CHAPTER

CHAPTER 33

The Balance Equation and

the Mass Balance

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 Outline
Outline
! The General Balance Equation
! The Mass Balance
! Steady-State Balances
! Unsteady-State Mass Balances

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 Learning
Learning Outcomes
Outcomes
• At the end of the chapter, you should be able
to:
1. Define the general balance equation
2. Define and apply the mass balance equations in
solving the steady-state and unsteady-state fluid
flow problems

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 The
The General
General Balance
Balance Equation
Equation
• Population of Malaysia can change by:
Births, Deaths, Immigration, Emigration

• Population balance:
Increase/
decrease in = Births – Deaths + Immigration - Emigration
population

• The general balance equation:

Accumulation = Creation – Destruction + Flow in – Flow out

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Three important elements in applying the
general balance equation:

Surroundings
region outside the
System system
Boundary region chosen to
study the
Real or imaginary changes of a
surface that physical property
separates the
system from its
surroundings

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 The
The General
General Balance
Balance Equation
Equation
If X is a physical property,

Accumulation of X = Creation of X– Destruction of X +

X flowing in – X flowing out

System
X flowing in Accumulation of X X flowing out
+ Creation of X
- Destruction of X
Surrounding
Boundary

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 System
• Closed system • Open system
– Control mass – Control volume
– Only energy can cross – Both mass and energy
the boundary, but not can cross the boundary
mass boundary
Energy in
Mass in

Energy YES

Mass NO
Energy out
Mass out
Accumulation = Creation - Destruction
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Let X be a physical property,
Over a finite time period, the general
balance for X is
Nonreactive system: Xin – Xout = ∆Xsys (1)

Xin Xout
∆Xsys

Xin = Amount of X brought into the system

Xout = Amount of X taken out of the system
∆Xsys = Accumulation of X in the system
Nonreacting system ► mixer, nozzle, tank
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 Divide Equation (1) by ∆t,
X in X out ∆X sys • • dX sys
− = xin − xout =
∆t ∆t ∆t dt

•
xin = The rate of X brought into the system
x• out = The rate of X taken out of the system
dXsys/dt = The rate of accumulation of X in the system

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For a species i in a reactive system:
Xiin – Xiout + Xigenerated – Xiconsumed = ∆Xisys (2)

Xiin ∆Xisys Xiout

Xigenerated
Xiconsumed

Xiin = Amount of X of species i brought into the system

Xiout = Amount of X of species i taken out of the system
∆Xisys = Accumulation of X of species i in the system
Reactive system ► reactor

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 The
The Mass
Mass Balance
Balance

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 min

mout

 Increase in mass   Flow of   Flow of 

  =   −  
 within chosen boundaries   mass in   mass out 

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 •
min

 dm 
 
 dt  system •
mout

 Rate of Increase in mass   Mass flow   Mass flow 

  =   −  
 within chosen boundaries   rate in   rate out 

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 Mass balance equation of a non-reactive system

 dm  • •
  = min − mout
 dt  system

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 Steady-state mass balance
(Steady state or sometimes called steady flow
= Nothing is changing with respect to time)

 dm 
  =0
 dt  system

• •
min = mout
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 For single stream in and out,

• •
m1 = m 2

•
m 1

control
volume

m1 = m2
•
m 2

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 For multiple streams,

∑ m& in = ∑m
& out

m1
control
m2 volume

m1 + m2 =
m3 + m4 m3

m4
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 Since mass is related to density and volume:
•
m = ρQ = ρAV
Where:
•
m = mass flow rate (kg/s)
ρ = density of fluid (kg/m3)
Q = volumetric flow rate (m3/s)
A = cross sectional area of the pipe / conduit (m2)
V = velocity of fluid passing through the cross sectional area (m/s)

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For a steady-state flow into and out of a sys,
the mass balance equation is

• •
m1 = m2
Continuity
ρA1V1 = ρ2A2V2 (1) equation for
irregular ρ

If the ρ of fluid is constant, (1) reduces to

Continuity
A1V1 = A2V2 (2)
equation for
constant ρ
Q1 = Q2
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 For an unsteady-state mass balance,
equation below is used:

 dm  • •
  = m in − m out
 dt system

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 Example
Example 11
• Water is flowing steadily in a pipe. At point 1 the
inside diameter is 0.25 m and the velocity is 2 m/s.
Determine:
(a) The mass flow rate
(b) The volumetric flow rate
(c) The velocity
at point 2 where the inside diameter is 0.125 m?

1 2

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 Solution
Solution
• •
 kg  π 2  m 
(a) m2 = m1 = ρA1V1 = 1000 3  (0.25m )  2 
 m  4  s 
kg
= 98.2
s
(b)
From continuity equation
ρ1A1V1 = ρ2A2V2 " A1V1 = A2V2 (water is an incompressible fluid)

• kg
98.2 3
m1 s = 0.0982 m
Q2 = Q1 = =
ρ kg s
1000 3
m
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 Solution
Solution
c) From continuity equation
ρ1A1V1 = ρ2A2V2 " A1V1 = A2V2 (since density is constant)

π 2  π 2 
 D1  V1 =  D2  V2
4  4 
2
D1
⇒ V2 = V1 2
D2
 m  0.25 
2
=  2  
2 
 s  0.125 
m
=8
s
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 Example
Example 22
A steady-flow river has a cross section that is approximately
a rectangle with 5 m deep and 18 m wide at point 1. The
average velocity at that point is 0.35 m/s.
(a) What is the volumetric flow rate (m3/s) at point 1?
(b) What is the average velocity at point 2 where the channel
shape has changed to 2 m in depth and 150 m in wide?

5m 1 2
2m

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 Solution
Solution

(a)

3
 m m
Q1 = A1V1 = (5 m )(18 m ) 0.35  = 31.5
 s s

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 Solution
Solution
(b)
m3
Q2 = Q1 = 31.5 = A 2 V2
s
3
m
31.5
V2 = s
(2 m )(150 m )
m
= 0.105
s

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 Example
Example 33
• A lake has a surface area of 100 km2. One river is
bringing water into the lake at a rate of 10,000 m3/s,
while another is taking water out at 8000 m3/s.
Neglecting evaporation of the water, how fast is the
level of the lake rising or falling?

Q1 = 10000 m3/s Q2 = 8000 m3/s

River 1 Lake River 2

dh/dt ?
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 Solution
Solution

dm • • dh Q in − Q out
= min − mout =
dt dt A
d(ρV ) 10000
m3
− 8000
m3
= ρQin − ρQout
dt = s s
2 2
dV 1000 m
= Qin − Qout 100 km 2 ×
dt km 2
d(Ah) = 2 ×10 -5 m
= Qin − Qout s
dt

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