Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
• Also called a
• Evidence of chemical reaction (change) :
o Change in
Increase in temperature –
Decrease in temperature –
o Change in
o Produces a
o Gives off
o Forms a precipitate (solid that does
• Chemical reactions produce new, different substances with new,
• Chemical reactions require energy. Some reactions return more energy than it
Page 1 of 18
• Diatomic Molecules -
• General Guidelines
o Use
o CHANGE THE COEFFICIENTS
o Check the atom balance – it may already be
o Balance the different types of atoms,
o Balance the atoms that appear only once on each side of the
o Balance polyatomic ions that appear on both sides of the equation as.
o Balance hydrogen and
o Adjust the coefficients to the lowest
o Check the atom balance when
Examples
1. Zinc and hydrochloric acid react together to form zinc(II) chloride and hydrogen gas.
2. Sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide react together to form sodium sulfate and water.
3. Ammonium chloride and calcium hydroxide react to yield calcium chloride, ammonia, and
water.
4. Chlorine gas reacts with potassium bromide to yield potassium chloride and bromine liquid.
Page 2 of 18
6. Methane (CH4)and oxygen burn to produce carbon dioxide and water vapor.
7. Glucose and oxygen react to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
8. Ethane (C2H6) and oxygen burn to produce carbon dioxide and water vapor.
9. Butane (C4H10) and oxygen burn to produce carbon dioxide and water vapor.
10. Car batteries use solid lead and lead(IV) oxide with sulfuric acid solution to produce an
electric current. The products of this reaction are lead(II) sulfate in solution and water.
11. Magnesium chloride and water are produced when magnesium hydroxide reacts with
hydrochloric acid.
12. Liquid bromine reacts with solid phosphorus (P4) to produce solid diphosphorus pentabromide.
Page 3 of 18
13. Aqueous lead(II) nitrate reacts with aqueous potassium iodide to produce solid lead(II)
iodide and aqueous potassium nitrate.
14. Gaseous hydrogen chloride reacts with gaseous ammonia to produce solid ammonium chloride.
15. Solid copper(II) sulfide reacts with aqueous nitric acid to produce aqueous copper(II)
sulfate, water, and nitrogen dioxide gas.
17. Ammonia reacts with oxygen to produce nitrogen monoxide and water vapor.
Page 4 of 18
Classification of Chemical Reactions
Types of Reactions
• Classification of Chemical Reactions:
o
o
o
o
o
Synthesis
• To create –
• Only
• Product is a
• Element/Compound + Element/Compound
• A+B
• 2Na + Cl2
• NH3 + HCl
• CO2 + H2O
• Ba + Br2
• 3H2 + N2
Decomposition
• To break down into
• Only one reactant and it must be a
• Products can be elements and/or
• Compound
• AB
• This type of reaction usually needs energy to start the reaction. The energy can be in the form
of heat, light, mechanical shock,
• Sometimes you can use a catalyst – a substance that speeds up the reaction without being used
up. (it is left over
• 2H2O2
• CaCO3
• 2KClO3
• MgCl2
• 2NaClO3
• BaCO3
Single Displacement
• A single element replaces another element that is in a.
• A + BX
• Element + Compound
• One reactant is an element and one product is
• The element can be a
Page 5 of 18
• Types of single replacement:
o Metal replaces a hydrogen in a
o Metal replaces another
o Nonmetal replaces another
• To determine if one metal will replace another metal, you must use
the
• Most active metals are at the top (Li is
• A metal can replace any metal listed
• It cannot replace a metal that is
• When a halogen replaces another halogen, the halogen can only
replace one
• Zinc + hydrochloric acid
• Zn + 2HCl
• Cl2 + CaI2
• Fe + Na3PO4
• 2Al + 3 CuCl2
• Ag + Cu(NO3)2
• F2 + 2KCl
• 2Al + 3Fe(NO3)2
• Cl2 + 2 KBr
• 2Fe + 3H2O
• Br2 + 2NaF
Double Displacement
• Elements in ionic compounds
• These are usually
• AX + BY
• A and B are cations, X and Y are
• Compound + Compound
• Usually results in :
o Precipitate – solid that does
o Molecular Compound – such as water or a molecular
o Soluble compound – one compound is
• BaCl2 + Na2SO4
• FeS + 2HCl
• HCl + NaOH
• BaCl2 + H2SO4
• Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaCl
• HgCl2 + NaCO3
• Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI
• HgCl2 + 2KI
• CuCl2 + Na2CO3
Page 6 of 18
Combustion
• Oxygen combines with a hydrocarbon and releases energy in the form of
• Hydrocarbon – a molecular compound that contains only carbon
• Examples of hydrocarbons :
• Methane –
• Propane –
• Butane –
• Combustion of hydrocarbons always produces carbon dioxide and
• 2C2H6 + 7O2
• 2C18H38 + 55O2
• C3H8 + 5O2
• 2C4H10 + 13O2
Page 7 of 18
• Dissociation – ionic compounds are separated by the polar molecules
• NaOH(aq)
Ionic Equations
• Chemical Equation – shows the reactants and products in a
• 2NaOH(aq) + CuCl2(aq)
• Complete Ionic equations show the substances as they exist as
• Spectator ions – ions that do not participate in the reaction. They are found on both sides of
the equation.
• Net Ionic Equation – Includes only the particles that participate in the reaction.
Forming a Precipitate
• The net ionic equation results in an
• This insoluble compound is a
• There are guidelines to determine if the compound is soluble or
Forming Water
• Double displacement reaction sometimes
• Increases the number of
• There is no real observable evidence of this type of reaction because water is colorless and
• HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
• H+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Forming a Gas
• Double displacement reactions can form
• Nonpolar gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and
Page 8 of 18
• 2HI(aq) + Li2S(aq)
• 2H+(aq) + S2-(aq)
• HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq)
• H2CO3(aq)
• Overall :
• HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq)
• H+(aq) + HCO3-(aq)
Examples
• HBr(aq) + KOH(aq) → ?
o H+(aq) + OH-(aq)
• HNO3(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → ?
o 2HNO3(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)
o 2H+(aq)+2NO3-(aq)+2Na+(aq)+CO32-(aq)
o 2H+(aq) + CO32-(aq)
19. Aqueous solutions of barium chloride and sodium fluoride are mixed to form a precipitate of
barium fluoride.
Page 9 of 18
20. Aqueous solutions of copper(I) nitrate and potassium sulfide are mixed to form insoluble
copper(I) sulfide.
Page 10 of 18
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
• Stoichiometry is the study of the mass relationships of the reactants and the products in a
chemical
• How much stuff it takes to make a certain amount
• Based on the law of
• Mass of the reactants must equal the
• CH3OH(g) + O2(g)
• Chemical reactions are mole ratios between the reactants and the products – not a
• Mole ratio – the ratio of moles of any two substances in a
o 2CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g)
o 2 mol CH3OH :
o 3 mol O2 :
• There is not a direct relationship between masses of individual reactants and
• Must use the mole ratio to
Examples
24. Sulfuric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium sulfate and water. How many
grams of Na2SO4 are produced from 25.0 g of H2SO4?
Page 11 of 18
25. In the reaction from #24, I need 550.0 g Na2SO4. What mass of each reactant is required?
26. How much oxygen will be required to react with 100.0 g KCl to produce KClO3.
27. What mass of hydrogen peroxide must decompose to produce 0.77 g of water? The other
product is oxygen gas.
Page 12 of 18
28. Space vehicles use solid lithium hydroxide to remove exhaled carbon dioxide according to the
equation: LiOH + CO2 → Li2CO3 + H2O. Determine the mass of carbon dioxide removed if the
space vehicle carries 1.00 kg of LiOH.
29. How many grams of carbon dioxide are produced when 2.50 g of baking soda react with excess
citric acid (H3C6H5O7) to produce Na3C6H5O7, carbon dioxide, and water.
30. Aspirin (C9H8O4) is produced when salicylic acid (C7H6O3) reacts with acetic anhydride
(C4H6O3) according to the equation C7H6O3 + C4H6O3 → C9H8O4 + HC2H3O2. Determine the
mass of aspirin produced when 150.0 g of salicylic acid reacts with an excess of acetic
anhydride.
Page 13 of 18
Actual Reactions
Limiting Reactants
• The limiting reactant in a chemical reaction governs the maximum
• Also known as
• The limiting reactant is completely used up in a reaction, stops the reaction, and limits the
amount of a product that is
• When the reaction is complete, the reactant left over is the
• Since the limiting reactant stops the reaction, it is used to calculate the amount of products
Percent Yield
• The percent yield is the actual amount of a product produced in a chemical reaction compared
to what should be produced under
• Actual yield – amount of a product produced in a lab and
• Theoretical yield – the maximum amount of product that can be obtained, according to the
reaction stoichiometry, from a given
• Why does a reaction not produce the theoretical amount?
o
o
o Reactions are slightly
o Pressure and temperature are
o Side reactions (extra reactions that
o Percent Yield =
• Suppose the theoretical amount of ammonia that should be produced is 525 g and the percent
yield is 80 %. How much is made?
•
• Guidelines for Percent Yield
o Usually given the amount of the reactants
o Calculate theoretical amount of product based on
o Calculate the percent yield by dividing the actual yield by the
Page 14 of 18
Examples
31. If 4.1 g Cr react with 9.3 g Cl2 to produce CrCl3. How much CrCl3 is produced?
32. What mass of sulfuric acid is produced from the reaction between 6.58 g of SO3 and 1.64 g of
water?
Page 15 of 18
33. If 43.2 g of calcium carbide react with 33.71 g of water, how much calcium hydroxide and
C2H2 are produced?
34. Chlorine reacts with benzene to produce chlorobenzene and hydrogen chloride,
Cl2 + C6H6 → C6H5Cl + HCl. Determine how much chlorobenzene is produced if 45.0 g of
benzene reacts with 45.0 g of chlorine.
Page 16 of 18
35. Nickel reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce nickel(II) chloride and hydrogen. If 5.00 g Ni
and 2.50 g HCl, react, determine the mass of nickel(II) chloride produced.
Ni + HCl → NiCl2 + H2.
36. A piece of copper with a mass of 5.00 g is placed in a solution of silver nitrate containing an
excess amount of AgNO3. The silver metal produced has a mass of 15.2 g. What is the percent
yield?
Page 17 of 18
37. What is the percent yield in a reaction between 2.80 g Al(NO3)3 in excess NaOH if 0.966 g
Al(OH)3 is recovered?
38. Determine the percent yield for the reaction between 15.0 g N2 and H2 if 10.5 g of ammonia is
produced?
Page 18 of 18