Citation Guide – APA, MLA

The following exam ples are based on the rules listed in the current editions of the APA
and MLA style m anuals for writers. This quick reference guide is not intended to replace or
to be a substitute for the following com plete style m anuals:

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 5 th Edition. 2001.

APA Style Guide to Electronic References. Supplem ent to the Publication Manual, 5 th
Edition. Published in electronic form at 2007.

MLA Handbook for W riters of Research Papers. 6 th Edition. 2003.

Note: Bucknell University has produced an excellent guide for writers using the Turabian style. It can be found
online at: http://www.bucknell.edu/Docum ents/ISR/turabian.pdf

Formatting Notes:
• Use a “hanging indent” to show the beginning of a citation. In other words, the first line of the citation begins
at the left m argin. Subsequent lines are indented ½ inch from the left m argin (typically 5 spaces).
• Double-space all entries in the reference list. (This guide does not double-space the entries in order to save
space.)
• APA uses italicized type to indicate titles of m ajor works (book titles, journal titles, etc.). MLA underlines
titles of m ajor works. Som e professors m ight accept italicizing in MLA as well, since that is typically used in
printed works.

BOOKS

The basic format for a book citation requires listing the author’s name, the title of the book, the place of publication,
the publisher’s name, and the date of publication. Edited books, when cited in full, will list the editor’s name instead
of an author’s name.

BOOK – ONE AUTHOR

The exam ple is based on a book written by the author Fifi LaRue, entitled My Fabulous Life: Parisian Flings and
Other Things, and published in Paris, France, by the publisher LaPlum e, in 1992. Note that capitalization differs
between the two styles.

APA LaRue, F. (1992). My fabulous life: Parisian flings and other things. Paris: LaPlum e.

M LA LaRue, Fifi. My Fabulous Life: Parisian Flings and Other Things. Paris: LaPlum e, 1992.

BOOK – TW O AUTHORS

The exam ple is based on a book written by the authors Terrie A. Dactyl and Braun T. Saurus, entitled The Jury’s
Still Out on Jurassic Park, and published in Raptor, Pennsylvania, by Altam ira Press, in 1994.

APA Dactyl, T.A. & Saurus, B.T. (1994). The jury’s still out on Jurassic Park. Raptor, PA:
Altam ira Press.

M LA Dactyl, Terrie A. and Braun T. Saurus. The Jury’s Still Out on Jurassic Park. Raptor, PA:
Altam ira Press, 1994.
BOOK W ITH AN EDITOR

The exam ple is based on a book edited by Teresa Mae Anklet, entitled Big Bruisers, and published in Montreal,
Canada, by Strange Brew Press, 1976.

APA Anklet, T. M. (Ed.). (1976). Big bruisers. Montreal: Strange Brew Press.

M LA Anklet, Teresa Mae, ed. Big Bruisers. Montreal: Strange Brew Press, 1976.

BOOK REVIEW

The exam ple is based on a review written by Francois Snodgrass in the journal Parisian Personnae. The book being
reviewed is by Fifi LaRue and is entitled My Fabulous Life: Parisian Flings and Other Things. Snodgrass’s review
was published in 2007, in volum e 37, issue num ber 2, of the journal, on page 132.

APA Snodgrass, F. (2007). [Review of the book My fabulous life: Parisian flings and other
things]. Parisian Personnae, 37(2), 132.

M LA Snodgrass, Francois. Rev. of My Fabulous Life: Parisian Flings and Other Things, by Fifi
LaRue. Parisian Personnae 37.2: 132.

ELECTRONIC BOOK

The exam ple is based on a book by Em m a Sue Goose, entitled Letter to Little Boy Blue: You Can Never Go Home
Again, published in Berlin, Germ any, by Fairy Tale Press, in 1999. The book is electronically reproduced in
NetLibrary, which is available to researchers through the Thom as G. Carpenter Library at UNF. The book was
accessed on October 28, 2001.

APA Goose, E.S. (1999). Letter to Little Boy Blue: You can never go home again. Berlin: Fairy
Tale Press. Retrieved from the NetLibrary database.

M LA Goose, Em m a Sue. Letter to Little Boy Blue: You Can Never Go Hom e Again. Berlin: Fairy
Tale Press, 1999. NetLibrary, Thom as G. Carpenter Library, UNF, Jacksonville,
FL. 28 Oct. 2001 <http://www.netlibrary.com >.

GOVERNM ENT PUBLICATIONS

Citation requirements for government publications are similar to those for books. W hen citing a government
publication provide the author’s name (this might sometimes be a department or agency name), the title of the
publication, the place where the document was published, the publishing department or agency, and the date of
publication. Many documents issued by the Federal Government are published in W ashington, DC, by the United
States Government Printing Office. This is normally shortened to USGPO or simply GPO.

GOVERNM ENT PUBLICATION – AGENCY OR DEPARTM ENT REPORT

The exam ple is based on a published report of the United States Governm ent’s Departm ent of W aste Control that
was issued in 1994. The title of this 5,000 page report was Eliminating Paper W aste in Offices of the Federal
Government. The report, which was num bered USDW C Publication No. 94-345698A, was published in W ashington
by the issuing departm ent.
 APA U.S. Dept. Of W aste Control. (1994). Eliminating paper waste in offices of the federal
government (USDW C Publication No. 94-345698A). W ashington, DC: Author.

M LA United States. Dept. of W aste Control. Elim inating Paper W aste in Offices of the Federal
Governm ent. W ashington: GPO, 1994.

GOVERNM ENT PUBLICATION – ONLINE

The exam ple is based on a report issued by the National Park Service of the Federal Governm ent that was m ade
available at the agency’s website and was last updated in 2002. The report was entitled Decorating the W hite
House: Tips from Dolly Madison and Other First Ladies. It was retrieved on March 16, 2002. Retrieval date has been
included for the APA form at because of the possibility that the docum ent URL could change. If it is unlikely to m ove,
the retrieval date is unnecessary.

APA U.S. National Park Service. (2002). Decorating the W hite House: Tips from Dolly Madison
and other first ladies. Retrieved March 16, 2002, from http://www.nps.gov/tips.htm l

M LA United States. National Park Service. Decorating the W hite House: Tips from Dolly
Madison and Other First Ladies. 2002. 16 March 2002
<http://www.nps.gov/tips.htm l>.

GOVERNM ENT PUBLICATION – HEARINGS

The exam ple is based on a hearing held before the congressional com m ittee designated as the Joint Com m ittee on
the Establishm ent of Prisons for Corporate Crim inals. The hearing was held during the first session of the 108 th
Congress in 2002.

APA Hearing before the Joint Committee on the Establishment of Prison Terms for Corporate
Criminals. 108 th Cong., 1 st Sess. (2002).

M LA United States. Cong. Joint Com m ittee on the Establishm ent of Prison Term s for Corporate
Crim inals. Hearings. 108 th Cong., 1 st sess. W ashington: GPO, 2002.

INTERNET DOCUM ENTS

The basic information needed for W eb pages doesn’t differ greatly from the type of information needed to document
print sources. W hen possible, identify an author for the site. This might sometimes be an organization or it might be
an individual. W hen a site identifies no author, treat the website just as you would an anonymous article – lead off
the citation with the title rather than with the author. Not all websites identify when they were last updated. If a date
is not given, use the abbreviation (n.d.) To indicate that the site was undated. W here possible, identify a sponsoring
organization and include the organization’s name as part of the citation. If not much information is available for
clearly identifying responsibility for the information provided, use a fair amount of skepticism about its reliability and
look for another source that is more clearly documented.

INTERNET DOCUM ENT – ENTIRE W EBSITE

W hen citing an entire website, include the overall title of the site, the nam e of the organization or individual who
m aintains the website, the date the site was last updated, the date that the site was visited, and the URL (Internet
address) for the site. The exam ple is based on the website for the television network MTV. Identifying inform ation
on the site includes the site nam e (MTV.com), the sponsoring organization (MTV Networks), the latest update
(9/03/08), the URL (http://www.m tv.com ), and the date the site was visited.
 APA MTV Networks. (2008). MTV.com. Retrieved Septem ber 3, 2008, from http://www.m tv.com

M LA MTV.com . 2008. MTV Networks. 3 Sept. 2008. <http://www.m tv.com >.

INTERNET DOCUM ENT – PERSONAL HOM EPAGE

The exam ple is based on Fifi LaRue’s hom epage on the Internet. The site does not have a special title and does not
carry a date on the opening page. The site was visited on Septem ber 1, 2008.

APA LaRue, F. (n.d.). Hom e page. Retrieved Septem ber 1, 2008, from http://www.fab.fr/~fifi

M LA LaRue, Fifi. Hom e page. (n.d.) 1 Sept. 2008 <http://www.fab.fr/~fifi>.

INTERNET DOCUM ENT – CHAPTER OR SECTION OF A W EBSITE

The exam ple is based on section 3 of the website W eb Research Topics and Currents, entitled “Electronic Chat
Room s as Support Groups.” The section was authored by Uber R. Cerfine and was updated in 2007. The site is
hosted by UnReal University’s Departm ent of Chatology and was retrieved on August 12, 2008.

APA Cerfine, U.R. (2007). Electronic chat room s as support groups. In W eb research topics and
currents (section 3). Retrieved August 12, 2008, from the UnReal University,
Departm ent of Chatology W eb site: http://www.unreal.edu/dept/chatology/chat.htm l

M LA Cerfine, Uber R. “Electronic Chat Room s as Support Groups.” W eb Research Topics and
Currents, section 3. 2007. UnReal U Dept. Of Chatology. 12 Aug. 2008
<http://www.unreal.edu/dept/chatology/chat.htm l>.

JOURNAL ARTICLES

The basic format for an article from a journal requires the author’s name, the article title, the name of the journal, the
date of the article, and the volume, issue number, and inclusive page numbers. Not all journals use issue numbers.
W hile APA has distinguished between journals that number pages consecutively across a volume year and journals
that number each issue separately, their latest advice is to include both the volume and issue numbers if the journal
uses both, regardless of pagination. This change is explained on page 2 of the APA Style Guide to Electronic
References. APA has also simplified its citation style for electronically available articles. Retrieval date is no longer
considered necessary if the article comes from a source that is unlikely to move, such as journals, magazines, and
other published works. Most article publishers now assign DOIs (digital object identifiers) to their articles to simplify
retrieving the articles. W here a DOI is available, this should be listed for the article. If the article instead provides a
journal website and no DOI, the URL for the journal should be listed. If the article has neither a DOI nor a website
and was retrieved from a database, the retrieved from statement should provide the name of the database.

JOURNAL ARTICLE W ITH VOLUM E – ONE AUTHOR

The exam ple is based on an article by author Truly Learned, entitled “The W eb-Toed Bibliosaurus: Cranial
Measurem ents Indicate a Sm arter Than Average Lizard,” published in volum e 85 of the Journal of the Paleocranial
Society in 1995 on pages 566-592.

APA Learned, T. (1995). The W eb-Toed Bibliosaurus: Cranial m easurem ents indicate a sm arter
than average lizard. Journal of the Paleocranial Society, 85, 566-592.

M LA Learned, Truly. “The W eb-Toed Bibliosaurus: Cranial Measurem ents Indicate a Sm arter
than Average Lizard.” Journal of the Paleocranial Society 85 (1995): 566-592.
JOURNAL ARTICLE W ITH VOLUM E & NUM BER – TW O AUTHORS

The exam ple is based on an article by authors Adam Bisantz and Bea Biserk entitled “Adaptivity and Genetic
Predisposition to Tem per Tantrum s.” The article was published in 2000 in volum e 35, issue num ber 3, of the journal
Misbehavior and Medication on pages 34-48.

APA Bisantz, A. & Biserk, B. (2000). Adaptivity and genetic predisposition to tem per tantrum s.
Misbehavior and Medication, 35(3), 34-48.

M LA Bisantz, Adam and Bea Biserk. “Adaptivity and Genetic Predisposition to Tem per
Tantrum s.” Misbehavior and Medication 35.3 (2000): 34-48.

JOURNAL ARTICLE W ITH VOLUM E & NUM BER – THREE OR M ORE AUTHORS

The exam ple is based on an article authored by Otto Nom ick, Rhea Flecks, Kaye Tschin, Nye Dzherk, and Nobbie
Knease, entitled “Reaction Tim es in W hite Mice W hich have Been Adm inistered Large Doses of MSG.” The article
was published in 1998 in volum e 33, issue num ber 1, of the Journal of Reflexology & Reactivity, on pages 22-43.
APA requires listing all authors up to six. For references with m ore than six authors, the first author followed by the
abbreviation et al. will suffice.

APA Nom ick, O., Flecks, R., Tschin, K., Dzherk, N., & Knease, N. (1998). Reaction tim es in
white m ice which have been adm inistered large doses of MSG. Journal of
Reflexology & Reactivity, 33(1), 22-43.

M LA Nom ick, Otto, et al. “Reaction Tim es in W hite Mice W hich Have Been Adm inistered Large
Doses of MSG.” Journal of Reflexology & Reactivity 33.1 (1998): 22-43.

JOURNAL ARTICLE – ELECTRONICALLY PUBLISHED JOURNAL (No DOI listed)

This exam ple is based on an article published in an online journal. The article, written by author C.B. Cybernaught,
is entitled “Hyper Over Hypertext” and was published online in volum e 39, issue num ber 4, April 1995, of the
electronic journal W orld W ide W anderer. The article is 14 paragraphs long and was retrieved on May 25, 2008. APA
italicizes both the journal title and the volum e num ber. Note: APA has released revised guidelines for electronic
references that supercede Section 4.16 of the Publication Manual, 5 th edition. The new electronic guidelines can be
purchased online directly from APA: http://books.apa.org/books.cfm?id=4210509.

APA Cybernaught, C.B. (1995). Hyper over hypertext. W orld W ide W anderer, 39(4). Retrieved
from http://www.ccu.edu/wwwander/april95.htm l

M LA Cybernaught, C.B. “Hyper Over Hypertext.” W orld W ide W anderer 39.4 (1995): 14 pars. 25
May 2008. <http://www.ccu.edu/wwwander/april95.htm l>.

JOURNAL ARTICLE – ELECTRONICALLY PUBLISHED JOURNAL (DOI listed)

This exam ple is based on an article published in an online journal that assigns DOIs (Digital Object Identifiers) to
each of its articles. Most publishers are now assigning DOIs to m ake it easier to link back to electronically published
articles. The article, written by author Cosette Crem edelacrem e, is entitled “An Exam ination of Gastronom ic
Im agery in the Later Poetry of Fifi LaRue. The article was published in 2008 in volum e 13, issue num ber 2, on pages
23-43 of the journal Poetry Parisienne. The URL for the article is
http://www.parisienne.com /13_2/crem edelacrem e.htm l. The DOI for the article is 29.1027/00013-2893.13.2.23. The
article was retrieved June 13, 2008. Note: APA recommends using both volume and issue numbers for all journal
articles when both are available, regardless of pagination.
 APA Crem edelacrem e, C. (2008). An exam ination of gastronom ic im agery in the later poetry of
Fifi LaRue. Poetry Parisienne, 13(2), 23-43. doi:29.1027/00013-2893.13.2.23

M LA Crem edelacrem e, Cosette. “An Exam ination of Gastronom ic Im agery in the Later Poetry of
Fifi LaRue.” Poetry Parisienne 13.2 (2008): 23-43. 13 June 2008
<http://www.parisienne.com /13_2/crem edelacrem e.htm l>.

JOURNAL ARTICLE FROM AN ONLINE FULL-TEXT DATABASE (No DOI or URL listed)

The exam ple is based on the 2007 article “Entanglem ents in W onderland: Children’s Stories and Their Underlying
Adult Them es,” by author Silvester Stiltskin. The article was published in the journal Studies in Children’s Fiction in
the March 2007 issue, volum e 37, num ber 3, on pages 123-145. The journal has no online equivalent but it has
been reproduced electronically in the online literature database LION. The database is available at the Thom as G.
Carpenter Library at UNF and was retrieved on August 28, 2008. Note: APA recommends listing only the database
name if an article comes from a database and not the URL for the database.

APA Stiltskin, S. (2007). Entanglem ents in W onderland: Children’s stories and their underlying
adult them es. Studies in Children’s Fiction, 37(3), 123-145. Retrieved from the
LION database.

M LA Stiltskin, Sylvester. “Entanglem ents in W onderland: Children’s Stories and Their Underlying
Adult Them es.” Studies in Children’s Fiction 37.3 (2007): 123-145. LION. Thom as
G. Carpenter Library, UNF, Jacksonville, FL. 28 Aug. 2008
<http://lion.chadwyck.com >.

JOURNAL ARTICLE FROM AN ONLINE FULL-TEXT DATABASE (Journal URL listed)

The exam ple is based on the 2006 article authored by Rubio Buttons entitled “Send in the Clowns: Political
Misadventures of 21 st Century Am erica.” The article was published in volum e 3, issue num ber 2, of the journal
Political Profundity on pages 47-62. The journal also m aintains electronic copies of the articles and provides the
URL on the article title page (http://www.polprof.com /2006/buttons.htm l). The article is available in the database
PoliSci Online and was retrieved from the database on Septem ber 3, 2008.

APA Buttons, R. (2006). Send in the clowns: Political m isadventures of 21 st century Am erica.
Political Profundity, 3(2), 47-62. Retrieved from
http://www.polprof.com /2006/buttons.htm l

M LA Buttons, R. “Send in the Clowns: Political Misadventures of 21 st Century Am erica.” Political

Profundity 3.2 (2006): 47-62. PoliSci Online. Thom as G. Carpenter Library, UNF,
Jacksonville, FL. 3 Sept. 2008 <http://www.poliscionline.com >.

M AGAZINE ARTICLES

The basic format for citing a magazine article is similar to the journal format. Required information includes author’s
name, article title, name of the magazine, date of issue, and inclusive page numbers. Some magazines may include
volume numbers. Neither APA nor MLA styles require those for magazines citations.
M AGAZINE ARTICLE – ONE AUTHOR

The exam ple is based on an article published in the m agazine Food Talk. The article, “Blue Green Algae – It’s a
Main Course, It’s a Sham poo, It’s a Floor W ax – W hat Is This Stuff Anyway?” was written by author Mack Roe
Biotek and was published in the Septem ber 28, 1992, issue of the m agazine on pages 27-32.

APA Biotek, M.R. (1992, Septem ber 28). Blue green algae – It’s a m ain course, it’s a sham poo,
it’s a floor wax – W hat is this stuff anyway? Food Talk, 27-32.

M LA Biotek, Mack Roe. “Blue Green Algae – It’s a Main Course, It’s a Sham poo, It’s a Floor
W ax – W hat Is This Stuff Anyway?” Food Talk 28 Sept. 1992: 27-32.

M AGAZINE ARTICLE FROM AN ONLINE FULL-TEXT DATABASE

The exam ple is an article published by author Alm onda Chickpea in the m agazine Nutrition Around Us entitled
“Original Tofu Recipes W ith a Bit of a Kick.” The article appeared on pages 43-52 of the April 15, 2008, issue of the
m agazine. It was retrieved from the online database FoodSearch Online on August 18, 2008. The m agazine is not
available on the Internet and the article has not been assigned a DOI.

APA Chickpea, A. (2008, April 15). Original tofu recipes with a bit of a kick. Nutrition Around Us,
43-52. Retrieved from the FoodSearch Online database.

M LA Chickpea, Alm onda. “Original Tofu Recipes W ith a Bit of a Kick.” Nutrition Around Us 15
Apr. 2008: 43-52. FoodSearch Online. Thom as G. Carpenter Library, UNF,
Jacksonville, FL. 18 Aug. 2008 <http://www.foodsearchonline.com >.

M AGAZINE ARTICLE FROM AN ONLINE M AGAZINE (No Print Equivalent)

The exam ple is based on an article published in the online m agazine Mock Turtle Review in volum e 13 of the
m agazine, the Fall 2008 issue. The article, written by author Andre Doorm ouse, was entitled “Off W ith Her Head –
Alice’s Adventures with the Red Queen.” The m agazine has no print equivalent. The article was retrieved from the
m agazine’s website on Septem ber 15, 2008.

APA Doorm ouse, A. (2008, Fall). Off with her head – Alice’s adventures with the Red Queen.
Mock Turtle Review. Retrieved Septem ber 15, 2008, from
http://www.m ockturtlereview.com /fall2008/Doorm ouse.htm l

M LA Doorm ouse, Andre. “Off W ith Her Head – Alice’s Adventures with the Red Queen.” Mock
Turtle Review 13 (Fall 2008). 15 Sept. 2008
<http://www.m ockturtlereview.com /fall2008/Doorm ouse.htm l>.

NEW SPAPERS

The basic format for a newspaper article includes the author’s name (if available), the headline, the name of the
newspaper, the date of the issue, and the section and page numbers where the article is located.

NEW SPAPER ARTICLE – NO AUTHOR LISTED

The exam ple is based on an article published in the Block and Tackle Times, on October 31, 1995, in Section A, on
pages 1 and 5. The article was entitled “Congress Votes to Cut Subsidies to Earthworm Ranchers: Sport Fisherm en
Squirm Over the Loss of Cheap W orm s.” No author was listed for the article.
 APA Congress votes to cut subsidies to earthworm ranchers: Sport fisherm en squirm over the
loss of cheap worm s. (1995, October 31). The Block and Tackle Times, pp. A1, A5.

M LA “Congress Votes to Cut Subsidies to Earthworm Ranchers: Sport Fisherm en Squirm Over
the Loss of Cheap W orm s.” The Block and Tackle Tim es 31 Oct. 1995: A1, A5.

NEW SPAPER ARTICLE – AUTHOR LISTED

The exam ple is based on an article by author Alvie Singer, entitled “Let Freedom Ring,” that was published in the
Sioux Falls Trumpet, January 1, 2001, on page A12.

APA Singer, A. (2001, January 1). Let freedom ring. Sioux Falls Trumpet, p. A12.

M LA Singer, Alvie. “Let Freedom Ring. Sioux Falls Trum pet 1 Jan. 2001: A12.

NEW SPAPER ARTICLE FROM AN ONLINE FULL-TEXT DATABASE

The exam ple is based on an article written by author Annie Hall for the newspaper Split Cities Tattler on Septem ber
30, 2001. The article appeared in Section A of the newspaper on page 1 and carried the headline “Psychiatrist
Blam es Neurotic Behaviors on News Media.” The full text of the article was pulled from the subscription database
AlltheNews Online on Septem ber 30, 2002.

APA Hall, A. (2001, Septem ber 30). Psychiatrist blam es neurotic behaviors on news m edia. Split
Cities Tattler, p. A1. Retrieved from the AlltheNews Online database.

M LA Hall, Annie. “Psychiatrist Blam es Neurotic Behaviors on News Media.” Split Cities Tattler 30
Sept. 2001: A1. AlltheNews Online. Thom as G. Carpenter Library, UNF,
Jacksonville, FL. 30 Sept. 2002 <http://www.allthenews.com >.

NEW SPAPER ARTICLE FROM AN ONLINE VERSION OF A NEW SPAPER

The exam ple is based on an article written by author Blackie Dahlia for the newspaper Crying Out Loud. The article,
which appeared as an extra feature in the online version of the newspaper and was not in the print version, was
entitled “Aspiring Actresses W arned of the Dangers of Hollywood Nightlife.” The article was published online on
Septem ber 12, 2008, and was retrieved on the sam e day.

APA Dahlia, B. (2008, Septem ber 12). Aspiring actresses warned of the dangers of Hollywood
nightlife. [Online exclusive]. Crying Out Loud. Retrieved Septem ber 12, 2008, from
http://www.cryingoutloud.com /20080912/dahlia.htm l

M LA Dahlia, Blackie. “Aspiring Actresses W arned of the Dangers of Hollywood Nightlife.” Crying
Out Loud 12 Sept. 2008. 12 Sept. 2008
<http://www.cryingoutloud.com /20080912/dahlia.htm l>.

OTHER PRINT AND NON-PRINT FORM ATS

For other types of materials used in the preparation of a manuscript or research paper, follow the spirit of the
documentation requirements demonstrated above. Always try to identify authorship, whether the author is a single
individual, multiple individuals, or a corporate body. Always carefully document the title of the publication, whether it
is in print or online. And always try to identify the publishing information, which normally will include the place of
publication, the name of the publisher, and the date of publication. The amount of information available will vary
depending on the type of publication and the means of publication.

COM PANY ANNUAL REPORT

The exam ple is based on the annual report from the com pany Shockrock Enterprises, an entertainm ent firm based
in Rockland, Verm ont. The report was printed by the com pany in 2008. The com pany, itself, is the author of the
report. No individual authors are cited.

APA Shockrock Enterprises. (2008). Annual report. Rockland, VT: Author.

M LA Shockrock Enterprises. Annual Report. Rockland, VT: Shockrock Enterprises, 2008.

ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE – AUTHOR GIVEN

The exam ple is based on an article published in volum e 26 of the 2008 edition of the Encyclopedia Trivianna by the
author Leroi Faunt. The article dealt with the topic royalty and appeared on pages 501-508 of the encyclopedia.

APA Faunt, L. (2008). Royalty. In Encyclopedia trivianna. (Vol 26, pp. 501-508). London:
Encyclopedia Trivianna.

M LA Faunt, Leroi. “Royalty.” Encyclopedia Trivianna. 2008 ed.

ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE ONLINE – AUTHOR GIVEN

The exam ple is based on the sam e article listed in the foregoing exam ple except that it com es from the online
version of the encyclopedia. The article was retrieved on August 18, 2008, from the encyclopedia’s website.

APA Faunt, L. (2008). Royalty. In Encyclopedia trivianna online. Retrieved August 18, 2008,
from http://www.triviannaonline.com

M LA Faunt, Leroi. “Royalty.” Encyclopedia Trivianna Online. Encyclopedia Trivianna. 18 August

2008 <http://www.triviannaonline.com >.

ERIC DOCUM ENT

Papers filed with the ERIC system (Educational Resources Inform ation Center) are referenced m uch like books.
Required inform ation includes author’s nam e, title, date, place of production, sponsoring institution, and date.
Additionally, include the ERIC Docum ent Reproduction service num ber (ED num ber). The exam ple is a paper filed
with ERIC entitled Mon Ma, Son Sa, Ton Ta: Accelerating French Learning in the Classroom. It was authored by
Pierre Poupon and was produced in 1999 under the auspices of the LaPlum e Institute in Paris, France.

APA Poupon, P. (1999). Mon ma, son sa, ton ta: Accelerating French learning in the classroom.
Paris: LaPlum e Institute. (ERIC Docum ent Reproduction Service No. ED999333)

M LA Poupon, Pierre. Mon Ma, Son Sa, Ton Ta: Accelerating French Learning in the Classroom .
Paris: LaPlum e Institute, 1999. ED 999 333.
INTERVIEW , UNPUBLISHED

The exam ple is based on a telephone interview conducted with writer Chantilly Lace on February 27, 2008.

APA APA recom m ends citing interviews only in the body of the paper rather than in the
reference list. This applies also to letters, m em os, telephone conversations, and other
sim ilar com m unications. Use either of the following form ats in the body of the paper:

C. Lace (personal com m unication, February 27, 2008)

(C. Lace, personal com m unication, February 27, 2008)

M LA Lace, Chantilly. Telephone interview. 27 Feb. 2008.

INTERVIEW , PUBLISHED

The exam ple is based on an interview with sociologist Elian Nayzhun that was published in the m agazine Magnetic
Personalities: the Magazine of Popular Culture on pages 25-35 of the October 23, 2007, issue. The interview was
entitled “W here I’m From : an Interview with Elian Nayzhun.” Treat interviews no differently than articles from
newspapers, m agazines, and journals. If clarification is needed in the APA reference, follow the title of the interview
with a bracketed description (Exam ple: [Interview]). If it is im portant to reference the person conducting the interview
in the research, the interviewer can be listed as well.

APA Nayzhun, E. (2007, October 23). W here I’m from : An interview with Elian Nayzhun.
Magnetic Personalities: the Magazine of Popular Culture, 25-35.

M LA Nayzhun, Elian. “W here I’m From : an Interview with Elian Nayzhun.” Magnetic
Personalities: the Magazine of Popular Culture 23 October 2007: 25-35.

LAW CASE – PRINT

The exam ple is based on a case reported in the Federal Reporter, 2d series, at page 442. The case was between
Paul H. Robinson and the State of New Jersey and was decided in 1986.

APA Robinson v. New Jersey, 806 F.2d 442 (1986).

M LA Robinson v. New Jersey, 806 F.2d 442, 1986.

LAW CASE – FROM A FULL-TEXT ONLINE SERVICE

The exam ple is based on the sam e case referenced in the foregoing exam ple. In this instance, the case was
retrieved from the online database W orldLaw Essential Cases on Decem ber 15, 2007.

APA Robinson v. New Jersey, 806 F.2d 442 (1986). Retrieved from the W orldLaw Essential
Cases database.

M LA Robinson v. New Jersey, 806 F.2d 442, 1986. W orldLaw Essential Cases. Thom as G.
Carpenter Library, UNF, Jacksonville, FL. 15 Dec. 2007
<http://www.worldlawcases.com >.
SOUND RECORDING

The exam ple is based on the song entitled “Pavlov’s Child,” recorded by the group Canis Connection on their 2006
album A Nip Is Better Than a Bite. The album was produced in Labrador City, Newfoundland, by HoundSound
Records.

APA Canis Connection. (2003). Pavlov’s child. On A Nip Is Better Than a Bite [CD]. Labrador
City, Newfoundland: HoundSound.

M LA Canis Connection. “Pavlov’s Child.” A Nip Is Better Than a Bite. HoundSound, 2003.

TELEVISION PROGRAM

The exam ple is based on a television show entitled Purrrfectly W ild, which was produced by Felix LeChat and
broadcast on New York’s Felis Broadcasting Service on Septem ber 25, 2007.

APA LeChat, F. (Executive Producer). (2007, Septem ber 25). Purrrfectly W ild [Television
broadcast]. New York: Felis Broadcasting Service.

M LA Purrrfectly W ild. Prod. Felix LeChat. Felis Broadcasting Service, New York. 25 Sept. 2007.

VIDEO RECORDING

The exam ple is based on a DVD recording of the 2001 docum entary Nothing to Crow About: Chicken Exploitation in
America. The docum entary was directed by Foghorn Leghorn, produced by Elm er Fudd, and released by Looney
Productions in 2006. Lim ited in availability, it can be ordered directly from Looney at 12 Egg Drive, Suite 12,
Albuquerque, New Mexico.

APA Fudd, E. (Producer) & Leghorn, F. (Director). (2006). Nothing to crow about: Chicken
exploitation in America [Motion Picture]. (Available from Looney Productions, 12
Egg Drive, Suite 12, Albuquerque, NM)

M LA Nothing to Crow About: Chicken Exploitation in Am erica. Dir. Foghorn Leghorn. Prod.
Elm er Fudd. 2001. DVD. Looney Productions, 2006.
 In Text References

Both APA and MLA cite sources within a paper by using parenthetical, in-text references. MLA uses the author’s last
nam e and the page num ber as the reference. APA uses the author’s last nam e and the year of publication. If a
direct quote is used, APA requires author’s nam e, year, and page num ber.

The exam ples below are based on an excerpt from page 39 of French author Fifi LaRue’s auobiography, My
Fabulous Life, which was published in 1969.

Excerpt:

Paris in 1920 was sim ply exquisite! I em barked on m y writing career that year and began building
m y reputation for letters am ong the Paris intelligentsia. Oooh la la! Fifi loved Paris and Paris loved
her back, passionately and with wild abandon. I fondly rem em ber 1920 as “L’anné Merveilleuse de
Fifi.”

APA

Paraphrase or non-quoted reference

Fifi’s life was always flam boyant, but she rem arked once that the year 1920 was her m ost wonderful
year (LaRue, 1969).

Author’s nam e m entioned in the sentence

Fifi LaRue (1969) rem arked in her autobiography that she looked fondly on the year 1920 as one of
the m ost rem arkable of her life.

Direct quote

Fifi rem arked in her autobiography, “I fondly rem em ber 1920 as ‘L’anné Merveilleuse de Fifi’”
(LaRue, 1969, p. 39).

LaRue (1969, p. 39) rem arked in her autobiography, “I fondly rem em ber 1920 as ‘L’anné
Merveilleuse de Fifi.’”

M LA

Paraphrase or non-quoted reference

Fifi’s life was always flam boyant, but she rem arked once that the year 1920 was her m ost wonderful
year (LaRue 39).

Author’s nam e m entioned in the sentence

Fifi LaRue rem arked in her autobiography that she looked fondly on the year 1920 as one of the
m ost rem arkable of her life (39).

Direct quote

Fifi rem arked in her autobiography, “I fondly rem em ber 1920 as ‘L’anné Merveilleuse de Fifi’”
(LaRue 39).

LaRue rem arked in her autobiography, “I fondly rem em ber 1920 as ‘L’anné Merveilleuse de Fifi’”
(39).
 M ORE HELP W ITH CITATION STYLES

PRINT STYLE M ANUALS

American Psychological Association (APA) Style

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 5 th ed. W ashington: DC: Am erican Psychological
Association, 2001.

APA Style Guide to Electronic References. [Online PDF only]. W ashington, DC: Am erican Psychological
Association, 2007. (Supercedes Section 4.16 of the Publication Manual)

Modern Language Association (MLA) Style

Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for W riters of Research Papers. 6 th ed. New York: Modern Language Association
of Am erica, 2003.

A new edition of the MLA Handbook is scheduled for publication in early 2009.

ONLINE HELP

American Psychological Association (APA) Style

APA Style – http://www.apastyle.org

APA Style Frequently Asked Questions – http://www.apastyle.org/faqs.htm l

Modern Language Association (MLA) Style

MLA Style Frequently Asked Questions – http://www.m la.org/handbook_faq

APA and MLA Styles

Hacker, Diana. Research and Documentation Online. 2008. http://www.dianahacker.com /resdoc/

CITATION TRACKING AND M ANAGEM ENT TOOLS

There are num erous com puter-based system s for m anaging references and docum entation, including ProCite,
EndNote, and Reference Manager. The Thom as G. Carpenter Library subscribes to a web-based citation system
known as RefW orks. Available to all UNF researchers, RefW orks works with nearly all library databases and helps
researchers save inform ation on the sources they use and form at references in any of around 600 different styles,
including APA and MLA.

More inform ation is available from the Library’s website at http://www.unf.edu/library/guides/refworksinfo.htm l.

NEED M ORE HELP? CONSULT A REFERENCE LIBRARIAN.

This guide was created by Jim Alderman and was last updated September 2008.