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2. Cells use different signaling strategies to achieve different goals. In hormonal signaling
_____.
A. numerous cells can receive and respond to a signal produced in their vicinity
B. the signal can be directed to a very specific target because a narrow space separates
the target cell from the transmitting cell
C. a concentration gradient between the signaling cell and its target cells is established,
causing cells along the gradient to respond in different ways
D. specialized cells release hormone molecules into the circulatory system, permitting
distant cells to be affected
E. special molecules are passed through cell junctions
3. Testosterone and estrogen are lipid-soluble signal molecules that cross the plasma
membrane by simple diffusion. If these molecules can enter all cells, why do only
specific cells respond to their presence?
A. Nontarget cells possess enzymes that immediately degrade the molecules as they
enter the cell.
B. Nontarget cells lack the inactive enzymes that the signal molecules activate.
C. Nontarget cells lack the intracellular receptors that, when activated by the signal
molecule, can interact with genes in the cell's nucleus.
D. The signal molecules diffuse from the cell before an effective concentration can be
achieved.
E. In nontarget cells these signal molecules cross the membranes of the endoplasmic
reticulum and are captured by vesicles.
4. Steroid hormones can enter a cell by simple diffusion. Therefore steroids _____.
A. are not an example of signaling molecules
B. do not bind to receptors
C. directly bind to DNA
D. do not initiate cell signaling by interacting with a receptor in the plasma membrane.
E. act by phosphorylating DNA
5. G-protein-linked receptors _____; whereas tyrosine-kinase receptors _____.
A. act by phosphorylating a protein ... open an ion channel when bound to a signal
molecule
B. are transmembrane proteins ... are found only on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma
membrane
C. are not enzymes ... have enzymatic function
D. form a dimer when activated ... catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP
to an amino acid
E. phosphorylate the amino acid guanine ... phosphorylate the amino acid threonine
6. Which of the following is activated when the binding of single molecules causes it to
form a dimer?
A. ion-channel receptors
B. protein phosphatase receptors
C. G-protein-linked receptors
D. adenylyl cyclase receptors
E. tyrosine-kinase receptors
9. If a modified form of GTP that cannot be enzymatically converted to GDP were added
to a culture of cells, the likely result would be _____.
A. the inactivation of ligand-gated ion channels
B. the inactivation of G-protein-linked signaling pathways
C. that the activated G proteins would remain locked in the "on" position, transmitting
signal even in the absence of signaling molecule
D. the inhibition of pathways stimulated by tyrosine-kinase receptors
E. receptor tyrosine kinases would be stimulated by the additional phosphate groups
present in the modified GTP
10. What event would activate a G protein?
A. hydrolysis of GTP to GDP
B. hydrolysis of GDP to GTP
C. phosphorylation of GDP to GTP
D. replacement of GDP with GTP
E. phosphorylation of GTP to GDP
11. The cellular response of a signal pathway that terminates at a transcription factor
would be _____.
A. the synthesis of mRNA
B. the activation of an inactive enzyme
C. alteration of the cytoskeleton
D. a change in the chemical composition of the cytosolic environment
E. the activation of a metabolic pathway
12. The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a
protein is _____.
A. protein dehydrogenase
B. protein phosphatase
C. protein kinase
D. peptidase
E. protein cyclase
15. Second messengers tend to be both water-soluble and small. This accounts for their
ability to _____.
A. rapidly cross the plasma membrane
B. rapidly move throughout the cell by diffusion
C. pass quickly from cell to cell
D. move from substrate to substrate during a phosphorylation cascade
E. cross the nuclear membrane and interact with DNA
16. cAMP usually directly activates _____.
A. phosphodiesterase
B. receptor tyrosine kinases
C. G proteins
D. adenylyl cyclase
E. protein kinase A
18. During the transduction of a signal, one molecule or ion may be closely associated
with the activity of another. Select the pair that is correctly combined.
A. calcium—IP3
B. cAMP—adenylyl cyclase
C. cAMP—protein kinase A
D. DAG—IP3
E. all of the above
19. A difference between the mechanisms of cAMP and Ca2+ in signal transduction is
that cAMP _____ and Ca2+ _____.
A. is always present at high levels in the cytosol ... is present at low levels in the
absence of a signal
B. is synthesized by an enzyme in response to a signal ... released from intracellular
stores
C. is stored in the endoplasmic reticulum ... is never stored in the cell
D. is tyrosine-kinase-receptor linked ... is G-protein-receptor linked
E. enters the cell via a transmembrane protein channel ... enters the cell by diffusing
across the plasma membrane
22. In eukaryotic cells, which one of the following is a second messenger that is produced
as a response to an external signal such as a hormone? (Concept 11.3) [Hint]
A. glycogen
B. cyclic AMP
C. tRNA
D. epinephrine
E. glucose
24. Cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and cells of the heart respond differently to
epinephrine because _____.
A. there are differences in the proteins found in the two types of cells
B. the GI tract does not have epinephrine receptors
C. in cells of the GI tract epinephrine operates via a cytosolic receptor, whereas in cells
of the heart epinephrine acts via a plasma membrane receptor
D. the concentration of Ca2+ is lower in the cytosol of GI-tract cells than in the cytosol
of heart cells
E. cells of the GI tract lack cAMP