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- energy is the capacity to do work or produce heat
- 




energy cannot be created or destroyed
- 


: due to position or composition
- 

due to the motion of an object and depends on mass KE=½mvx
-* temperature is a property that reflects the random motions of the particles in a
particular substance. Heat involves the transfer of energy between two objects due to a
temperature difference
- : a force acting over a distance
- 
and are the two ways to transfer energy
- work and heat are pathway dependent, but energy is not pathway dependent (it will
always be the same)
- energy is a state function, but work and heat are not

-p 



: sum of kinetic and potential energies of all of the ³particles´ in
the system. It can be changed by a flow of work, heat, or both
-p ^  
-p £ressure = F/A
-p ÿ!"^
-p In the above equation, £ refers to external pressure

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- 

 (H) = E + £
- at constant pressure (where only £ work is allowed), ǻH = qÊ

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- 
 


energy required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of that
substance by 1K.
- 









no £ work occurs Cv= 3/

- heat required to change the temperature of 1 mol of gas by 1 K at constant
volume
- 









: volume increases, so £ work occurs
- energy is required to change translational energy of the gas and to provide the
work the gas does as it expands
- Cp = Cv +
= 5/

- 




polyatomic gases use some of the energy to increase
rotational and vibrational energy, which do not contribute to an increase in temperature.
Therefore, polyatomic gases have a much larger molar heat capacity than monatomic
gases.
ǻE = nCvǻT (when a gas is heated at constant volume, all the input energy goes to
increasing E (no heat is needed to do work)

qp = nCpǻT· = n(Cv+
)ǻT · =nCvǻT + n
ǻT (when heated at constant pressure and
work occurs)

ǻH = nCpǻT (can be used regardless of any conditions on pressure or volume)

-p at constant volume, qv = ǻE
-p a useful equation is: £ǻ = n
ǻT (which comes from the ideal gas law)

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- heat capacity C = heat absorbed/increase in temeprture
- if heat capacity is given per gram« then it is called the specific heat capacity
- if heat capacity is given per mole« then it is called the molar heat capacity
- energy released by the reaction = energy absorbed by the solution
- energy released by the reaction = specific heat capacity x mass of solution x ǻT
- incalorimetry experiments involving coffee cup calorimeters, the reaction occurs with
solutions, which means that the relative volume is the same and there is no change in
pressure (in other words, no £ work occurs)
- in these experiments: ǻE = qp = ǻH
- however, when working with gases, there are reactions that can occur at constant
pressure and constant temperature that exhibit volume change (i.e. the compression of a
cylinder)
- experiments carried out at constant volume can also occur and make use of a bomb
calorimeter. At constant volume, no work occurs and ǻE = qv

()*+

- )*
states that in going from a particular set of reactants to a particular set of
products, the change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step
or a series of steps
- if a reaction is reversed, the ǻH is also reversed and if a reaction is multiplied by a
given factor the ǻH value is also multiplied by that given factor

,-




.


- 






the change in enthalpy that accompanies the
formation of one mole of a compound from its elements with all substances in their
standard states (ǻHf°)
ǻH°reaction = ȈǻHf° (products) - ȈǻHf° (reactants)
-p elements in their standard states are not included

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