COATING ISSUES AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION
BY REGULATIONS —UNTHOUGHT FOR
DECADES , BECOMING REALITY
Narayana Prakash
Project Manager [New Builds]
G.T.R.C.Marine Consultants, Nassau, Bahamas
ABSTRACT:
Corrosion protection of ships in the marine environment
has challenged for years in the areas of their hulls and
internal tanks. The coating process has long been receiving
less attention compared to other engineering activities that
go into the construction and maintenance of ships. This is
RIWHQUHÀHFWHGE\WKHUHODWLYHO\VORZGHYHORSPHQWLQFRDWLQJ
and surface preparation technology in comparison to other
shipyard engineering processes, and the lack of hard data
on installation and subsequent maintenance of the coating
system.
In 2006, as a means to minimize early corrosion failure of
ships and further to enhance Maritime safety, IMO proposed
Kamala Krishnan .P.G.
Coating Surveyor [New Builds],
G.T.R.C.Marine Consultants, Nassau, Bahamas
this way it could be possible to extend the safe life of the
vessel.
Remember a Deck Cadet or Seaman chipping on the deck
for rust. Introduction of PSPC regulates the activities by
procedural methods for which systematic training and
process for coating application are becoming mandatory.
This paper discusses the coating standards including surface
preparation and coating application for the purpose of
enhancing the safety, performance and life of the ships.
INTRODUCTION
The requirement of the IMO PSPC regulations for ballast
tank coatings includes the creation and maintenance of a
a mandatory resolution commonly referred to as the
Performance Standard for Protective Coatings (PSPC) for
Ballast tanks of Newly built ships to satisfy target useful life
of 15 years.
The PSPC rules are new and unproven concepts which
call for rigorous incorporation of reality based evidences
currently available since there is limited practical experience
in terms of the validity of the PSPC.
7KHOLIHWLPHRIDVKLSLVJUHDWO\LQÀXHQFHGE\WKHFRUURVLRQ
FRQGLWLRQV SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ WKH EDOODVW WDQNV 7R IXO¿OO WKH
demand for a long service life, the water ballast tanks should
ideally be protected with a high-quality coating system
correctly applied at the new building stage.
After delivery of the vessel a regular inspection and
maintenance plan should be followed where any damage,
ZKHQREVHUYHGLVUHPHGLHGXSZLWKDVSHFL¿HGFRDWLQJ,Q
28 MARINE ENGINEERS REVIEW (INDIA) March 2011
FRDWLQJVWHFKQLFDO¿OH&7)FRQWDLQLQJLQVSHFWLRQUHFRUGV
IRUWKHEDOODVWWDQNVFRDWLQJKLVWRU\IURPVWDUWWR¿QLVK
To organize it in a timely, cost effective manner, digital
inspection data can be stored and retrieved during the coating
process so that it eases the building of the ship without extra
work on the inspectors.
The regulation is intended to ensure that the coatings on
ballast tank to achieve a target life of 15 years and coating
inspection processes are fully documented in CTF- kept
on board of the ship at the completion of the building. In
addition the performance of the coating system is a condition
of class under the Enhanced Survey Program (ESP). With the
PSPC is incorporated in the SOLAS regulations the issues
becomes even more important, indicating the performance
the ballast tank coating as critical to the safety of life at sea,
DVLPSRUWDQWDV¿UH¿JKWLQJHTXLSPHQWVRQERDUG2QHNH\
aspect of the PSPC requirement is the need for the shipyard
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to deliver the vessel complete with
a CTF. This SOLAS document is
aimed at providing a record of the
coating history for the ballast tanks
from the application of shop primer,
through to the delivery of the vessel.
The IMO resolution MSC.215(82)
or PSPC in sea water ballast tanks
KDVUDLVHGFRQVLGHUDEO\WKHSUR¿OHRI
coating activities in yards, owners and
regulatory authorities. The prospect
of additional IMO resolutions on
coatings to deal with other critical
areas in vessel are attracting the
attention of many people.
THE NEED: AIMS OF PSPC
This mandatory standard applies to
coating of ballast tanks in all ships
above 500 GT as well as double-
side skin spaces on bulk carriers,
and is an effort to protect the marine
environment and seafarers. The aim
is to ensure the structural integrity
of the vessel as a whole by avoiding
the catastrophic effects of corrosion,
thereby improving marine safety in
general.IMO PSPC needs following:
1. Coating system must be type
DSSURYHG E\  FODVVL¿FDWLRQ
society .
2. The coating inspectors are
IRUPDOO\ FHUWL¿HG )526,2
NACE or similar)
3. Documentation for all work
related to the coating of the
ballast tanks is compiled in a CTF
(Coating Technical File), which
From a situation like this to-----
MARINE ENGINEERS REVIEW (INDIA) March 2011
is to follow the vessel through its  6SHFL¿HG WKLFNQHVV WR EH FRDWHG
service life. in acceptable atmospheric
4. To provide a 15 year or more life conditions.
IRU EDOODVW WDQN FRDWLQJV GH¿QHG Quality Assurance in Today’s
as being in ‘good’ condition Shipyards:
(resolution A.744(18)).
 *RRG¶ FRQGLWLRQ LV GH¿QHG LQ ‡ 6FLHQWL¿F DSSURDFK LQDGHTXDWH WR
resolution A.744(18) and is “ SURFHVV DQG  IDFLOLWLHV  WUDLQHG
minor rust spotting affecting < 3% personnel
and < 20% of welds and edges” ‡ &DOFXODWLRQHUURUV
6. Better coating systems with less ‡ 2XWRIVSHFUHDGLQJDFFHSWDQFH
maintenance ‡ 2YHUZULWHVRIGDWD
7. Improved safety at sea. ‡ 8QUHDGDEOHGDWD
WHY BALLAST TANKS: ‡ 6LJQDWXUHV E\ XQTXDOL¿HG
inspectors
Ballast water tanks are a very
MHRSDUGL]HG DUHDV RQ VKLSV (I¿FLHQW ‡ 7UDQVFULSWLRQHUURUV
coating in these tanks can improve ‡ (QYLURQPHQWDO FOHDQOLQHVV
VKLSV VDIHW\ DQG SUR¿WDELOLW\ %DOODVW conditions are not available/
ignored due to pressure on delivery
tanks are very susceptible to corrosion
schedules.
due to their constant wet and dry
conditions when the ship is ballasted Coating manufactures recommend
or carrying a full cargo. Apparently QRPLQDOGU\¿OPWKLFNQHVVYDOXHVIRU
FRDWLQJVSHFL¿FDWLRQVRIWKHVKLSVIRU which the properties of their coating
Water Ballast Tanks at New Building apply, such as adhesion and other
don’t satisfy 15 years of coating life. performance properties. In some cases
maximum thickness values should
Shipyard Problems ?
not be exceeded to prevent cracking
Today the surface preparation and and other failure phenomena. Owners
coating process is considered by most SUHSDUH VSHFL¿FDWLRQV RQ WKHVH
shipyards as a ‘bottleneck’ in the guides. This means that a record of
process of Blasting and Coating. WKH VSHFL¿HG FRDWLQJ DQG WKH FRDWLQJ
process is essential when preparing
The application process must be
and carrying out inspections.
controlled with respect to the anti-
FRUURVLRQ FRDWLQJ WKDW LV ¿W IRU WHAT DOES IMO PSPC
purpose. CONSISTS OF?
1. The substrate must be correctly 1. Type approval of the coating
prepared to standard cleanliness system.
DQGSUR¿OH 2. Technical Requirements (Coating
data sheets, detailed application
process).
 9HUL¿FDWLRQ DQG ,QVSHFWLRQ DQG
documentation of coating process.
4. Documentation - Coating
Technical File (coating history)-to
be maintained onboard.
THE PARTIES INVOLVED:
In all new building contracts today for
building and painting a ship the parties
involved are:
– Ship-owner
– Shipyard
To Like this –under construction and to
last for at least 15 years – Maker [Coating ]
www.imare.in 29
WHAT THEY NEED:
Ship-owner :
± $YHVVHOEXLOWWRVSHFL¿FDWLRQDWDQ
agreed price and delivered at the
agreed time
– IMO PSPC complied coatings in
ballast tanks to give trouble free
good performance for 15 years or
more.
Consequences for the Ship Owner:
‡ ([SHFWHGWKDWQHZEXLOGLQJSULFHV
may increase by about 3-5%.
‡ +DYH WR PRQLWRU DQG PDLQWDLQ
ballast tank spaces.
‡ +DYH WR UHZULWH WKHLU VWDQGDUG
SDLQW VSHFL¿FDWLRQV WR UHÀHFW WKH
regulations.
‡ 0DLQWDLQFRDWLQJWHFKQLFDO¿OHRQ
board the ship.
‡ %HQH¿WV ± ORQJHU VHUYLFH OLIH RI
vessel.
Consequences for the Shipyard:
‡ 7R KDYH DQG LPSOHPHQW VFLHQWL¿F
approach for coating activities.
‡ 7R EXLOG DQG GHOLYHU YHVVHOV ZLWK
IMO compliance.
‡ 7R PDNH D SUR¿W LQ GRLQJ VR LQ
most cases!)
‡ 6KLS\DUGV REOLJDWLRQ LQ SUHSDULQJ
tripartite agreement between
‡ 7KUHHSDUWLHVRZQHUVKLS\DUGDQG
coating manufacturer)
‡ &RDWLQJ LQVSHFWLRQ E\ FHUWL¿HG
coating inspector.
Coating Manufacturer :
‡ (QVXUH W\SH DSSURYHG FRDWLQJV WR
the shipyard.
‡ 6XSSO\ QHFHVVDU\ 7HFKQLFDO
support data sheets(application
and process
parameters, maintenance procedure
after delivery etc,)
‡ &RQWLQXRXV 5 ' IRU EHWWHU
coatings.
‡ &RQWLQXDOO\ XSGDWH UHJDUGLQJ
coating Technology to Shipyards.
5ROHRI&ODVVL¿FDWLRQ
‡ $SSURYLQJ RI SUHTXDOL¿FDWLRQ
tests and issuance of a Statement
of Compliance or Type Approval
&HUWL¿FDWHIRUFRDWLQJV\VWHPV
‡ &KHFN 7HFKQLFDO 'DWD 6KHHW DQG
the Statement of Compliance or
7\SH$SSURYDO&HUWL¿FDWHFRPSO\
with this Standard, In short
,Coating Application.
‡ &KHFN  FRDWLQJ LQVSHFWRU LV
Date Event
SOLAS XII/6.3 comes
1st July 2006
into force
8th Dec 2006 Draft resolution adopted
Applied to all ships of
1st July 2008
not less than 500GT.
Will apply to all Keels
1st Jan 2009
laid after this date
Will apply to all vessels
1st July 2012
delivered after this date
IMPLEMENTATION DATES
In adopting resolution MSC.215(82),
the Performance Standard for Protective
Coatings (PSPC), on December 8,
2006, the International Maritime
Organization (IMO) mandated the
coating of dedicated seawater ballast
tanks for all new ships of 500 gt or
more and the coating of double-sided
skin spaces of bulk carriers of length
equal to or greater than 150 meters.
The PSPC will come into effect for
ships which are contracted on or after
July 1, 2008; or, in the absence of a
building contract, the keels of which
are laid on or after January 1, 2009;
or for vessels to be delivered on or
after July 1, 2012. (although it was
introduced under the International
$VVRFLDWLRQRI&ODVVL¿FDWLRQ6RFLHWLHV
(IACS) Common Structural Rules in
January 2008).
Usually shipyards, owners and
‡ 3UHSDUDWLRQRI&7)/RJERRN TXDOL¿HG LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH
‡ ,QFUHDVHLQFRQVWUXFWLRQWLPHWREH
managed.
‡ 6HWWKHFRUUHFWFRDWLQJSURFHVVDQG
procedures to meet the standard.
‡ 7UDLQWKHFRQWDFWRUVPDQSRZHU
‡ 0RGLI\  DXJPHQW XSJUDGH
required new facilities.
‡ 4XDOLI\VWDIIWR1$&()526,2
or equivalent.
TXDOL¿FDWLRQVWDQGDUGVLQWKH,02
PSPC,-Inspection of Coating.
‡ 5HYLHZ RI WKH &RDWLQJ 7HFKQLFDO
File (CTF).
Where do we stand now:
We can see that only the Builder and
Owner were interested in the coating
program in any New Buildings as on
now for Pre-PSPC vessels. The Role
of Class was missing in many cases
operators have a long lead time to
fully grasp the technical and cost
implications of new legislation; in the
case of the PSPC they did not have
this advantage..
WHAT IF THE DEADLINE IS
CROSSED?
IMO has published a circular- MSC.1/
Circ.1247 dated 6th November 2007
UHJDUGLQJ 8QL¿HG LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI
‡ ,QVSHFWLRQ UHFRUGV HOHFWURQLF WR
be auditable.
‡ 6HOHFW RQO\ 7\SH ±DSSURYHG
coating systems
‡ 3UHSDUH D &7) &RDWLQJ
Technical File) and Records to be
retrievable.
30 MARINE ENGINEERS REVIEW (INDIA) March 2011
but with the PSPC implementation,
Inspection, Witness and Review will
FRPHLQWRSLFWXUH6RPHFODVVL¿FDWLRQV
societies have already incorporated
in their Quality policies, regarding
Inspection in their Quality Assurance
Programme.
“Unforeseen Delay in Delivery of
Ships” adding specially to application
scheme in SOLAS regulation II-1/3-2.
The Delay in delivery is due to
unforeseen circumstances beyond
the control of the builder and the
www.imare.in
owner , may be accepted
by the Administration
stating that the unforeseen
circumstances beyond the
control of the builder and
owner .In such a situation
the delivery date annotated
on the passenger ship
VDIHW\ FHUWL¿FDWH FDUJR
ship safety construction
FHUWL¿FDWH RU FDUJR VKLS
VDIHW\FHUWL¿FDWHVKRXOGEH
foot noted to indicate that
the ship is accepted by the
administration under the
unforeseen delay.
Courtesy: Masanori Yoshida, Japan Ship Technology Research
&ODVVL¿FDWLRQ VRFLHWLHV
like DNV recommend
planning for compliance with PSPC
if delivery date is close to the cut off
date delay might push the delivery past
the cut- off date. Yards and owners
should include a clause in the contract
long series of sister ships for how to
deal with possible requirements not
in force or not known at the date of
signing the contract.
Instruments to meet Target of IMO
PSPC:
The PSPC sets out requirements for
improved procedures of coating water
ballast tanks and better quality control
by increased inspection requirements
at all stages within surface preparation,
coating application and coating
quality.
‡ 8VHRIW\SHDSSURYHGFRDWLQJV
Association
‡ 3UHSDUH&7)
Minimum requirements of CTF:
‡ 7\SHDSSURYDOGRFXPHQWV
‡ 7HFKQLFDOGDWDVKHHWVRIFRDWLQJV
‡ 3URFHGXUH IRU UHSDLU GXULQJ QHZ
building
‡ /RJVKRZLQJFRDWLQJGRQHDVSHU
VSHFL¿FDWLRQ
Including inspection report,
completion dates, inspection
remarks, results with relevant
signatures.
‡ 'HWDLOVRIPDLQWHQDQFHDQGUHSDLU
of coating during service
PSPC requirements
Primary Surface Preparation:
‡ 7\SHDSSURYHGVKRSSULPHU
‡ 6WHHO WR EH EODVWHG WR QHDU ZKLWH
be blasted off.
‡ 6KDUS HGJHV WR EH JURXQGHG WR
2mm radius.
‡ 7KHUHWDLQHGDSSURYHGVKRSSULPHU
to be sweep blasted / high pressure
washed or prepared by equivalent
cleaning method.
‡ 1R YLVLEOH GXVW RLO GLUW VKDOO
remain.
Surface Preparation after
Erection:
‡ 1R YLVLEOH GXVW RLO GLUW VKDOO
remain.
‡ (UHFWLRQ MRLQWV DUH WR EH SRZHU
tooled to St 3 or more.
‡ &RQWLQXRXVGDPDJHPRUHWKDQ
m2 or 2% area to be blasted to Sa
2 ½.
‡ &RDWLQJV RYHU ODSV DUH WR EH
feathered using papering / disk
grinding.
THE INSPECTION PROCESS:
SOLAS Regulations II-1/3-2----
PSPC CHALLENGES:
‡ 6KRXOGUHVXOWLQ,PSURYHGGHVLJQ
‡ $ JUHDWHU QHHG IRU TXDOL¿HG
inspectors
‡ $JUHDWHUGHPDQGIRUHGXFDWLRQLQ
coating management
‡ $ PRUH V\VWHPDWLF DSSURDFK WR
inspection (objectivity)
‡ 1HZ WHFKQRORJ\ VROXWLRQV IRU
equivalent systems
‡ ,QFUHDVHG DXWRPDWLRQ DQG FRQWURO
of processes
‡ :ULWWHQ WULSDUWLWH DJUHHPHQW
(builder owner, maker)
‡ 6XSHUYLVLRQE\TXDOL¿HGLQVSHFWRU
‡ 0RQLWRULQJ E\ FODVVL¿FDWLRQ
society.
‡ 3UHSDUH&7)
Effects of PSPC on shipbuilding
yards:
‡ <DUGWRVHOHFWW\SHDSSURYHGSDLQW
‡ 7R KDYH TXDOL¿HG H[SHULHQFHG
inspectors
‡ ,QYHVWPHQWV UHTXLUHG IRU QHZ
facilities if needed.
‡ 6WDQGDUGL]HSURFHVVDQGSURFHGXUH
without time delays.
MARINE ENGINEERS REVIEW (INDIA) March 2011
PHWDO6DòZLWKDSUR¿OHWR ‡ %HWWHUGDWDUHFRUGLQJ UHWULHYDO
75 microns. ‡ 0DQDJHPHQWWRROV
‡ $WDQ5+OHVVWKDQDQGVWHHO
temperature 3 degree above dew
point.
‡ :DWHU VROXEOH VDOWV PHDVXUHG DV
sodium chloride </= 50 mg/ sq
m.
Surface preparation during block
stage.
Courtesy: Jotun Paints
‡ 'DPDJHGDQGZHOGWREHEODVWHG
WR 6D  ò  ZLWK SUR¿OH  WR 
GAP ANALYSIS:
microns.
‡ :DWHU VROXEOH VDOWV PHDVXUHG DV The main objective of the gap
sodium chloride </= 50 mg/ sq m. analysis is to assess yards’ current
‡ ,I WKH VKRS SULPHU LV QRW W\SH coating practices, identify problems
approved minimum 70% of it to and provide timely technical advice
www.imare.in 31
 18. GMMCO
Limited
- Full Page
Colour

32 MARINE ENGINEERS REVIEW (INDIA) March 2011 www.imare.in

for yards to improve in order to meet
PSPC requirement. The gap analysis
looks at every stage of the coating
process:
‡ FRDWLQJ IDFLOLWLHV SULPHU VKRS
blasting and painting cells
‡ FXUUHQW SUDFWLFH RI VXUIDFH
preparation and coating
application
‡ 363&GRFXPHQWSUHSDUDWLRQ
‡ LQVSHFWRUWUDLQLQJ
‡ TXDOLW\ DVVXUDQFH DQG TXDOLW\
control procedures.
Correctly understanding the PSPC
requirements and identifying and
closing any gaps between current
practice and the required standard
is critical for a shipyard. It should
also be emphasized that compliance
with PSPC is not only a task for the
yard’s painting department; good
structural design, co-ordination of
different production departments
and management and supervision
of production processes are equally
important and relevant.
Shipbuilders face a number of strategic
pressures to deliver ships in a shorter
timescale, of increasing complexity
and modularity, to demanding
environmental rules, whilst lowering
initial build and operating costs.
One strategy for achieving these
objectives is to keep partners more
closely linked throughout the supply
and process chain. It is stated that
partnerships between customers,
shipyards and subcontractors are a
common feature of shipbuilding and
are now an emerging theme in the
commercial market. The complexities
of the information exchange between
shipyards and subcontractors, and
WKH QHHG IRU GH¿QHG DQG HIIHFWLYH
ZRUNÀRZV LQFOXGLQJ DQ HIIHFWLYH
engineering change management
process, are crucial.
FINAL SOLUTION:
Improving the Coating Standards:
The new regulation is stringent and
may have a great impact on shipyards.
Corrective measures are to be taken at
the planning / design stage to improve
surface treatment and coating without
affecting productivity.
1. The shipyard may adopt process
plant type coating application
process.
2. Improving ship design by increasing
size of scallops, uVLQJ UROOHG SUR¿OHV
avoiding complex geometric
FRQ¿JXUDWLRQV DQG HQVXULQJ WKDW
WKH VWUXFWXUDO FRQ¿JXUDWLRQV SHUPLW
easy access for tools and to facilitate
cleaning and draining and drying of
the space.
Countermeasures played by
Designers to some extent:
1. Less Block Joints to be located
in ballast tanks, as it is impossible
to avoid block joints in ballast tanks.
This can help in smaller vessels.
2. Simplify the structural details in
ballast tanks: arrange stiffeners on
the exterior side of tank boundary if
possible.
3. Use shape and section steel like
bulb plates and inverted angles instead
of built up sections to reduce the time
consuming edge grinding treatments.
4. Lightening holes to be greater than
400mm and drain holes to be as large
as possible.
WHAT NEXT?
The notations are a response to the
International Maritime Organization’s
(IMO) recently adopted Performance
Standard for Protective Coatings
(PSPC) for water ballast tanks and
to the imminent adoption of other
coatings standards for void spaces,
cargo oil tanks and through-life
maintenance of coatings.
Changing Mindset to Structured
Approach:
With the Implementation of PSPC
every shipyard must have its own
Performance Improvement Program
which envisages:
1. Evaluate the applied technology

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MARINE ENGINEERS REVIEW (INDIA) March 2011 www.imare.in 33

 and practices against the
International best practice.
2. Identify gaps and imbalances in
the existing system.
3. Identify areas that require prompt
attention.
4. Generate a prioritized performances
plan.
If not developed at this incipient stage
IRU *UHHQ¿HOG VKLS\DUGV WKHQ WRXJK
time is awaiting with Regulation
enforcements. Existing Shipyards to
expand vision based on PSPC.
Ship Owners Goals
‡ $FKLHYHD\HDURUPRUHXVHIXO
coating life
‡ (QVXUH WKH\ NQRZ KRZ WKH VKLS
was constructed
‡ (YDOXDWH TXDOLW\ RI 6KLS\DUG
Preservation efforts
‡ %DVLV IRU HYDOXDWLQJ TXDOLW\ RI
coating application
‡ 'DWD LQ DQ HOHFWURQLF IRUPDW
3DSHUOHVVGDWD¿OH
‡ +DYH PHDQLQJIXO SUHVHUYDWLRQ
management tool
‡ 0LQLPL]H OLIH WLPH SUHVHUYDWLRQ
costs.
34 MARINE ENGINEERS REVIEW (INDIA) March 2011
GOAL-BASED STANDARDS
PSPC will set up an internationally
accepted approach for enhancing
safety of life at sea and protection of
the marine assets and environment. It
ZLOO DOORZ ÀH[LELOLW\ LQ HOLPLQDWLQJ
competition on scantling and safety
standards. It will be a challenge in
all developing regulations, standards
and operational practice under the
framework of GBS which is open to
innovation.
References:
1. 17th international ship and offshore
structures congress 16-21 august 2009
Seoul, Korea volume 1 pg-23-25.
2. Coating Performance Standards-A
UHYLHZVD¿QDK
 8QL¿HGLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIXQIRUHVHHQ
delay in delivery of ships) MSC.1/
CIRC.1247dated 6th Nov 2007
4. Comments from Japanese Shipyards,
Masanori Yoshida. Japan Ship
Technology Research Association.
PPT
 6D¿QDK&RDWLQJ 3HUIRUPDQFH
Standard-A Review- PCE - PSPC
Workshop ,Amsterdam February 2007
Session 1-slide 36
6. UI SC 223 “For Application of SOLAS
Regulation II- 1/3-2 Performance
Standard for Protective Coatings
(PSPC) for Dedicated Seawater
Ballast Tanks in All Types of Ships
and Double-side Skin Spaces of Bulk
Carriers, adopted by Resolution
MSC.215(82)”.
7. MARITIME SAFETY COMMITTEE
84th session Agenda item 11, MSC
84/11/6 -Ship Design and Equipment
 'HVLJQRI*UHHQ¿HOGVKLS\DUGLQ,QGLD
by Narayana Prakash, GTRC, Marine
consultants Ltd . page 29-30,39
IMARE(I) March 2010.
9. Guide to Ballast tank protection—
Jotun Ppt - Renate Hegna,slide 49
10. IMO resolution MSC.215(82)
About the Authors:
Narayana Prakash is Ex-Chief Engineer
who is now working as Project Manager
[New Buildings] with GTRC Marine
Consultants, Ltd,Nassau Bahamas, for
a Project at Bharati Shipyard, Ratnagiri.
He is Fellow of Institution of Marine
Engineers.
Mr. P.G. Kamala Krishnan is working as
Coating Surveyor with GTRC Marine
Consultants, Ltd for a Project at Bharati
Shipyard, Ratnagiri.
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