Light

By

Anna Defoor
Ms. Watts
Year Book

3-1-11

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OUTLINE TITLE
Introduction:
I. Light, myth and Magic
A. What if the sun didn’t rise tomorrow?
1. If the sun didn’t rise the rivers and lakes would start freezing.
1. Within a few hours it would be as cold as winter. Plants and
animals would start to die.
A. Myth
1. The eerie “will o’ the wisp” is a naturally occurring flame that can
occur over marshy ground. The flame’s fuel is methane, a gas produced
by rotting plants.
2. The methane bubbles rise to the surface together with phosphine
ignites when it meets air, lighting the methane.
I. Making light
A. Light from flames

1. Light is a form of energy. When a fire is lit, chemical energy is

released.
3. The burning fuel emits gases, and the chemical energy heats the gas
atoms, making them glow, or incandesce.
B. Solid oil lamp
1. A candle is simply an oil lamp with solid oil. Before the 1800s
candles were made of tallow or beeswax.
4. They produced a lot of smoke but not much light. Today, most
candles are made of paraffin wax.
II. Shadows
A. Shadows in space
1. During an eclipse of sun, the moon comes between the earth and the
sun and its shadow moves across the earth.
5. In the middle of the shadow, the “umbra,” all the sun’s light is
blocked. Around this is the penumbra,” where only part of the sun’s
light is blocked.
C. Straight sunbeams
1. Sunbeams show that light travels in straight lines.
6. Sunbeams can be seen only if dusk, as in this old barn, or droplets
of moisture in the air scatter some o f their light.
III. Reflecting light
A. Early mirror
1. This Egyptian bronze mirror was made in about 1300 BC. The bronze
was highly polished to give a clear reflection
2. Glass mirrors date back many centuries, but mirrors of clear glass first
appeared in Venice in about AD. 1300.
B. Bouncing back
1. A cut diamond is designed to reflect most of the light that falls on its
front.

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 2. Some of the lights is reflected by the inside of the lower faces. This is
why a diamond sparkles when viewed from the front but is dull when seen
from behind.
IV. Bending light
A. Wishful thinking
1. Ptolemy carried out several experiments to investigate how far light
was bent.
2. He devised a law to explain the amount of refraction, but even his own
results did not always agree with his law.
V.
Looking through lenses
A. Latin lentils
1. The word “lens” comes from the Latin name for lentils.
2. A lentil seed is flat and round, and its sides bulge outward just like a
convex lens.
B. Eyeglasses
1. Eyeglasses have been used in the west for at least 700 years. The
earliest had convex lenses, and they were worn by farsighted people, to
help then focus on nearby objects.
2. Later, concave lenses were made for people with nearsightedness, or
myopia.
VI. Seeing light images
A. Measuring up the eyes
1. This “optometer,” made in the 19th century, was a simple instrument
that measured the eye’s refraction.
2. By doing this, an optician could select lenses to correct defects of
vision.
B. Long and short sight
1. This 14th- century monk is wearing spectacles to correct an eye
condition that is common in older people – farsightedness, or presbyopia.
2. In this defect or vision, the lens does not bend light from nearby
objects enough.

VII. Bringing things closer

A. Reflecting telescopes
1. Before the invention of achromatic lenses, color dispersion was a
problem with large refractors.
2. In 1668 Isaac Newton designed a “reflecting” telescope that avoided
this problem.
B. Gathering more light
1. To produce images of distant stars, a telescope must gather as much
light as possible.
2. This is done by increasing the diameter of lenses or mirrors.
VIII. Making things bigger
A. An invisible world

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 1. Robert Hooke’s great skill as an artist, the spines of a nettle leaf can be
clearly seen.
2. The image is sharp because, like all modern microscopes, it has
achromatic lenses.
B. Sharing the view
1. This 19th- century microscope was designed to let up to four people
look at the same specimen.
2. There is just one objective lens, but the light from it is spilt with prism
so that is travels through four different eyepieces.
IX. Recording light
A. SLR camera
1. In a single-lens reflex camera, the same group of lenses in used for
checking the focus and for producing the picture.
2. When an image is viewed through the camera, light passes through
the lenses and is reflected upward by a mirror onto a focusing screen made
of ground glass.
B. Midget cameras
1. These tiny cameras were made in 1934 out of Bakelite, the earliest
form of plastic.
2. They used tiny rolls of film, and both have a fixed-focus lens and a
separate viewfinder.
X. Projecting pictures
A. Jumping ahead
1. If a movie projector were slowed down, it would be easy to see that
the film does not move smoothly.
2. Instead, it jumps forward one picture at a time.
B. Flexible film
1. Celluloid photographic film was first invented in the United States in
1884 by George Eastman, and was later produced commercially by the
Eastman Kodak company.
2. This new kind of film was strong but flexible enough to be wound
into a roll.
XI. Splitting light
A. Primary rainbow
1. In primary rainbow white light is reflected just once as in travels
through a rain drop.
2. The colors are dispersed as they enter and leave the drop.
B. Secondary rainbow
1. A secondary rainbow forms outside a primary one. Light is reflected
twice by each raindrop and emerges at stepper angle to the ground.
2. The order of the colors in reversed. In secondary rainbow, red light is
seen from raindrops that are at an angle of 50 degrees at the line of
horizon, and blue light from drops at an angle of 54 degrees.
XII. Adding light
A. Color on the screen

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 1. A color television picture is made up of tiny strips of red, green, and
blue light.
2. From the normal viewing distance, the colors from neighboring strips
add together.
B. Seeing hidden colors
1. A spectroscope is a device that disperses colors by bending them
through different angles.
2. Spectroscopes are used to show whether colors are pure or made by
addition.

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 It was early in the morning, not sunny outside yet. And the scientist,

Robert Hooke had just come out of him laboratory. He was waiting for the

sun to come up; he waited 15 minutes. The sun still didn’t come up. This

was unexpected, but was predicted by him many years ago. It was very

dark outside and beginning to become very cold as if it was winter. This

was also predicted.

He couldn’t believe it; all those times he was told he was a fool was all

changing. People couldn’t believe what was going on; it was the middle of
summer and they had to put on their jackets. The rivers, stream, and

lakes began to freeze. Animals outside started to freeze solid. The solar

powered stuff started not working. Everything Robert predicted was

coming true.

The world was freezing as if they were in Alaska. It was

something the world thought would never happen; the sun was nowhere

to be seen. The people started to panic; their heat was not working and

the power in houses started to go off. There was not a light anywhere; the

whole world was in a black out. All the prediction had come true; the

world was in trouble, big trouble.

Soon people started to freeze and die. There were no people alive

any more even the scientist had frozen to death. All the animals were

dead, the birds, the dogs, the cats, the ducks, everything, frozen and

dead. The human kind and animal kind were gone. The world just sat

there, just like a frozen planet that was never lived on. A planet that never

had anything no plant life, no animal life, and a human life. It was scary,

the scientist predictions were correct; their were going to have a day

where the sun never came up but, one thing they didn’t know was it was

never going to rise again.

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Then out of nowhere, Robert, the scientist was not dead; he was alive, the

last person alive. He had a cold powered heater that didn’t need light that

he had made. It warmed him up enough to come back alive which was not

predicted and was unexpected. He was the only human being left on

earth, the whole earth was frozen and his heater couldn’t last long he had

to think of something he could do. There was nothing he could do unless

he could make the sun come up which was impossible.

No one could make the sun come up, but there had to be a reason
the sun didn’t rise. The prediction he had made couldn’t had happened; it

was not possible. The sun couldn’t find its way to come back up. No, there

is no way that could have happened but it was predicted for many years,

but not possible or the other prediction was that the sun went to another

plant to give light but, not ours. This was not common but possible maybe

he would see if the sun would come or something to stay alive but first

thing is first to try and keep warm before he dies!

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 This was his last possible thing he could do and that was to figure

out how to get the sun to come back to earth! But the earth has been

frozen for more than three hours and that means there is no way the

animals and people could come back to life. So, the human kind could still

end unless there is another person somewhere on earth that was alive!

But he’s plan soon failed and his heater quit working and within two

hours after his heater quit working he died. There was no hope no way

anything or anyone could have survived threw the cold. Earth failed and
was dead the people, plants, and animals were dead.

WORKS CITED
Burnie, David. Light. 2000. . New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley, 1999. 1-64.
Print.

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Checklist

1 The outline
 The introduction states the main topic or idea of the outline, and the
conclusion summarizes it.

 Each sub-topic describes the main idea for a paragraph.

 Supporting information and details for a sub-topic are listed under the
sub-topic, with each piece of information listed separately.

 When supporting information is listed under a sub-topic, there are at

least two pieces of information listed. If there is only one piece of
information to support a sub-topic, the information is included in the
sub-topic.

2 The paper
 The paper follows the organization of the outline.

 Each paragraph in the paper matches a sub-topic in the outline, and

presents the information and details listed under the sub-topic.

 Each paragraph includes a topic sentence that summarizes the main

idea of the paragraph.

 Every sentence begins with a capital letter.

 Every sentence ends with a period, question mark, or exclamation

mark.

 All words are spelled correctly.

 There are no missing words.

3 Works cited
 Every source has a specific reference in the paper. Include only the
sources that are mentioned in the paper.

 Each entry follows the correct format for the type of reference.

 Entries are listed in alphabetical order, according to the author’s last

name.

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 Tips for Writing Your Report

1 Create a schedule
 Identify the tasks you need to do.

 Arrange the tasks in the order you’ll need to do them.

 Estimate how long each task will take. Be sure to allow enough time
for editing and making changes.

 Identify the date the report is due, and then set a schedule showing
what work you’ll need to do each day in order to have your report
ready on time.

4 Add interest
 Use graphs and charts to illustrate an idea.

 Add a picture, photo, or drawing.

 Include a map.

 Find a quotation and use it to make your point.

5 Make every word count

 Choose words your reader will understand. Remember that you want
to communicate your ideas to the person reading your paper.

 Avoid clichés.

 Use a thesaurus to replace overused words and find new ways to

express your ideas.

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