Cardiovascular System:Heart

1. The components of cardiovascular system are heart, vessel and blood.

2. The function of cardiovascular system is to transport blood.

3. The location of the heart is enclosed within the mediastinum.

4. Apex is the point. Base is the widened area. The point of maximal intensity is
where you can feel the heart beating.

5. The coverings of the heart are fibrous and serous pericardium.

6. The layers of the heart are:

1) Epicardium- visceral layer.
2) Myocardium- cardiac muscle tissue and fibrous skeleton of the heart.
3) Endocardium- lining of ventricles and atria and continuous vessels inside.

7. The relationship between the visceral pericardium and the epicardium is that it’s
the integral part of the wall.

8. The pericardial cavity is between the visceral layers.

9. Fibrous pericardium is loose tough dense connective tissue while Serous

pericardium is thin and slippery.

10. The major vessels returning to the heart inferior and superior vena cava.

11. The major vessel is aorta.

12. The different parts of aorta are ascending, transverse and descending.

13. The different chambers of the heart are 2 superior atria and 2 inferior ventricle.
The function of atria is the receiving chambers while ventricle is where its eject
the blood.

14. Atrioventricular septum is the crown junction. Interventricular septum is where it

seperates its ventricle. Auricles are small wrinkled protruding appendages. Fossa
ovalis is an opening.

15. The receiving chambers are the atria. The discharging chamber is the ventricle.

16. The pecinate muscle is located at the smooth walls of right atrium.

17. The trabeculae carnae is locates at the marking internal walls.

18. Papillary muscle is located is located in the ventricle/valve and its function is to
project into ventricular cavity.

19. The tricuspid and bicuspid prevent backflow into atria. The pulmonary and aortic
which also known for semilunar valves is where no ATP required for cusps.

20. The pathway of the blood is through to vena cavaà right atriumà right
atrioventricular valveà right ventricleà pulmonary semilunar valveà
pulmonary trunkà pulmonary arteriesà lungsà pulmonary veinsà left
atriumà left atrioventricular valveà left ventricleà aortic semilunar valveà
aortaàbody.

21. The system of vessels that cover and supply the heart tissue with oxygen and
nutrients and take away metabolic waste is systemic circuit.

22. Coronary arteries are the right and left coronary, circumflex, marginal, and
anterior and posterior interventricular. The coronary veins are anterior *(ALL
GIRLS PMS), great cardiac, posterior vein of left ventricle, middle cardiac, small
cardiac and coronary sinus.

23. Chordae tendinae are attached to AV valve flap are tiny white collagen cords,
“heart strings” which anchor the cusps to the papillary muscle protruding from the
ventricular walls.

24. The cardiac muscle is stimulated to contract by sliding the filament mechanism.

25. Automaticity is the ability of the cardiac muscle to depolarize spontaneously w/o
the external electrical stimulation from the nervous system.

26. Heart is considered a syncytium because myocardium behaves as a single

coordinated unit.

27. The structure of the heart that generates action potential is cardiac muscle.

28. Atrioventricular (AV) conducts impulses more slowly than other system. 50 beats
per minutes.

29. The action potential travel down to the bottom of the ventricles through SA node.

30. The pathway of the action potential is through SA nodeà across and down
atriaà AV nodeà Bundle of Hisà Bundle Branchesà Purkinje Fibersà up
ventriclesà papillary muscles.

31. The part of the heart that acts as both tendon and insertion for the heart tissue

32. Cardiac muscle is striated, short, fat, branched and connected, and central nucleus.
 33. Some unique features of intercalated discs are the gap junctions and desmosomes.

34. The Sinoatrial (SA) nodes are the pacemakers of the heart.

35. The function of autorhythmic cells are: generates its own electricity and intrinsic
conduction of heart.

36. SA node: at the top of right atrium, 100 beat per minute, PNS/Vagus, and the
pacemaker. AV node: atrioventricular and 50 beats per minute.

37. The nervous control for the heart can be found in medulla oblongata. The
cardioaccelatory center is the sympathetic (increase rate) and has sympathetic
cardiac nerve. The cardioinhibitory center is the parysympathetic and has a vagus
nerve.