Main facts:

-Each electromagnetic wave has different frequency and wavelength . More

frequency means less wavelength and vice versa.

-Each electromagnetic energy wave is distinguished by its wavelength.

-Refraction is the process when light wave changes its direction by traveling from
one medium to another (When mediums have different densities)

-The distance from crest to crest or trough to trough is called wavelength.

-The height of the half of the wave is known as amplitude.

-Volume of irregular shaped objects can be found by using displacement in the

water.

-particles of matter come close to each other in solids ,have distance in liquids and
move freely with large distance in gases.

-Law of conservation of mass is mass cannot be created or lost but it remains same
before and after any process. Like when hydrogen and Oxygen combine together
the mass of this product is equal to the mass of the hydrogen plus the mass of the
oxygen.

-Convection is the heat process in liquids , Conduction in solids , and radiation in

gases and space.

-In the formulas atoms of different elements combine together to form chemical
bonds . For example H2O has two atoms of Hydrogen and one atom of Oxygen.

-Evaporation occurs when molecules gain heat energy and leave the surface.

-Element is made up of one kind of atoms.

-Mixture is made up of two or more kind of substances.

-compounds are made up of two or more elements.

-Temperature increases the process of solubility and if the temperature decreases

it slows down this process.

-The density of water is 1.00 g/ml .If a substance has density more than 1.00 g/ml it
is going to rest at the bottom of water and if anything has density less than 1.0 g/ml
it will float.

Chapter 8 review:
Energy ability to do work

Kinetic energy is energy in moving things

Potential energy is turned energy

Mechanical energy is energy in moving things

Chemical energy is energy that keeps the particles of matter together

Electromagnetic Energy is energy of moving particles

Nuclear energy stored in the nucleus of an atom

Wave is a disturbance that move trough matter or space

Mechanical wave can travel only through matter

Electromagnetic wave can travel through matter or empty space

Medium substances used to produce sound like air and water

Transverse waves cause particles in matter to move back and forth at right angles
to the directions in which the waves travels.

Compression wave causes particles in matter to move back and forth along the
same direction in which the wave travels

Crest high point in the wave

Trough low point in wave

Amplitude the transverse wave with high crests and deep thoughts

Frequency the number of wavelengths that pass by a point each second.

Wavelength the distance between one point on a waves and the nearest point
moving with the same speed and direction

Amplitude of a transverse wave is 1/2 the distance between a crest and trough

As the distance between crest and troughs increases the amplitude of a transverse
wave increases.

Electromagnetic Waves

Light, radio and x rays are example

Electromagnetic waves are transverse wave

They contain electric and magnetic parts that vibrate up and down perpendicular to
the direction the wave travels.
Produced by the movement of electrically charged particles

Can travel at the speed of light

Can travel without a medium

Remember:

Less wavelength more frequency more damage

More wavelengths less frequency less damage

Radio waves:

Longest wavelength

Use TV, am and fm broadcasting remote control devices heart rate monitors and
cell phone communication.

Microwaves

Wavelength from 1mm to 1m

Uses microwave ovens Bluetooth broadband internet radar and gps

Infrared:

Uses night vision remote controls

Visible light

Only part of the Em spectrum that human eye can see

ROYGBIV

Violet has the high frequency

Red has lowest frequency

Uses Sterilizing medical equipment

X-ray

Tiny wavelength high energy waves

Uses medical imagining

Airport security

Gamma Rays

Smallest wave lengths highest energy

Uses food irradtion cancer treatment.

Waves:

Most waves are either longitudinal or transverse

Sound waves are longitudinal

All electromagitic waves are transverse

The speed of a wave depends on the medium in which the wave travels

You can calculate the speed of a wave if you know it wavelength and frequency

Transverse waves move up and down. Longitudinal move side to side.

Electromagnetic are transverse waves but contain electric and magnetic parts.

The wavelength of a transverse wave is the distance between two adjacent crests
or toughs. The wavelength of a longitudinal wave is the distance between two
adjacent rarefactions.

Longitudinal and transverse waves need a medium. Electromagnetic can travel

thought matter or space.

Longitudinal; waves and transverse waves need a medium to more electro do not.

The wave length of transverse waves is the distance between two adjacent crest or
2 adjacent thoughts.

The wavelength of a longitudinal wave is the distance between two adjacent

rarefactions.

The frequency of a transverse wave is the number of crest or troughs that you pass
each second.

The frequency of the longitudinal wave is the number of rarefaction that you pass
each second.

The wavelength is the distance between 2 waves.

The frequency is the number of wavelengths that pass by a point each second.

Electromagnetic spectrum

Radio, micro, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray and gamma waves.

Refraction the change in direction of a wave when it changes speed as it travels

from one material to another.
Diffraction the bending of wave’s arounf an object

Reflection bounces off a surface

Waves can reflect (bounce off a surface) refract ( change direction) or diffract
( bend around on obstacles).

Refraction when a light wave moves from air to water it slows down.

This change in speed causes the light wave to bend.

Chapter 9 AND 10 AND 11

Physical Property is any characteristic of a material that can be

observed or measured without changing the identity of the
material.

Example color, smell, freezing point, boiling point, melting point

appearance, texture, color, odor

Matter is anything that has mass and take up space

Mass is the amount of matter in an object

Density is the amount of mass a material has in a given volume.

Same volume different mass this is because one object is denser

than the other

Four state of matter are solid liquid gas and plasma. The state of
matter of a substance depends on its temperature and pressure.
Also it is determined by how much energy the particles have.

Plasma occurs at very high temperatures and is found in

fluorescents light bulbs, the atmosphere and in lighting strikes.

A chemical property is any characteristic that fives a substance

the ability to undergo a change that results in a new substance .
Examples of chemical properties flammability reacts with oxygen
reacts with light and reacts with water.
Chemical Change is a change in the identity of a substance due to
the chemical properties of a substance.

Example iron gate with rust, silver tarnish, copper develops a

green color. When paper burns the oxygen in the air reacts and
forms ash. Also brown apples due to oxygen in the air.

More ex of physical properties color, shape, length mass volume

density state ability to attract to a magnet melting point boiling
point malleability and dulriclly

More ex of chemical properties flammability react with oxygen,

water and vinegar and reacts with electricity light and heat

The law of conservation of mass states that the mass of what you
ended with is always the same as the mass you start with.

So if a campfire or paper is burn the ashes aren’t heavy enough

to make up the mass of firewood but flammable material burn,
they combine with oxygen. Ash smoke and gases are produce.
The smoke and gases escape into the air.

Although a chemical change has occurred a new substance was

made but the mass remained the same. This is because the
particles in the substances rearrange into different combinations
with different properties.

New substance form as a result of a chemical change

Exposure to oxygen heat light can cause chemical reaction

Matter is any thing that takes up space so light and heat not
matter but air is because it takes up space.

Atom is defined as a small particle that makes up most types of

matter

The law of conservation of matter states that matter is not

created or destroyed it only changes form.

Electrons are invisible negatively charged particles

Matter that has a equal amount of positive and negative charge is

said to be neutral or no net charge

Nucleus are positively charged in the central part of an atom

Protons are positively charged particles located in the nucleus of

an atom.
Neutrons are an uncharged particle located in the nucleus of an
atom.

An atom is made up of a proton, neutron and electrons

An element is matter made of only one kind of atom.

At least 115 element are know and 90 of them occur naturally on

earth.

The atomic number tells you the number of protons and

electrons a element has

To find the number for neutrons subtract atom mass with atomic
number
Isotopes are when the same element that have different number
of neutrons

An atom’s mass number is the number of protons plus the

number of neutrons it contains.

Atomic mass is the weighted average mass of the isotopes of an

element.

Nonmetals are elements that are usually dull in appearance and

are poor conductors of heat and electricity. Ex oxygen

Metalloids are elements that have characteristics of metals ex

silicon

Matter: anything that has mass; takes up space ; made

up of different atom; includes all things that can be
touched, smelled, tasted or felt, ; but does not include
heat, light, or sound.
Mass:
Substance: matter that has the same composition and
properties throughout.
Compounds: when elements combine and create a
substance whose properties are different from the
elements that it is made from.
Mixtures: a combination of compounds and elements has
not formed a new substance and whoses proportions can
be changed without changing the mixtures identity
Isotopes: 2 or more atoms of the same element that have
different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.
Elements: a natural or synthetic material that cannot be
broken down into simpler materials by ordinary means;
has many unique properties and it generally classified as
a metal, metalloid, and nonmetals.
Solution: homogenous mixture whose are evenly mixed
at molecular level but are not bonded together
Heterogeneous Mixtures: types of mixtures that are NOT
evenly mixed
Homogeneous Mixtures: type of mixture where two or
more substances are evenly mixed on a molecular level
but are not bonded together.
Chemical Change: when the identity of a substance
changes because of its chemical properties substance
and can also create new substance or substance.
Chemical properties- Flammability; reacts with: oxygen,
water, vinegar, etc; reacts in the presence of electricity,
light, heat, etc. . Also, any characteristic; like the ability
to burn, a substance to undergo a change that results in
a new substance.
Physical change: when the properties of a substance
change but the identity is always the same.
Physical properties- appearance; color; state; shape;
length; mass; volume; ability to attract a magnet;
density; melting point; boiling point; malleability, and
ductility.
Example: Change in color or shape of a substance.
To determine if a chemical or physical change has
occurred you can reverse the change;
Physical properties can be reversible easily, for example
melted butter can turn into a solid again after putting it
back into the refrigerator. Clay can be reversed easily.
However chemical changes can’t be reversed using
physical means. For ex; the ashes in a fireplace can’t be
put back together to make the logs used and can’t find
the ingredients back in the mixed cake.

Boiling: when a substance changes from liquid to gas

state.
Freezing: when a liquid turns into a solid.
Sublimation:
Atom: a very small particle that makes up most kinds of
matter and consists of smaller parts like protons,
neutrons and electrons.
Nucleus: the very center of the atom
Protons: the invisible positively charged particles inside of
the nucleus
Electrons: an invisible and negatively charged particle
located in a cloud formation that surrounds the nucleus of
an atom.
Atomic Number: number of protons in the nucleus of each
atom of a given element and is the top number on the
periodic table.
Atomic Mass: average mass in a given element
Metals: element that is ductile, malleable, and a good
conductor of electricity and generally has a shiny and
metallic luster.
Metalloids: element that has both of the characteristics of
metals and nonmetals and is a solid at room
temperature.
Nonmetals: elements that are mostly gases or brittle
solids and poor conductors and are the basics of the
chemicals of life.
Four types of matter- plasma, gas, solid, and liquid
State of matter depends on its temperature
-color is the first thing you notice
-Solid particles are tightly packed together and they can
vibrate in place.
-Liquid particles are close together but they can move in
any way.
-Gas particles are very loose and move any way.
-Plasma particles are charged and they move in any way
and at a very fast speed.
Plasma- occurs at very high temperatures and is found in
fluorescent light bulbs, the atmosphere, and in lightning
strikes.
Chemical change- is a change in identity of a substance
due to the chemical properties of that substance.
Example: When you burn wood, oxygen in the air reacted
with wood to form a new substance called ash.
Some signs of chemical change; bubbles, production of
heat, light, smoke, change of color, and sound.
Chemical properties- Flammability; reacts with: oxygen,
water, vinegar, etc; reacts in the presence of electricity,
light, heat, etc.

Physical change: the physical properties of the substance

change but the identity of the substance doesn't change.
Example: Change in color or shape of a substance.

Once you know the chem. Properties, you can classify

and identify matter based on those properties. For
example if you try to burn something that looks like wood
and it won’t burn you can cross out the possibility of it
being wood.

Physical properties- appearance; color; state; shape;

length; mass; volume; ability to attract a magnet;
density; melting point; boiling point; malleability, and
ductility.

To determine if a chemical or physical change has

occurred you can reverse the change;
Physical properties can be reversible easily, for example
melted butter can turn into a solid again after putting it
back into the refrigerator. Clay can be reversed easily.
However chemical changes can’t be reversed using
physical means. For ex; the ashes in a fireplace can’t be
put back together to make the logs used and can’t find
the ingredients back in the mixed cake.
The physical properties are easily observed but the
chemical can’t be observed without changing the
substance