CONDITIONAL EVENTS AND INDEPENDANT EVENTS.

CONDITIONAL EVENTS

Example 1

A number is selected randomly from the set If this number chosen is odd, what is the
probability that it is a complete square?

Example 2

The probability that a worker in company X gets a pay increase is 0.7, the probability a job promotion
is 0.5 and the probability that he gets both is 0.3.

(a) Mr Yong has been given a pay increase. What is the probability that he is getting a job
promotion as well?

(b) Mr Ravi has been promoted. What is the probability that he is getting a pay increase too?

Example 3

4 apples are selected from a lot of 10 apples. Find the number of possible selections. On scrutiny, it
was found that 4 of apples are green and they are all good. The other 6 are red and 3 of the red ones
are rotten. If events X and Y are defined as

X = event that of the 4 apples chosen, 2 are green and 3 are red

Y = event that of the 4 apples chosen, one is rotten

Find

(a) P(X)

(b) P(Y)

(c) P

(d) P

COMPLEMENTARY EVENTS

Example 4

The probability that Rozimah goes shopping is 0.8 an a sunny day and 0.4 on a rainy day. It is
forecasted that the probability it will rain tomorrow is 0.3. What is the probability that Rozaimah will
go shopping tomorrow?

INDEPENDENT EVENTS

Example 5

All 40 students in a class have their own hobbies. Among them, 7 like reading (R) only, 22 like games
(G) only and the rest have both hobies. State whether the two events R and G are

(a) Mutually exclusive, (b) independent.

Example 6

Events A and B are independent. P(A) = 0.3 and P(B) = 0.5. Find

(a) P , (b) P

Example 7

The probability a student is late for school is for each day. Find the probability that the student is late
for school at least once on two consecutive days.

Example 8

A die is tossed 6 times. What is the probability that it will give a 6 at least once?

Example 9

Alwi and Borhan are shooting at a target. The probability that Alwi’s shot hits the target is and the

probability that Borhan’s shot misses the target is . Alwi shoots first, then followed by Borhan. What
is the probability that

(a) Both their shots hit the target?

(b) Only one of their shots hits the target?

(c) None of their shots hits the target?

Example 10

A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.4, P = 0.7 and P = 0.3. Find

(a) P(A B)

(b) P(B)

(c) P(A B)

(d) P

State the reason, whether events A and B are independent.

Example 11

If A and B are two events and P(B) = , P(A B) = and P = . Find

(a) P(A)

(b) P

(c)
State with reasons, whether events A and B are

(d) Independent

(e) Mutually exclusive

Solution 1 :

n(S) = 30

Let A represent the event of getting an odd number and B represent the event the number is a complete
square.

It is easily shown that P(A) =

Then =

n( )=3

Thus P( )=

Solution 2:

Let I represent the event of a pay increase and J represent a job promotion.

P(I) = 0.7

P(J) = 0.5

P =P = 0.3
 (a) P

=P

(b) P

=P

Solution 3 :

The number of possible selection is 10C4 = 210

This means that n(S) = 210

(a) For the event X, we are selecting 2 green apples out of 4 and another 2 red apples out of 6. So
the number of combination is

n(X) = 4C2 x 6C2

= 6 x 15

= 90

And so P(X) = Apple Green Red

Good 4 3
Rotten 0 3
Total 4 6
=

(b) For the event Y, we reason this way. Since there are 3 rotten apples, the possible selection to
get a rotten apple is 3C1.
 Among the other 7 good apples (4 green and 3 red), there are 7C3 ways of selecting the other 3
apples.

n(Y) = 3C1 x 7C3

= 3 x 35

= 105

P(Y) =

(c) The event is when 2 are green and 2 are red, and among the 2 red ones, there is one
rotten. This means we will choose 2 green out of 4, one good apple out of 3 good red apples
and one rotten apple out of 3 rotten ones.

n = 4C2 x 3C1 x 3C1

=6x3x3

= 54

P =

(d) P =

Solution 4:

Let R = event it rains tomorrow

and B = event that Rozaimah goes shopping

P(R) = 0.3, which means P(R’) = 0.7

P = 0.4

P = 0.8

By the rule above, we have

P(B) = P · P(R) + P · P(R’)

= 0.4 x 0.3 + 0.8 x 0.7

= 0.68

Thus, the probability that Rozaimah will go shopping tomorrow is 0.68.

Solution 6 :

(a) Since A and B are independent,

P = P(A) x P(B)

= 0.3 x 0.5

= 0.15

(b) P = P(A) + P(B) – P

= 0.3 + 0.5 – 0.15

= 0.65