  x − n x 1 x Žâ¢¥â: f (x) = 2 +
−1/2
, R = 31 .
n − (1+ξ)2 n  = 2n+1
  n=0
 1 √x 
=  (1+ξ)2 n
6 √1n → 0 ¯à¨ n → ∞. ‡­ ç¨â, fn (x) ⇒ f (x) ‡ ¤ ç  9. 4 “ ­¥¯à¥à뢭ëå ä㭪権 f (x) ¨ g(x)
√
­  E1 . ’ ª ª ª |Rn (n)| = |1 − ln 2| n → +∞ ¯à¨ n → ∞, â® +∞
R +∞
R
fn (x) á室¨âáï ª f (x) ­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­® ­  E2 . ¨­â¥£à «ë f (x)dx ¨ g(x)dx á室ïâáï ãá«®¢­®. Œ®¦¥â «¨
1 1
+∞
R
‡ ¤ ç  7. 4 ˆáá«¥¤®¢ âì ­  á室¨¬®áâì ¨ à ¢­®¬¥à­ãî ¨­â¥£à « f (x)g(x)dx a) á室¨âìáï  ¡á®«îâ­®; b) á室¨âìáï
á室¨¬®áâì ­  ¬­®¦¥á⢠å E1 = (0, 1) ¨ E2 = (1, +∞) àï¤ 1
P∞  2√
 x
ãá«®¢­®; c) à á室¨âìáï?
1 − cos x√nx arctg √e n . Žâ¢¥â:
n=1  5/2  sin x sin x
x√ x a) Œ®¦¥â.  ¯à¨¬¥à, f (x) = x , g(x) = x , f (x)g(x) =
¥è¥­¨¥. Ž¡é¨© ç«¥­ à鸞 un (x) = 2 sin2 arctg √e n . sin2 x
2 n = x2 .
2x5 ex e√
  E1 : 0 6 un (x) 6 4n · √
n
6 2n n
, ç¨á«®¢®© àï¤ b) Œ®¦¥â.  ¯à¨¬¥à, f (x) = √ x,
sin
g(x) = √ x.
cos
f (x)g(x) =
x x
∞
P sin 2x
= 2x .
e √
2n n
á室¨âáï (­ ¯à¨¬¥à, ¯® ¨­â¥£à «ì­®¬ã ¯à¨§­ ªã),
sin
√ x, sin
√ x,
n=1 c) Œ®¦¥â.  ¯à¨¬¥à, f (x) = x
g(x) = x
f (x)g(x) =
ä㭪樮­ «ì­ë© àï¤ á室¨âáï à ¢­®¬¥à­® ¯® ⥮६¥ sin2 x
‚¥©¥àèâà áá .   E2 : un (x) ∼ n√C
¯à¨ n → ∞, àï¤ á室¨âáï; = x .
n
√
un ( n) ∼ π sin (1/2) ¯à¨ n → ∞, àï¤ á室¨âáï ­¥à ¢­®¬¥à­®.
5 2

‡ ¤ ç  8. 4  §«®¦¨âì ¢ àï¤ ¯® á⥯¥­ï¬ x

3x
äã­ªæ¨î f (x) = x4 arcctg √1−9x ¨ ­ ©â¨ à ¤¨ãá á室¨¬®áâ¨
2
¯®«ã祭­®£® à鸞.
¥è¥­¨¥.  §«®¦¨¬ ¢ àï¤ ¯® á⥯¥­ï¬ x
3x
äã­ªæ¨î g(x) = arcctg √1−9x 2
. DZந§¢®¤­ ï g0 (x) =
∞
P
= √ −3 = −3(1 − 9x2 )−1/2 = −3 n
C−1/2 (−9)n x2n =
1−9x2
n=0
66 67
 ‹¨â¥à âãà 

1. ¥á®¢ Ž. ‚. ‹¥ªæ¨¨ ¯® ¬ â¥¬ â¨ç¥áª®¬ã  ­ «¨§ã. —. I. { Œ.: Œ”’ˆ,

2004.
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2000, 2004.
3. ’¥à-Šà¨ª®à®¢ €. Œ., ˜ ¡ã­¨­ Œ. ˆ. Šãàá ¬ â¥¬ â¨ç¥áª®£®  ­ «¨§ .
{ Œ.:  ãª , 1988; Œ.: Œ”’ˆ, 1997; Œ.: ”¨§¬ â«¨â, 2003.
4. Ÿª®¢«¥¢ ƒ. . ‹¥ªæ¨¨ ¯® ¬ â¥¬ â¨ç¥ª®¬ã  ­ «¨§ã. —. 1. { Œ.:
”¨§¬ â«¨â, 2004.
5. DZ¥â஢¨ç €. ž. DZ।¥«, ­¥¯à¥à뢭®áâì ¨ ¤¨ää¥à¥­æ¨à㥬®áâì
ä㭪権 ­¥áª®«ìª¨å ¯¥à¥¬¥­­ëå: ã祡.-¬¥â®¤. ¯®á®¡¨¥. { Œ.: Œ”’ˆ,
2007. { Žä¨æ¨ «ì­ë© á ©â ª ä¥¤àë ¢ëá襩 ¬ â¥¬ â¨ª¨ Œ”’ˆ
(ƒ“). URL: http://math.mipt.ru/study/literature.html
6. Š®¦¥¢­¨ª®¢ DZ. €. ˆáá«¥¤®¢ ­¨¥ á室¨¬®á⨠­¥á®¡á⢥­­ëå
¨­â¥£à «®¢: ã祡.-¬¥â®¤. ¯®á®¡¨¥. { Œ.: Œ”’ˆ, 2007. {
Žä¨æ¨ «ì­ë© á ©â ª ä¥¤àë ¢ëá襩 ¬ â¥¬ â¨ª¨ Œ”’ˆ (ƒ“).
URL: http://math.mipt.ru/study/literature.html
7. ˆ¢ ­®¢  ‘. ‚. ”®à¬ã«  ’¥©«®à  ¨ ¥ñ ¯à¨¬¥­¥­¨¥ ¯à¨ ¢ëç¨á«¥­¨¨
¯à¥¤¥«®¢ ä㭪権: ã祡.-¬¥â®¤. ¯®á®¡¨¥. { Œ.: Œ”’ˆ, 2006. {
Žä¨æ¨ «ì­ë© á ©â ª ä¥¤àë ¢ëá襩 ¬ â¥¬ â¨ª¨ Œ”’ˆ (ƒ“). URL:
http://math.mipt.ru/study/literature.html
8. ‘¡®à­¨ª § ¤ ç ¯® ¬ â¥¬ â¨ç¥áª®¬ã  ­ «¨§ã /¯®¤ ।. ‹. „.
Šã¤àï¢æ¥¢ . ’. 1{3. { 2-¥ ¨§¤. { Œ.: ”¨§¬ â«¨â, 2003.
9. €à娯®¢ ƒ. ˆ., ‘ ¤®¢­¨ç¨© ‚. €., —㡠ਪ®¢ ‚. . ‹¥ªæ¨¨ ¯®
¬ â¥¬ â¨ç¥ª®¬ã  ­ «¨§ã. { Œ.: „à®ä , 2003.
10. ƒ¥«ì¡ ã¬ ., Ž«¬á⥤ „¦. Š®­âà¯à¨¬¥àë ¢  ­ «¨§¥. { ‚®«£®£à ¤:
ˆ§¤-¢® ýDZ« â®­þ, 1997. DZ¥à¥¢®¤: . ˆ. ƒ®«ã¡®¢, 1967.

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DZ®«ã祭®

70