Impacts of Computational Intelligence applications

models on the project management complexity

Research methods and principles

Paria tajabor 6135180

Lecturer: Dr. Franjo Cecelja and Dr Aidong Yang

Faculty of Engineering and Physical science

December 2010

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Abstract:

The aim of this report is to describe the meaning of Project management complexity that is
an important concern when in this part it applies to investigating the computational
intelligence algorithms for reduction the destructive consequences of complexity.

These days, both computer knowledge applications and management science are growing
into other area of knowledge. However there is a difficult and lengthy path for obtain
suitable intelligent methods to handling the plans in actual projects. .in contrast, according
to Stephen Jonathan Witty (2009) ,the significance of handling complexity in plans prepared
various organizations to apply new methods of Complexity in Management of project inside
databases of them.

In this paper first starts by the meaning of complexity, and then individually follow the
notion of project management and complexity of plans and the relationship between them ,
after that shortly explains about intelligence in computer field and lastly in the relation
between Project Management complexity and Computational intelligence it judgmentally
analyses some algorithms of computational intelligence.

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Table of Contents
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 4
2. Complexity definitions ........................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Project Complexity ............................................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 Project structure size and diversity .................................................................................. 6
2.1.2 The Interdependencies inside of project organization ..................................................... 6
2.1.3 What is the dependency in context? ................................................................................ 6
3. Organizational complexity ..................................................................................................... 7
3.1 The size of the project system ............................................................................................. 7
3.2 Diversity of the project system ............................................................................................ 8
3.3 Interdependencies inside the plan ...................................................................................... 8
3.4 Context-dependence ........................................................................................................... 9
4. Technological complexity....................................................................................................... 9
4.1 The size of the project system ............................................................................................. 9
4.2 Diversity of the project system .......................................................................................... 10
4.3 Interdependencies inside the plan .................................................................................... 10
4.4 Context-dependence ......................................................................................................... 10
5. Management of project ....................................................................................................... 11
6. Intelligence of Computational ............................................................................................. 12
6.1 Evolutionary Computing .................................................................................................... 12
7. Relation between Project Management complexity and Computational intelligence ....... 13
8. Summary .............................................................................................................................. 15
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 17

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1. Introduction
Each project in the particular organization is done to create new plan for improving system
and bring renovation throughout the life time of project. But this fact is still remains that
each project has different nature, aims, sources, locations or even national, so each plan or
project cannot be the same as others. These days the content and quantity of project are
growing more complicated and different in real world because of that the demand of
keeping severe technology to preserve them is being apparent much more than previously.
Thus, using different or even new techniques for managing the project which have been
organized in 1945 appears moderately serious, when it brings to organization with greater
quantities at risk.

As R.Stacy (2001) has pointed out for raising the skills of individuals for controlling the
complexity in real worlds, current approaches is planned based on a concept of designing
and control for offering prototypes as well as versions or instructions.
Despite many explore which has been implemented by the goal of examining the existing
numerical approaches and their result from existing complicated projects, they were not
adequate and effective.
Writing in 2003, jaafari argued probability algorithms can have right solution instead of
statistical approaches which have limits particularly when the present position of project is
not defined properly by important sections such as cost or time
In this report the meaning of complex in projects and definite aspects upon which
complicated plans can be demonstrated will be described. Then management of complex
projects will be defined. In addition, this paper will clarify the meaning of computational
intelligence and the characteristics of that, finally will critically survey the roles of
computational intelligence applications in growing the management of project after short
overview around that application.

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2. Complexity definitions

According to abservation of Marle and Vidal(2008) and Edmonds.B (1999) Even when The
model is accompanied with comprehensive information about its nuclear components and
interrelations of them it can be complex because complexity is a part of its belongings that
cause it hard to arrange its complete behavior, in a given language.

Dictionary provides two main appropriate definitions for complexity in projects

i- Forming of different interrelated elements

Project complexity can be operationalized in terms of: differentiation -the number of varied
elements, e.g. tasks, specialists, components (Melles, Robers and Wamelink, 1990) and
interdependence or connectivity-the degree of interrelatedness between these elements
(Baccarini, 1996).

ii- Complicated, difficult, complex, compound, involved, mixed, intricate

This meaning of complexity has so broad and different explanation

Baccarini(1996) wrote that There is two analysis for complexity, one of them mentions to
the difficulty and complications of model and another part is associated to different
components of project and the inter-relation or inter-connectivity between them, but
because of the reason that it may be so subjective in some cases it is not the focus of
explores. Now we can explore more about project complexity, management complexity and
different levels of complexity.

2.1 Project Complexity

It is explained that project complexity has the meaning of Forming of different interrelated
elements ' and can be represented as differentiation and interdependency.
This kind of meaning is used in every applicable plan area for the management of project,
for example relevant organization, technologies, locations and environment, knowledge,
policy and network. So for the project complexity one thing that is so important is to explain

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clearly the level of complexity, however most project management has problem to do this.
Shortage of ID between two main complexity aspects is a problem in the concept of project
complexity nature: Organizational complexity and technological complexity. For each type I
will separately describe the attributes of complexity as follow:

2.1.1 Project structure size and diversity

Dividing the size to various elements that can be quantified is so important for illustrating
the concept of size. Different factors that are explained bellow can quantify the size of
organization. Marle and Vidal(2008) stated that organizational structure is defined as a
complex system when it is been a serious size or critical.
A connectivity of both meaning of interdependency and size that is clarified before is called
diversity. This diversity of project components can be increased when the project grows
more. For example, in a large complex system both economic sources diversity and diversity
of benefits of investors are representative examples of various types of diversity.

2.1.2 The Interdependencies inside of project organization

Each organization has connections among structural sections of itself. The different
between complex and non-complex projects is that these connections are not constantly
dynamic in the period. Meaning of project situation can be modified if the interrelation
turns into energetic. As a sample of energetic states type interdependence of objects is a
relevant one on which in particular time period the aim of plan may be in risk of
modification.

2.1.3 What is the dependency in context?

Each project context can be various components of project and the project nature may be
affected or will be changed to the complicated project if the dependency between
components happens. As Vidal and Marle (2008) said one of the most important

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characteristic of complexity is Contextualizing and for each complex system it can be
defined as common denominator.
Two major illustrations for that statement are social information or diversity and local
instruction or rules. As

3. Organizational complexity

3.1 The size of the project system

- Project time

-number of transports

- Amount of Actions

- Number of staffs

- Quantity of financiers

-Quantity of Deliveries
- Amount of Aims

-Total of Sectors Involved

-Amount of theoretically Stages

- Investment value

- Data systems quantity

- Amount of Investors

- Amount of businesses/Projects sharing their assets

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3.2 Diversity of the project system

- Staff diversity (knowledge, community span,)

- Diversity of investors’ position

- Theoretically stages diversity inside the system

- Geographic Position of the investor

- Diversity of financial sources

- Organizational interdependencies diversity

- Diversity of benefits of investors

3.3 Interdependencies inside the plan

- shared transportation

- Requirements between schedules

- Dependencies with the location

- Dynamic and evolving group construction

- Interconnectivity and response loops in the job and project network

- Accessibility of material, persons, material, and of any assets due to sharing

- Interdependence between performers

- Interdependence between locations, sectors and businesses

- Interdependence of information structures

- Interdependence of aims

- Level of interrelations between levels

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- Amount of connectors in project

- Interdependence of processes

- Relationships with stable systems

- Investors interrelations

- Group collaboration and communication

3.4 Context-dependence

- Competition

- Cultural structure and differences

- Environment difficulty

- Official structure

- Organizational grade of invention

- Local rules and principles

4. Technological complexity

4.1 The size of the project system

- Size of space such as quantity of elements

- Amount and quality of sources

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4.2 Diversity of the project system

- Diversity of technologies used throughout the project

- Diversity of technical skills required

- Diversity of product elements

- Diversity of technical dependences

-Diversity of sources to be operated

4.3 Interdependencies inside the plan

- Among the elements of the material

- Technical process dependencies

- Raw product Interdependencies

- Qualifications interdependencies

4.4 Context-dependence

- Competition

- Organizational grade of invention

- Cultural structure and differences

- New rules and principles

- Official structure

- Progress possibility

- Local rules and principles

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- Request of originality

- Environment difficulty

Outline of project complexity: organization of project complexity issues (Ludovic-Alexandre,

2008)

5. Management of project

Improbability project manager has important accountabilities and responsibilities about

his/her management that is so vital and essential most of the times. Between every

interrelated components of project there is grade of spread and because of this

management of project is important, for example when it spreads in one component, fast

and simply comes into every component, however it has more risk than what is mentioned

here.

Improbability may spread throughout of elements by this likelihood of each element

increases this improbability grade, therefore the procedure may effect on non-treatable
threat. When moves into a sure time,

In contrast, manager of project as a leader for true direction has basic roles in this path
which is making a decision.

The project manager regarding to the plans, rules, policies and time which is defined before,
supports the plan to moving from one point P to next point P+1, and in this way he has to
attention to the actual project point and also actual complexity of point P in addition
frequently compares them to the real points.

After that the project manager with survey into strategies simply can understand the actual
point plus actual complexity in P+1 however manager requests a trustworthy perceives of
time P for managing the project to reach the aim at point P+1.

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Throughout the team working, each manager has to contract with every kind of project’s
point view, and it can be a problem in project that leads to complexity and uncertainty.

6. Intelligence of Computational

This part includes main theories like Swarm Intelligence, Artificial Neural Network, Fuzzy
Systems and Evolutionary Computing and additional field which is illustrated another kind of
application algorithms is categorizing, statistical learning methods, logic, optimization and
probabilistic. Each kind of these models when mix with each other will combine another
methods which can be applied for resolving more complicated difficulties.

As has been illustrated by Engelbrecht (2002 p.16), CI is the “study of 'adaptive mechanisms'
which enable or facilitate intelligent behavior in complex and changing environments.”

The intelligence of computational has some main par that is using in the part of
management much more than other criteria of which will be shortly explained in next part
of report

6.1 Evolutionary Computing

When the electronic method of normal development procedure changed to the resolving
method is called Evolutionary computing which profits the nature of actual human ‘gene’ .it
leads to inheritance that obtained from reproduction process. One of the first algorithms of
this type was genetic algorithms. Genetic programming is one of the other subsets of
evolutionary computing (it is different from algorithms of genetic).

Engelbresht (2005) argued when the goal of system or organization is to recover or progress
the skills of that Organization to live in competitive locations and energetically varying,
these optimizations procedure is called evolution.

On the whole, each person can use as an applicant for the result of evolutionary computing
which is limited into two meaning of phenotype or genotype

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Illustrating a description of applicant answer can cause a vast effect into both ability of the
method and project complexity because of this reason this phase can be as the most
significant part. Afterward, this process surveys to primary population, form of fitness,
collection and regeneration phases, stages are being occupied till this process catches an
appropriate answers range.

7. Relation between Project Management complexity and Computational intelligence

As paul pitiot(2009) has illustrated Computational intelligence algorithms without attention

to type of the technological complexity or organizational can solve various part of

complexity in several types of projects. As an example, a prototype that can optimize the

integrated projects and products to permits taking to profile concurrently decisions coming

from both project managers and product has been planned.

These kinds of methods are mix methods which are involved Evolutionary programming and
Bayesian networks (for uncertain situations these Bayesian systems can be an effective
likelihood techniques) from initial steps of planning the network, range of multi-purpose
optimums of states can be discovered by these methods.

Some project manager use both stages of project and product scheme in a consecutive form
which is an elaborated structure

For reduction interconnectivity and interdependencies inside our project structure one of
the essential or even vital ways in management of project is maintain integration among
both phases of that in addition the simple way is to describe it to a form of understandable
for managers (chart pals can be a simple sample)

Sometimes optimizing group establishment that is internal to dissimilar systems can cause
some problems also if the size of project organization rises in amount of
structures/groups/teams, actions quantity or projects quantity to be focused on, it will
display itself more.

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N. Guid and D. Strand (2009) made a perfect method that enhances quite a lot of modeling
improvements by the support of Fuzzy Logic, for example, complex attribute modeling,
handling of necessary over-competency and personal attributes derivation from dynamic
quantitative data.

These methods are built in earlier quantifiable methods, also the database of worker will
uninterruptedly be kept up-to-date by them in addition before incoming into advanced
levels of management, and the method can simply form the group. Consequently
Scheduling the project and specifics of its requirement need to be planned earlier.

Therefore, In some cases some section of method need to be reformed because

connections should be stronger and each group need to be regularly organized and
complemented, such as real time tasks. Because of growth amount of optimization for each
operation anytime some section of fuzzy logic which is associated to genetic method has to
be renovated, but other sections stay without change. For the managers of projects this unit
maybe mentioned as decision maintains organization.

All projects have particular belongings and characteristic. Therefore, for every project
cannot be eventually used same computational intelligence results. In many cases the same
problem may be solved by several ways of resolving, in contrast some same techniques can
solve several problems, because of this challenging and technologists investigation in these
methods and fields are usually difficult and scientists. As an explanation, for the same kind

As an explanation, Hartmann (2002) suggested a self-adapting algorithm of genetic for the

problem of planning source distribution and also Giulio Antoniol (2005) for achieving to
solution used Simulated Annealing and Hill Climbing ( algorithms of artificial intelligence)

For assigning sources to systems analyst of huge plans Giulio envisioned discovering a best
range of instructions, His believe was that CPM, PERT, Gantt figures and Earned Value
Analysis as an old-style instrument cannot help by the id of best programing task in the
attendance of adjustable sources distribution but they can support the design and can lead
to tracking the levels of plan. Instead, algorithm of genetic is obtained by Hartmann and he
modifies the difficulties illustration (as described in previous steps of evolutionary) for
improving better consequences. Because of complexity in designing and programming a

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new particular algorithm of genetic is defined by Enrique Alba in the field of software
(Enrique Alba, 2007). It can be simply understood that dissimilar complexity features can
cause explore into dissimilar tests, in the period of Enrique testing and research. For
example, his believe was that amount of challenges could have effective influence to obtain
faster and simpler an exact result, furthermore he mentioned that growing the number of
workers assisted to examine this algorithm to do quicker and also did not have effect on
increasing the time consuming. Thus, several interconnections among complexity of
structural following parts will illustrate more understandably than previously and even their
effect on the goals will be improved more.

The samples of using different kind of Computational intelligence systems to answer

numerous hidden difficulties of Project Management is not narrowed to the this report, but
the parts that they can be used are limited yet because of the knowledge of management
and the reason is that it cannot change the difficulties of complexity strong.

8. Summary

Each Project has definite serious features which define the suitable activities to manage and
control them effectively which are illustrated as organizational and technological
complexity. It is explained that project complexity can be represented as differentiation and
interdependency. The purpose of this paper was to deliver a revision of the model on the
complexity in projects, when plans have grown more and more complicated it has direct
effect on project manager to manage the complexity of projects which is increased during
that time. Furthermore it is mentioned about some methods of computational intelligence
which helped programmers to do that more efficient. While it is discussed about
computational intelligence that may be useful on the other hand there are main difficulties
yet in becoming the processes to dissimilar operator software’s. When CI relates to software
can be useful otherwise it cannot be individually beneficial, from this way CI can be the
focus point for more investigates in the area of software engineering. In conclusion it looks

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that shortage of applying computational intelligence in actual plans, limited investigates in
this part to be done centered on hypothetical laboratory facts. Consequently, additional
examinations should be accomplished round the actual schemes and actual Facts.

Word count = 3080

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