Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
GIFT OF
MICHAEL REESE
EARLY BRITAIN.
CELTIC BRITAIN.
BY
J. RHYS, M.A.,
PROFESSOR OF CELTIC IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD;
FELLOW OF JESUS COLLEGE; AND LATE FELLOW OF MERTON COLLEGE.
LONDON
SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE,
NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, CHARING CRCSS, W.C. ;
^ OF TH
"'
EARLY BRITAIN.
CELTIC BRITAIN.
BY
J. RHYS, M.A.,
PROFESSOR OF CELTIC IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD ;
LONDON
SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE,
NORTHUMBEKLAND AVENUE, CHAKING CkOSS, W.C. ;
^^fv^--
'4^
J. RHYS.
Oxford,
Oct., 18S2.
CONTENTS,
CHAPTER I.
CHAPTER n.
The tribes that used coins, and those that did not. Trade
routes: the exportation of tin ... ... ... ... 41
No direct trade between Cornwall and the Continent. The
Carthaginians never here. The Veneti and their
CHAPTER III.
CHAPTER IV.
THE KYMRY.
The peoples of Upper Britain, the rise of English states in
CHAPTER V.
CHAPTER VI.
CHAPTER VII.
APPENDIX.
Additional notes on some of the names in the text ... Page 273
INDEX 309
MAPS, &c.
THE COINS.
Same page, line 9 from bottom, for " Peanfahel " read
*'
Peanfahel in Pictish."
Page 276, line \%for " Feni " read **
Feini."
— 282, line 20, for " Geoffrey" read " Geofrey."
— 285, line 7 from bottom, for " Bretan " read " Bretain."
¥
OF THE ^'
If
^N'VERS/TV
Oj.. of
;
CELTIC BRITAIN.
CHAPTER I.
r^ . OF
CELTIC BRITAIN.
CHAPTER I.
'
Strabo, ^, 2, i (C. 190).
For a fuller account of Pytheas see Elton's "Origins of
'
Eng. Hist." (London, 18S2), pp. 13, «S:c,, and the extracts at the
end of that volume.
6 CELTIC BRITAIN.
m
yistula
made
orway
: he
until
turn^Jb:f?:k from there and coasted
he reached the arctic circle, whence he
for the Shetlands
'Tho^^ returned
and the north of Scotland.
to Bri^^ay, wl||nce he reached the
mouth of the Garonne, ^^h||y^HDuhd an overland
ro^l home to Marseilles. Thu^^heas was in Britain
tu^^, and paid more attention to it than any of the
other countries he visited but he does not seem
;
'
Strabo, /i, 5, 5 (C. 201).
' Among and Dioscoridcs see Diefenbach's
others, Athena^us :
their wars with him. The season for waging war was,
it is true, nearly over for that year, but he thought
it desirable to visit the island, to see the people, and
ascertain, so to say, how the land lay before him. So he
tried first to extract information from traders about the
size of the island, and the kind of people that lived
there, together with their mode of warfare and manner
of life also as to what harbours they had for a number
;
'
"Bell. Gall.," V. 1-23.
14 CELTIC BRITAIN.
'
Evans's " Coins of the Ancient Britons "(London, 1864), p. 26.
C 2
20 CELTIC DRITAIN.
•
The last forge appears to liave been blown out only in the
year 1825, though the growing scarcity of fuel had driven several
of the ironmasters to South Wales so early as the time of
Henry VIII. See a paper by Prof. Boyd Dawkins in the
Transactions of the " Internat. Congress of Prehist. Arch." for
1S6S, p. iSS.
22 CELTIC BRITAIN.
'
Evans's " Coins of the Ancient Britons," pp. 154, 155.
24 CELTIC BRITAIN.
•
That of Ancyra in Asia Minor; see the Berlin "Corpus
Inscr. Lat.," iii. pp. 7S4, 785, 798, 799.
26 CELTIC BRITAIN.
'
Evans's " Coins of the Anc. Brit.," p. 223.
BRITAIN IN THE TIME OF JULIUS C/ESAR. 27
the first to come over for that purpose, but that some-
thing of the kind had happened already in the time
of Diviciacos, who, as Ccesar was informed, had been
king of the Belgic people of the Suessiones within
his time, and not only possessed more power than
any other man in Gaul, but it also extended to
Britain.! However that may be, Commios may
have seen that the advance of the Catuvelauni could
not be long stayed, and that it was his reason, or at
least one of his reasons, for taking an active part in
Caesar's invasion. If so, it may be that the losses
which Caesar inflicted on the Cantii and the Catuvel-
auni, resulted in their relieving the Belgic states
of all immediate fear of their neighbours, and in
CHAPTER II.
'
"Roman History," Ix. 19, 23.
38 CELTIC BRITAIN.
'
"Bell. Gall," vii. 32, 33.
PREVIOUS TO THE CLAUDIAN CONQUEST. 39
'
"Solinus," edited by Mommsen, p. 114.
""
"Hist. Nat.," iv. 16 (30).
PREVIOUS TO THE CLAUDIAN CONQUEST. 43
the Rhone and the Saone, where the wharfs for the
tin-barges were Diodorus further states,
erected.
after mentioning the tin brought from the Cassiterides,
that much was also carried across from Britain to
the opposite shore of Gaul, and was thence brought
on horseback through the midst of the Celtic
country to Marseilles, and also to the city of Nar-
bonne. All this refers to the tin of the Dumnonian
peninsula, and shows that quantities of it were
then carried to an island lying to the east, whence
the passage to Gaul was short. But the island
itself can hardly have been St. Michael's Mount, as
>
See "Bibl. Hist.,*' v. 38.
^ See this question discussed in Elton's book, i. pp. 34, &c.
3 "Bell. Gall.," V. 12.
PREVIOUS TO THE CLAUDIAN CONQUEST. 47
'
"Bell. Gall," iii. 13.
£
5© CELTIC BRITAIN.
'
See liis letter to Lampridius, in the 8th hook of his
"Epistles."
56 CELTIC BRITAIN.
'
See also Stc^kes's note in the " Kevuc Cellique," v. p. 232.
58 CELTIC BRITAIN.
'
See, among other passages in point, "Bell. Gall,," i. 3:
iv. 12 ; V. 25, 54.
= lb., V. 6. '->
lb., 1.4.
PREVIOUS TO THE CLAUDIAN CONQUEST. 59
'
"Bell. Gall.,"ii. i.
PREVIOUS TO THE CLAUDIAN CONQUEST. 6
'
See the "Senchus Mor," i. 73.
64 CELTIC BRITAIN.
A.M. 3303, 3310, 3311; A.D. 14, 15, 76; also the " Scnchus
Mor," iii. 24, 25,
'
See \ViiKlisch'.s "Irische Tcxte," pp. 118, &\
^ See O'Ciiny's " Manners and Cust. of the Anc. Irish,"' iii.
p. 156, and a remarkable passage in tlie Book of I.cinster,
fob 1 86/'.
F
68 CLLTIC BRITAIN.
' A
curious passage about Siuion dmi and his School, kindly
pointed out to the writer by Mr. Stokes, occurs in O'Mulcorry's
Glossary in MS. H. 2, i6 (col. Ii6) in Trin. Coll. Library,
Dublin.
^ " Glosscy liibernicw, ed. Zimmer, "
p. 1S3.
PREVIOUS TO THE CLAUDIAN CONQUEST. 7 I
'•
he is gone on a circuit in Connaught." But just
while this conversation is going on Fiacc returns
from his circuit, and Dubthach says, " Here is he
of whom we spoke." — "Be it so," said Patrick;
'•
but suppose that what we said were not pleasing to
him." —
" Let preparation be made," said Dubthach,
" for tonsuring me, while Fiacc is looking on."
Now, as soon as Fiacc saw that, he asked what
they were preparing to do. " To tonsure Dubthach,"
said they. — '-'That is idle," said Fiacc, "for there
is no poet equal to him in Erinn." — "Thou wouldst
be accepted in his stead ? " said Patrick — " The loss
of me to Erinn," said Fiacc, " is less than that of
Dubthach." So Patrick shore his beard then from
Fiacc, and great grace came upon him thereafter . . .
CHAPTER III.
'
See his elaborate article entitled " Das Romische lleer in
Britannien," Hermes, xvi. p. 527.
^ "Roman Hist.," Ix.
20, 21.
UNDER THE ROMANS. 77
'
"Agricola," 14.
^ The Berlin "Corpus Insc. Lat.," vol. vii. no. ii.
^ Suetonius, "Vespasian," chap. 4.
UNDER THE ROMANS. 79
'
Tacitus, "Ann.,"xii. 32.
So CELTIC BRITAIN.
'
"Annals," xiv. 31, iScc.
G 2
84 CELTIC BRITAIN.
'
"Agricola," ch. 17, &c.
UNDER THE ROMANS. S^
'
."Asricola/'ch. 18, &c.
86 CELTIC BRITAIN.
'
See Hiibner, "Hermes," xvi. jp. 543.
UNDER THE ROMANS. 87
'
"A-rico'a/' ch. 38.
UNDER THE ROMANS. 89
'
Ammianus Marcellinus, xxvii. 8.
^ Mr. Skene speaks of the latter as Horestii, and connects
(** Celtic Scotland," i., pp. 52, 89) with them two inscriptions
at Niederbieber, on the Rhine, in which he recognises IIOR
and ZTas abbreviations of their name ; but Dr. Hiibner assures
the author of this little book that the one is a part of the word
94 CELTIC BRITAIN.
'
"Notitia Dignitatum," ed. Otto Seeck, pp. 105, 107, in,
172.
2 See Mommsen in the " Abhandl. d. Ak. d. Wissenschaften
zu Berlin," 1862, pp. 510, 511.
' See Mommsen's paper just referred to.
UNDER THE ROMANS. 99
'
Haddan and StubLs's "Councils," tS:c., i. pp. 49-51.
UNDER THE ROMANS. I07
CHAPTER IV.
THE KYMRY.
'
See Breda's "Life of St. Cutlibert," chap. xi. the pas-
:
Scotland," i. p. 133.
112 CELTIC BRITAIN.
^
See the elegy on Cunedda in the Book of Taliesin in
Skene's "Ancient Books of Wales," ii. pp. 200-2; also the
Museum.
THE KVMRV. II7
'
Hadd. and Stubbs's " Councils," &c., i. pp. 50-56.
2 Harleian MS.
3859, fol. 193^.
3 See the "Lives of the Cam.-Brit. SS.," p. 52.
* "lolo MSS.," p. 171.
THK KVMRV. 12 1
'
See the 8vo edition of 1841, vol. ii. pp. 49-51; also the
"loIoMSS.," pp. 73-74.
THE KVMRY. I 23
W. '. p. 104.
124 CELTIC BRITAIN.
'
Book ii. chap. 2.
THE KYMRY. I 25
'
See the " Myv. Arch " (Gee's reprint), ^.
393, triad 81.
THE KYMRV. I 27
'
Skene's "Anc. Bks. of Wales," ii. p. 206.
2 Gee's "Myv. Arck," pp. 393 (triad 75); 397 (triad 41);
399 (triad 60); see also .Skene's "Anc. Dks. of Wales," ii. pp.
277-9, 442.
K
130 CELTIC BRITAIN.
conclusions :
— Penda and the kings of the Brythons
had led a large army to the neighbourhood of the
Firth of Forth against Oswiu, who seems to have had
the Picts of that region then subject to him; Oswiu
found himself forced to withdraw into a town which
Nennius calls ludeu,^ whereby he may have perhaps
meant Edinburgh, and eventually to give up to Penda,
and booty which
as the price of peace, all the treasure
he had there with him. This was distributed by the
Mercian king among the kings of the Brythons, and
Nennius gives one to understand that it was known in
Welsh as Atbret ludeu, or the restitution of ludeu.
But soon after came the end, in the year 655, at the
great battle of Winwaid, or, according to Nennius,
the slaughter of Gai's Field, which would seem from
its name to have been in the Pictish part of Manaw.
There Penda is stated by Bseda to have had thirty
legions under the command of most noted leaders ;
but the result, nevertheless, was that they were de-
feated, and that Penda was slain then or soon after, for
Oswiu is represented as now ending the war in the
region of Loidis, seemingly Lothian, after most of the
princes helping Penda had fallen. According, however,
to Nennius, the King of Gwynedd, whom he calls Cada-
vael, had escaped with his army by night, which may
have been the cause of Penda's defeat, and which
certainly gained for the Welsh prince the name of
Cadavael Cadommedd, or the battle-seizer who battle
'
This was, originally, perhaps, luden, though there is no
denying that it is Ituhii in the MSS. in the British Museum.
K 2
132 CELTIC BRITAIN.
'
See the elaborate article and the copious references s. v.
27, 120. But it does not follow that the scribes of the later
MSS. were merely guessing the signification of the Bretwalda of
the earlier MS., for they were not wholly without other sources
— witness their Conmagl and Farinnntgl^ as compared with the
much later forms in the oldest existing MS., and with Bxda's
Brocmailus. The explanations that aim at dissociating Breten,
Bryic'Hy and Bret, from Britain and Britons, are forced, and
dictated by the wish to keep clear of what is thought an historical
difficulty.
136 CELTIC BRITAIN.
in 655.
From by
that time, or rather from the occupation
the English of the plain of the Dee and the Mersey,
the Kymry dw^elt in two lands, known in quasi-Latin
as Cambria, in Welsh Cymru, which denotes the
Principality of Wales, and Cumbria or the king-
dom of Cumberland ; but for a considerable time
previously their territory must have been considerably
narrowed in the direction of those rivers, for even
Ceawlin of Wessexhad carried his conquests along the
eastern bank of the Severn into the heart of what
is now Shropshire, leaving on his right a peninsula of
>
Vol. i. p. 34.
^ This is the Locrinc of Milton's " Comus," wliich sec.
^ See Capgrave's " Legenda Anglix," p. 266; and the
" Acta Sanct.," June 4, i. p. 400.
143 CELTIC BRITAIN.
'
See Skene's " Anc. Books of Wales," ii. pp. 189, 199.
144 CELTIC BRITAIN.
L
146 CELTIC BRITAIN.
*
See Gee's " Myvyrian Archaiology," p. 401, Triad 7.
CELTIC BRITAIN. I47
CHAPTER V.
'
"Hist. Eccl.," V. 23.
L 2
148 CELTIC BRITAIN.
'
Reeves's " Cuklees," p. 124.
150 CELTIC BRITAIN.
long time.
We must now go beyond the limits of what was
once Roman Britain, and say something of the Picts
who remained outside the Northern Wall but it will ;
'
Another warlike tribe of the north-eastern corner of Ireland,
located in what is the county of Down.
now
' Reeves's " Adamnan's Life of Columba," pp. ^t^, 36.
156 CELTIC BRITAIN.
'
"Hist. Eccl.," i. chap. 34.
THE nCTS AND THE SCOTS. 157
rival people that had not taken part in the war with
the legions, or only a subordinate part, the start it
'
See Skene's " Celtic Scotland," i. p. 87, &c.
M 2
164 CELTIC BRITAIN.
'
Amm. MarcelL, xxvii. 8.
THE PICTS AND THE SCOTS. 165
Mearn and from the land beyond the Mounth, and all
met among the Verturian Brythons, who willingly
joined them, no doubt, and then steered them clear
of the end of the Roman Wall, the Brythonic name
of which they then taught them for the first time.
And Gildas, though probably possessed of no close
acquaintance with the geography of the northern part
of the island, cannot be said to have inaptly described
the Picts as a transmarine people, emerging from their
coracles to attack the province from the north-east.^
This would be about the time when the Romans left
Britain to its fate after that little or nothing is known
:
'
San-Marte's " Nennius and GiUlas," p. 143.
*'
' Iliit. Eccl.," iii. chap. 4.
1 66 CELTIC BRITAIN.
•
"Hist. Eccl.," i. I.
THE PICTS AND THE SCOTS. 1
69
^
See O'Beirne Crowe's "Amra Coluimcille " (Dublin, 187 1 ),
pp. 29, 63, with Skene's remarks on the same in his " Celtic
Scotland," ii. pp. 136, 137.
THE PICTS AND THE SCOTS. 171
'
As to this namebe remarked
it is to that it was in Welsh
Neithon, written Naiton by B?eda for ; it is characteristic of
the mixture of races among the Picts, that the names of some of
their kings are handed down to us in a Goidelic form, and some
in a Brythonic one.
172 CELTIC BRITAIN.
'
Skene's " Chronicles of the Picts and Scots," p. ?.
1 82 CELTIC BRITAIN.
'
The Annals of Inisfallen, Skene's " Chr. of the Picts and
Scots/' p. 169.
184 CELTIC BRITAIN.
^
A critical edition of this and the other Orkney Sngas,
prepared by Dr. Vigfusson for the Master of the Rolls, has
been in type since 1875, but it is not yet published thanks to :
the kindness of a friend, the author has had the use of the text.
THE PICTS AND THE SCOTS. 1
89
'
See Skene's " Chr. of the Picts and Scots," pp. 10, 319,
329.
^ See the Annals of Ulster and Tigernach respectively in
Skene's " Chr. of the Picts and Scots," pp. 368, t^']'!.
'JHE PICTS AND THE SCOTS. 1 93
o
194 CELTIC BRITAIN.
•
See the "Mon. Hist. Brit.," p. 686, C, and note k.
^ Pinkerton's " Vitx Sanctorum Scotice," pp. 195-297.
O 2
196 CELTIC BRITAIN.
was the word for new in all the dialects ; but the
Brythons treated it Novios orNovijos,and eventually
as
made it into the Welsh 7ieivydd^ new and it is from
;
some stage of this last that Nith was got but this ;
'
See Skene's "Celtic Scotland," i. p. 133.
THE PICTS AND THE SCOTS. HjJ
CHAPTER VL
THE ETHNOLOGY OF EARLY BRITAIN.
was the name given this country when all the islands
of our group were called Britannia^ but it continued ;
'
See the Welsh glosses published by Stokes in the "Transac-
tions of the Philological Society for 1860-1861," p. 210, and in
Kuhn's " Beitrccge," iv. p. 393.
2o8 CELTIC DRITAIN.
'
Stokes's *'Cormac," s. z\ "Mug-eime," p. in.
THE ETHNOLOGY OF EARLY BRITAL\. 209
'
See "Das Romische Heer
" by Hubner, Hermes, xvi. ;
also M. de communication in the " Bullett. dell' Inst, di
Vit's
Corrisp. Arch." (Rome), for 1867, p. 39.
^ M. de Vit in the paper already referred to.
THE ETHNOLOGY OF EARLY BRITAIN. 211
' See Hiibners " Inscr. Brit. Christ.," Nos. 3, 17, 24, 25, 26.
THE ETHNOLOGY OF EARLY BRITAIN. 215
'
See Skene's " Celtic Scotland," i. p. 74.
THE ETHNOLOGY OF EARLY BRITAIN. 22 1
'
The Berlin "Corpus Insc. Lat.," vii. No. 1345.
2 Vol. ii. pp. 225, 226; 234, 235; 2S6, 2S7; 300, 301.
2 26 CELTIC BRITAIN.
See the *' Liber Landavensis," pp. 94, 95, and the "Lives
^
'
See Skene's " Celtic Scotland," i. \\ 108.
232 CELTIC BRITAIN.
'
Skene's "Ancient Books of Wales," ii. pp. 37, 38.
THE ETHNOLOGY OF EARLY BRITAIN. 233
CHAPTER VII.
{Co7ilinued.)
of Guorgoret
;
" and another thus :
— " In the name
of God the highest begins the cross of the Saviour,
which Samson, the abbot, prepared for his own soul
and for that of Ithel, the king," &c. Another, however,
near Bridgend has been supposed to be of the begin-
ning of the seventh century, and it runs thus :
— " Con-
belHni set up this cross for the soul of his scitUvissi."
The word is unmistakably Goidelic, and must
last
seems, if we may
trust the indications afforded by the
inscriptions, to have been severed into two regions,
of which the one lay west of the Towy, and the other
on both sides of a line drawn from Brecon to Neath,
in Glamorgan. More exactly speaking, the latter con-
sisted of two distinct districts, a southern one between
Cardiff and Loughor, and a northern one in the upper
valley of the Usk, with Brecon as its central point,
and taking in the old deaneries of Brecon, probably
the ancient patrimony of Brychan, who has so large a
place in Welsh hagiology. Both he and his nume-
rous offspring may have been more Goidelic than
Brythonic, though they were in various ways allied
with the Cunedda family. The country east of these
two districts, from the hills of Brecknock and the
lower course of the Tafif, seems to have become
Brythonic : when and how, it is very hard to say. It
'
See Skene's "Ancient Books of Wales,'" ii. [•>[•. 2S-35.
S
258 CELTIC BRITAIN.
'
See page 72 of this volume, and compare Semilio names
like Abdicl, &c.
S 2
2 6o CELTIC BRITAIN.
'
This important form is to be inferred from icr dieniaib
(Iver de Iverniis), in " Lebar na h-Uidre," p. 99a.
^ See Berchan's Prophecy in Skene's " Chr. of the Picts and
Scots," pp. 84, 88, 98 also a confused bit of geography cited
;
'
B, VI (modern bli, viJi) usually represent the sound of z'.
' See Fiacc's Hymn in Stokes's " Goidelica," pp. 127, 131.
' See the " Senchus Mor," i. pp. 52, 116.
< See O'Curry's "MS. Materials of Ancient Irish History,"
p. 447.
264 CELTIC BRITAIN.
'
Skene's " Chr. of Picts and Scots," p. 1S7.
"^
There is no cliuich on the spot now, but an early inscription
has been found there see Rhys's " Lect. on Welsh Philology,"
:
p. 63.
2 66 CELTIC BRITAIN.
the early form of the Celtic word for iron, and Iveru-
must become ia?'7i in the later stages of the language,
so that Cormac believed that in larn he had the
ordinary Irish word for iron, or affected so to believe
in order to was so called on
proceed to explain, that it
domaros.
Cassivelaunos, pp. 15,243. The reading adopted
by the best editors of the Latin texts in which the
name occurs is Cassivellaunus, but I have little doubt
that the // is no more warranted here than in Uxelo-
du?io?i, which see. The whole name would secn>, in
accordance with what has already been guessed
with regard to Cassi, to mean a ruler of the league or
a tribe-king for Velaunos probably meant a prince
;
—
Nivs in an inscription at Caerleon (Berlin *' Corpus
Insc. Lat." vii. No. 126). (2.) Catvallavxa, de-
scribing the nationality of a woman married to a
Palmyrene husband and buried at South Shields
2 62 CELTIC BRITAIN.
such as Budd^valan.
Catti, p. 29, The view that Cafti \\:oiS the name
of a people depends on its being identical with Cassi;
for Catti might also be the genitive singular of a per-
sonal name, since we have the nominative Caitos on a
Gaulish coin see Cassi.
:
Aovi]Ka\i]h')yiac, p.
1 64. This form is particularly
interesting, asshowing the Celtic pronunciation of
the feminine numeral, which appears in the MSS. of
Am. Marcellinus, as the di of his Dicalidonce : in
Modern "Welsh it is d'iV}\ and in Irish, d'l^ Sanskrit,
dve^ two. So much as to the form of the word.
When it is asked what was meant by the two Cale-
Ko. 481).
M/EAT.t, pp. 90, 155, 159, 168. The name, as it
occurs in Reeves's ''Adamnan's Life of St. Columba"
is Miati and MiatJii. The meaning of the word is
unknown, but there is no reason whatever to think
that it has anything to do with the GoideHc word
mag^ a plain or field, as some take for granted, who
have no notion of perspective in language.
Maglocunos, p. 120. This name has been suc-
cessively softened down into Mailcon or Mailcun,
—
and Maelgwn not Maelgwyn. It is not to be con-
founded with the Irish Maelchon, for Brythonic ?naglo-,
is in Irish nnil, a prince or hero, while Irish viae/,
Nennius, 96, 103, 116, 117, Oswiu, 130, 131, 132, 135,
128, 130, 131, 232, 243, 138, 139, 143, 147, 152, 169
251, 252, 264 Otadini, 112, 153, 219
Nero, 82 OviK\bviOQ, 303
Net, 259, 260, 266 Ouse, 2S9
Neubauer, Dr., 296 Owen, 178
Niduari, iii, 218
Nigra, Com., 72 Padarn, 255
Ninnian, 170 Paraveredus, Lat., 295
Nith, 196, 218, 267 Parisi, 39, 217, 226
Nodens, 67, 259, 302 Parisii, 14, 39, 41, 62
Notitia Dignitatum, 98, 100, Paternus, 116, 216
226, 231, 242, 306 Patrick, St., 70, 74
Novantce, 217, 228, 230, 242 Paulinus, 128
Novios, 196, 217 Pausanias, 89
Nuada, 63, 259 Peanfahel, 151, 195
Nudd, 259 Penbol, 265
Nynias, 147, 170 Pencrik, 300
Penda, 108, 129, 130, 131,
O'CURRY, 6^], 263, 275 132, 138, 151
O'Donovan's " Four Masters," Penguaul, 151
277 Pengwern, 107^ 139
Ochil Hills, 229 Penkridge, 226, 300
Octapitaron, 226 Pennocrucion, 226, 229, 230,
Odin, 283 300
Ofifa,138, 139 Pentland, 150
Ogam, 212, 247, 248, 260 Petilius Cerealis, 84
Oirir Gaithel, 269 Petrianae, 224
Oisi'n,
234 Petroc, 141
Olympiodorus, 96 Petuaria, 39, 226, 300
Ondemone, 266 Petueriensis, 226
Orddwy, Rhyd, 299 Philip II., 19
Ordous, 216, 299 Piccardach, 236
Ordovices, 80, 85, 86, 119, Pictavi, 236
215, 244, 245, 249, 251, Pictavia, 183
258, 271, 299 Pictavis, 240
Orgetorix, 58, 65 Picti, 235
Orrea, 161 Pictones, 236, 240
Osney, 289 Pictores, 236
Osric, 129 Picts, no,118, 194, 235, 236,
Ostorius Scapula, 35, 79, So, 240, 264
81 Pihtes lea, 285
Oswald, 130, 135 Pliny, 69, 200, 201, 210
Oswine, 130 Pomponius Mela, 41, 201, 202
INDEX. 317
Thule, 56 Vellocatus, 39
Tiberius, 34 Venedot, 121, 272, 307
Tincommios, 23-25, 304 Veneti, 9, 47-50, 307
Tiree, 264 Venicones, 161
Togodumnos, 35, 76, 304, 305 Venutios, 39
Toliapis, 226 Vepotalos, 41
Toutiorix, 290 Vereda, 225, 295, 307
Trenacatus, 305 Vergobretos, 59, 307
Trenagusu, 304 Verica, 24
Trenegussi, 304 Verlamion, 26
INDEX. 319
THE END.
- -?• o
GENERAL LIBRARY U.C. BERKELEY
B00Q313dQ3
V:-