September 2007 Instructor: Dr. Pawel Góra Time allowed: 1h 15min. Material allowed: calculators. Recommendations: use only blue or black ink
[10 points] Problem 1.
Find the general solution of the following ODE dy x2 = . dx y(1 + x3 ) Solution: This is separable equation: x2 Z Z y dy = dx. 1 + x3 Substituting t = 1 + x3 we get dt = 3x2 dx so we obtain 1 2 1 1 y = ln |t| = ln |1 + x3 | + C, 2 3 3 or 2 ey /2 = D · 1 + x3 . p 3
[10 points] Problem 2.
Determine which of the following ODE’s is exact and then solve it (in implicit form). (a) (y cos x + 2xey )dx + (sin x + x2 ey − 1)dy = 0 3xy + y2 dx + x2 + xy dy = 0
(b) Solution: (a) We have M = y cos x + 2xey and N = sin x + x2 ey − 1 so ∂M ∂N = cos x + 2xey and = cos x + 2xey . ∂y ∂x Since ∂M ∂N ∂y = ∂x this is an exact equation. (b) Here, M = 3xy + y2 and N = x2 + xy so ∂M ∂N = 3x + 2y and = 2x + y. ∂y ∂x ∂M ∂N Since ∂y 6= ∂x this is NOT an exact equation. We are solving equation (a). We are looking for a function f(x, y) such that ∂f ∂x = M and ∂f ∂y = N The first equality gives: Z f = y cos x + 2xey dx + C(y) = y sin x + x2 ey + C(y). ∂f Then, ∂y = N gives: sin x + x2 ey + C 0 (y) = sin x + x2 ey − 1. 1 Thus, C 0 (y) = −1 and C(y) = −y + C. We have f = y sin x + x2 ey − y + C, and the solution is y sin x + x2 ey − y = D.
[10 points] Problem 3.
(i) Which of the following two first order equations is linear? Explain why the other is not linear dy (a) (1 + t2 ) + 4ty = (1 + t2 )−2 dt dy 1 (b) −x= dx y (ii) Find the general solution of the linear equation that you have found above. Solution: Equation (a) is linear since both y and dy/ dx are in the first power. Equation (b) is not linear as it contains function y1 which is not linear. We are solving equation (a): the standart form of the equation is dy 4t 1 + y= . dt 1 + t2 (1 + t2 )3 4t R R We have P (t) = 1+t 2 and P (t) dt = 2 ln(1 + t2 ) + C. Thus, the integrating factor is µ = exp( P (t) dt) and we can take µ = (1 + t2 )2 . Multiplying by µ we obtain: dy 1 (1 + t2 )2 + 4t(1 + t2 )y = . dt (1 + t2 ) Thus, 1 Z 2 2 (1 + t ) y = dt = arctan t + C, (1 + t2 ) or arctan t + C y= . (1 + t2 )2
[10 points] Problem 4.
Perform the proper substitution in the following Bernoulli ODE so as to obtain a new linear ODE and solve: dy t2 + 2ty − y3 = 0 . dt Solution: The substitution u = y1−n = y12 implies u0 = −2 y13 y0 or y0 = − 12 y3 u0 and gives 1 − t2 y3 u0 + 2ty − y3 = 0. 2 Dividing by y3 we obtain 1 − t2 u0 + 2tu − 1 = 0, 2 which is a linear equation. The standard form is 4 −2 u0 − u = 2 , t t 1 R integrating factor µ = exp( −4t dt) = t 4 , and after multiplying 1 0 −4 −2 u + 3 u= 6 . t4 t t Thus, 1 −2 21 Z u= dt = 5 + C, t4 t 6 5t which gives 21 u= + Ct4 , 5t or 1 21 2 = + Ct4 . y 5t
[10 points] Problem 5.
A ball with mass 0.15 kg is thrown upward with initial velocity 20 m/sec from the roof of a building 30 m high. Assume air resistance of |v|/30, where the velocity is measured in m/sec. (a) Find the maximum height above the ground that the ball reaches. (b) Find the time that the ball hits the ground. Solution: Let us orient the position axis y upwards. Then, by Newton’s II Law we have: ma = −mg − v/30 . When ball moves upwards its velocity is v > 0 so air resistance is −v/30. When ball moves downwards its velocity is v < 0 so the air resistance is positive (upwards) and again equal to −v/30. Our equation is dv m = −mg − v/30 , v(0) = 20 . dt It is separable: 30m Z Z dv = −1 dt , 30mg + v or 30m ln |30mg + v| = −t + C. During the upward travel the quantity 30mg + v is positive since the acceleration is negative. Thus, we have (1) 30m ln(30mg + v) = −t + C. The initial condition gives 30m ln(30mg + 20) = C. Substituting m = 0.15 and g = 9.81 we obtain C = 18.72515766. When the ball reaches the maximum height its velocity is 0 so the time of this occurrence can be found from the equation 30m ln(30mg + 0) = −t + C. Thus, tmax = C − 30m ln(30mg + 0) = 1.68149914. To find the maximum height we need to integrate velocity. From equation (1) we get v = exp((−t + C)/30m) − 30mg. Then, the position (above the ground) is Z y = v dt = −30m exp((−t + C)/30m) − 30mgt + D.
Since y(0) = 30 we get
30 = −30m exp(C/30m) + D, or D = 30 + 30m exp(C/30m) = 318.6525004. Then, the maximum height is y(tmax ) = −30m exp((−tmax + C)/30m) − 30mgtmax + D = 45.7702210 . Now, we consider the downward travel of the ball: the acceleration is still negative (downward) so the same formulas for v and y hold. We have to change C as this time v(0) = 0. We have (2) 30m ln(30mg + 0) = −0 + C1 , which gives C1 = 30m ln(30mg) = 17.04365852. Now, D is also different as we use new C1 and we start from the maximum height ymax = 45.7702210. We have ymax = −30m exp((−0 + C1 )/30m) − 30mg · 0 + D1 , which gives D1 = ymax + 30m exp(C1 /30m) = 244.4227209. We need to find the time t when the height is 0: 0 = −30m exp((−t + C1 )/30m) − 30mgt + D1 . Using Maple 11 we can find: t = 3.443085054. This is time of downward travel so the total time of the flight of the ball is 1.68149914 + 3.443085054 = 5.124584194 .
[10 points] Problem 6.
Solve the following equation by using a substitution of the form u = Ax + By + C (x + 2y)y0 = 1 , y(0) = −1 . Solution: Let u = x + 2y, which gives u = 1 + 2y or y0 = u0 /2 − 1/2. Substituting we obtain: 0 0
u(u0 − 1) = 2 or u0 = 2/u + 1 = (2 + u)/u .
This is separable equation: u u+2−2 Z Z Z du = 1 dx or du = x + C 2+u 2+u or u − 2 ln |2 + u| = x + C. Resubstituting we obtain x + 2y − 2 ln |2 + x + 2y| = x + C. Initial condition gives 2 + x + 2y = 0 so we cannot find a general solution satisfying this initial condition. The possible special solutions are: (1) x + 2y = 0 (or u = 0) as we were dividing by u. But y = −x/2 does not satisfy the original equation. (2) x + 2y + 2 = 0 (or u + 2 = 0) as we were dividing by u + 2. Then, y = −x/2 − 1 and we have (x + 2y)y0 = (−2)(−1/2) = 1. Answer: The solution is y(x) = −x/2 − 1.