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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 2
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Solid waste is often called the third pollution after air pollution air
&water pollution, is that material which arises from various human
activities &which is normally discarded as useless or unwanted. It
consists of highly heterogeneous mass of discarded material from the
urban community.
landfills. Plastic can be recycled to make new packs but recycled plastic
soon loses its strength, becomes brittle and is easily broken up by wind or
rain.
The per capita contribution of solid waste has increased manifold due
to increase in urbanization, lack of awareness, lack of public participation
and poor enforcement of laws.
reduces the heat released from the fuel. Ash also adds weight without
releasing any heat during combustion.
Volatile matter is that portion of waste that is converted into gas
before and during the combustion. The gases are passed through
secondary combustion chamber where rapid combustion occurs. Fixed
carbon represents the carbon remaining on the surface of grates as char.
Waste or fuel with high proportion of fixed carbon requires longer
retention time on the furnace grates to achieve complete combustion than
does waste\fuel with a low proportion of fixed carbon.
2.5 COLLECTION:
to bring their waste and deposit the same in the community bins. The
capacity of the community bins should be at least 50% in excess when
collection is made daily and 100% in excess when collection is made on
alternative days. The spacing of the containers should be fixed on the
basis of per capita quantity and the population contributing the waste.
However, the distance between the containers should never be more than
100 metres. In the case of larger spacing, the workers tend to avoid
transportation of waste to the community bins and private start operating
in such areas.
waste-waste from the tyres of the truck and other vehicle. iii) Behavioral
waste-waste deposited by the pedestrians and people using the streets.
Besides, waste from residents is often thrown by the roadside and hence
street sweeping is de facto a waste collection activity. The sweeping is
carried out mutually by using short handled brooms, although there is a
perceptible trend towards use of long handled brooms.
Only the major roads were swept everyday, other roads were swept
on alternate days and minor roads in peri urban areas are swept only once
a week. The duty norms are not clearly specified and workers do not have
specific facilities, except for the fact that in a few cities they assemble at
mustering check posts for attendance.
The manual cleaning work is usually carried out in pairs-one
person (commonly female) sweeping the road and other collecting the
swept material in the handcart. They work in two shifts form 6 to 12 AM
in the first shift and 3 to 5 PM in the second shift. They are usually
assigned a ‘beat’ where they work. The area to be served should be 300 to
500 sq.m in highly dense region, 500 to 1000 sq.m in medium dense
regions and more than 1000 sq.m in low density and periurban areas.
They work on six days a week but it is desirable that the work be carried
out daily and holidays to different workers are staggered.
2.6.1 Land fills: Land filling involves the controlled deposal of solid
wastes on or in the upper layer of the earth’s mantle. Important aspects in
the implementation of sanitary landfills include:
purposes. Under normal conditions, the actual rate should be less than
this value because the soil column below the landfill would not be
saturated.
planned and built. To meet the stringent standard established by the state
and the federal government, it is therefore required to install APC
equipment in the incineration unit. The APCE effectively collects
particulate matter, capture trace matter and organics and neutralize acid
gases produced in the combustion chamber. The process of selecting an
optical APC technology is complex. The following criteria should be
considered.
• Pollutant removal efficiency
• Capital investment to include
• Operating cost
• Impact on incinerator availability
• Operability and maintainability
• Compatibility with other regulation e.g. noise, odor etc.
chamber where its velocity suddenly decreases. The higher inertia of the
water particles throws than against the bottom of the scrubber where they
eventually exit the gas stream.
carried out after 4-7 days using long handled rakes and the second timing
after 5-10 more days
which the compost can be taken out for use. The above method is
anaerobic in nature (absence of O2).
Chapter 3
CASE STUDY OF B-WARD
are old structures and need substantial repairs. These include private
as well as govt/MCGM owned properties such as BIT chawls. Some
of these are as old as 70 years. They account for as much as 30 to 50%
of residential population of the ward. They are characterized by very
low rentals – Rs. 30 pm inclusive of water supply and sanitation
services and full building maintenance for MCGM properties such as
BIT chawls.
5. No system for house-to-house waste collection is provided by MCGM
wastes such as Hotels and Markets which account for over 35% of the
total waste generated in the ward.
9. The distance from ward office to Deonar dumping ground is 19.75
km.
The ward has adopted 4 systems for the collection and disposal of
waste generated in the ward.
• Compactor system (Privately managed) – These compactors can
carry 8 tonnes of waste, which is not effectively compacted.
Compactor attends10 sheds and 3 open dumps out of which 4 sheds
and 1 open dump are very critical with heavy generation of waste.
These compactors are old compactors and do not provide standard
bins lifting arrangements.
to TDP spot at Koliwada). TDPs in the ward are mostly placed in the
commercial areas and not in residential areas.
• Waste carrying capacity of the TDP is 2.5 tonnes
• 4 vehicles are provided to lift the containers, these TDPs are unloaded
at Mahalaxmi transfer station
• These vehicles are provided from Worli (garage) office along with a
driver
• There is no ward labour on the vehicle
• The vehicle trip is scrutinized at both ward level (ML chowky) and at
Mahalaxmi transfer station - The weight lifted is not checked at any of
the check posts, sometimes half loaded TDPs are also lifted just
because the vehicle has to complete its trips
• Segregation of waste is not possible in the TDP. Many times good
quality biodegradable waste generated by hotels and markets gets
mixed with dry as well as wet waste from house gallis
• It was observed that unlike the compactor spots, TDP spots are loaded
with more of dry waste
Fig 3.8 TDP spot on Kalyan street fully occupied by Drug addicts
3.5.4 Dumpers (Managed by Municipality):
3.5.5 Debris:
Apart from Maintenance dept, Roads dept gets a dumper every day,
where debris lifting is done manually by 6 labour and 1 mukadam.
Sometimes if urgent work comes (e.g. complaint from local corporator
regarding lifting debris in his/her constituency) then the debris lifted is
unloaded in the ward itself (Elphinston bridge is a regular place for such
debris unloading), and surprisingly such debris remains unattended for
quite a long period. Maintenance dept lifts debris that is created mainly
because of road work, some repairs etc. Because of the dual authorities
involved in debris collection and disposal becomes nobody’s
responsibility leading to emergence of debris dumping spots at many
places.
There are around 233 hotels in the ward registered with the ward
office. Besides these, there are a large number of small movable eating
joints such as tea stalls, coconut stalls, sugarcane juice stalls etc. (called
as Tapryas). There are also a lot of stalls of non vegetarian eatable items
such as kabab and meat stalls.
Fig 3.10 Unhygienic conditions were observed in the house gully due to
leakages from downtake pipe
Fig 3.11 Due to garbage resultant filthy conditions in the house gullies
the nuisance of pest and rodents was more
Fig 3.14 Numerous water connections in the House gully from the Main
supply lines
• Many illegal water connection lines can be seen within the house
gullies, which have been taken (tapped) from the main supply lines.
• Drinking water connection pipes and drainage (down take) pipes
were seen side by side from where contamination of the drinking
water is possible if the drinking water pipes are damaged.
• In most of the cases underground chamber lids have been broken
which makes it easier for the garbage in the house gully to enter into
the chambers and further blocking drainage lines.
• House gullies are cleaned by the conservancy labour and if the
waste is less in quantity i.e. 2-3 baskets per house gully then the
labour takes the waste which is removed from the house gully to the
nearby common collection spots and if the quantity is more then the
waste is dumped outside the house gully on the road for about 1-2
days so that water drains out from the waste. It is collected by the
tempo and is dumped at a TDP spot in the ward.
• Sometimes if the house gullies are not cleaned regularly, and the
quantity of waste dumped outside the house gullies is more than the
capacity of the tempo then dumpers along with JCB and even
compactors are used for collecting the waste.
• House gullies from Nagdevi street, Sarang St, Bhajipala lane
Janjikar street (which is mostly the commercial area) were found full
of commercial waste i.e. dry waste including papers, polythene bags,
cardboard packing etc.
• Another major problem of pests and rodents was observed in
almost all house gullies of the total surveyed house gullies were
observed with full of garbage and similarly the house gullies were
observed with drainage problems such as leakages from the down take
pipes, due to poor conditions of sewer traps and gully traps further
3.5.15 Slaughtering :
A sizable quantity of animal slaughter waste is dumped on the
collection spots especially at the Dongri market and Memonwada
collection spot slaughtering in the ward.
• Their names are entered in the DR attendance register and then the
labour signs.
• Their names are entered in the log sheet.
• Log sheet is given to the compactor driver who carried it with him
to the dumping ground.
The total time taken for completing this procedure is atleast 45 minutes to
one hour.
Chapter 4
MSW Rules and Regulation
NOTIFICATION
w.e.f. 1st March 2006
(2) Application:
(3) Definitions:
11. “Clean Mumbai Zone” means any specified public road or group
14. “community waste storage centre” means any storage facility set
up and maintained collectively by owners and / or occupiers of one or more
premises for storage of Municipal Solid Waste in a segregated manner in
the premises of any one of such owners / occupiers or in their common
premises;
19. “dry waste” means the category of Municipal Solid Waste referred
to at Rule 5.1(6) of these Rules;
20. “dry waste sorting centre” means any designated land, shed, kiosk,
or structure located or any municipal or Government land or in a public
space which is authorised to receive & sort dry waste;
22. “bulk garden and horticultural waste” means bulk waste from
parks, gardens, traffic islands, etc. and includes grass clippings, annual
weeds, woody 'brown' carbon-rich material such as prunings, branches,
twigs, wood chippings, straw or dead leaves and tree trimmings, which
cannot be accommodated in the daily collection system for bio-degradable
waste;
25. “hazardous waste” means waste that can catch fire, react, or
explode under certain circumstances, or that is corrosive or toxic;
27. “inert solid waste” means any solid waste or remnant of processing
whose physical, chemical and biological properties make it suitable for
sanitary landfilling;
28. “landfill” means a waste disposal site for the deposit of residual
solid waste in a facility designed with protective measures against pollution
of ground water, surface water and air fugitive dust, wind-blown litter, bad
odour, fire hazard, bird menace, pests or rodents, greenhouse gas
emissions, slope instability and erosion;
30. "littering " means putting litter in such a location that it falls,
39. "occupier/occupant" includes any person who for the time being
40. "owner" means any person who exercises the rights of an owner of
41. "person" means any person or persons and shall include any shop
45. "public place" includes any road, arch road, viaduct, lane,
46. “receptacle” means any container, including bins and bags, used
otherwise;
Words and expressions used in these Rules but not defined shall have the
meanings respectively assigned to them in the Mumbai Municipal
Corporation Act, 1888, or the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and
Handling) Rules 2000, unless the context otherwise requires.
4.3.) “Ensuring Saaf Aangan”: Every person shall ensure that any
public place in front of or adjacent to any premises owned or occupied by
him including the footpath and open drain/gutter and kerb is free of any
waste whether liquid, semi-solid or solid including sewage and waste
water and every such owner / occupier shall provide an adequate number
of litter bins on such premises.
3) bio-medical waste
waste to enable safe and easy collection without any manual handling or
spillage of waste, which generators of different types of solid waste shall
have to adhere to.
5.10) Bulk garden and horticultural waste shall be kept un-mixed and
composted at source. Instructions/guidelines with regard to pruning of
trees and storage and delivery of tree trimmings including collection
schedules, shall be notified by the Superintendent of Gardens or the
concerned Assistant Commissioners. Where it is not possible to
compost at site, BMC will continue to collect and transport segregated
6.3) Citizen Resource Base: The Chief Engineer will prepare and
publish lists of composting experts, licensed scrap dealers, dealers of
recyclables, container / bin manufacturers, agencies with expertise in
recycling, etc. who are registered by the Solid Waste Management
Department of the BMC so as to facilitate and support the citizens in
recycling waste. Lists of ALMs, LACGs, CBOs under Dattak Vasti
Yogana will also be published by the Chief Engineer. The names and
telephone numbers of officials and registered persons / organisations who
can provide training, guidance and assistance in respect of these
processes will be made available through the respective Ward Offices of
BMC and the field staff of the solid waste management department. The
6.4) Trade Refuse Charges: BMC will rationalise the Trade Refuse
Charges applicable to hotels, restaurants, and other generators of waste,
so that it is linked to the volume of net waste generated and not to the
licence fee charged against any license issued to such a generator of
waste. Such information will be available at all Ward Offices and on
BMC website.
6.10) Data about waste received at landfill: BMC will release publicly,
the monthly data about the quantity of each category of waste going to
the different landfills and waste processing sites. Such information will
be available at the Ward Office and on BMC website.
6.13) Dry waste sorting centres: In order to regulate and facilitate the
sorting of the recyclable and non-recyclable waste the concerned
Assistant Commissioners will provide for as many dry waste sorting
centres as needed & possible, where dry waste is collected and then
sorted. These dry waste sorting centres may be on BMC land or land
belonging to the Government or other bodies, made available especially
for this purpose, or in the form of sheds or kiosks provided at suitable
public places and will be manned/operated by registered cooperative
societies of ragpickers / licensed recyclers or any other Agents authorised
/ appointed by BMC. The non-recyclable waste which remains after
sorting will be further transported from such sorting centres from time-to-
time to waste disposal sites for processing or land-filling. Facilities for
purchase and sale of different types of waste at notified prices at such dry
waste sorting centres will also be considered and authorised by concerned
Assistant Commissioner.
6.14) Time schedule and route of collection: The daily and weekly
time schedules and routes of BMC’s collection of different types of
Municipal Solid Waste such as i) biodegradable, ii) recyclable and non-
recyclable (dry), iii) household hazardous, and iv) bio-medical waste, will
be fixed and notified in advance by the concerned Assistant
Commissioners. Details will be available at all Ward Offices and on the
BMC website. Similarly, the arrangements for the collection of
construction and demolition waste, and garden and horticultural waste, by
BMC or its licensees will be made available to the public as well as to the
bulk generators of waste by the Chief Engineer, the Superintendent of
Gardens, or the concerned Assistant Commissioner as the case may
be.
6.15) Local Area Citizen Group (LACG): Local Area Citizen Groups
who come forward will be will be authorised to collect specified
administrative charges to enable them to keep their area clean on the
basis of a model agreement. Any LACG may also enter into a model
agreement with BMC which will enable them to receive payments from
BMC based on fixed unit rates for sweeping of roads, collection of
transportation of waste, composting, etc., which are approved by the
Standing Committee of the Corporation. Details of registration
procedures and model bye-laws and model agreements for LACGs will
be made available at all Ward Offices and on BMC and on approval of
the Standing Committee of BMC
6.19) Info-line and FAQ section: The Chief Engineer along with the
NGO Council shall set-up a special “Info-line” and FAQ section on the
BMC website with all relevant policies, procedures, forms, and other
details. Such information will also be available at all Ward Offices.
6.27) Joint Review with NGO Council: BMC and NGO Council will
jointly review the effective implementation of these Rules, at least twice
a year, and take appropriate steps to ensure course correction such as
evaluation of BMC’s achievements against targets; BMC’s support to
7.1) Slums
BMC’s responsibility:
7.2) Poultry, Fish and Slaughter Waste (from all areas other than
designated slaughter houses and markets)
7.3) Vendors/Hawkers
7.4) House-gullies:
which shall be provided by BMC at such spots and at such times as may
be notified by BMC. Failure to do so will attract a fine as per the
Schedule of Fines.
to a clean state, and any waste generated as a result of the event has been
collected and transported to designated sites. (This deposit will be only
for the cleanliness of the public place and does not cover any damage to
property.) In case the Organisers of the event wishes to avail of the
services of BMC for the cleaning, collection and transport of waste
generated as a result of that event, they must apply to the concerned Ward
Office of BMC and pay the necessary charges as may be fixed for this
purpose by BMC.
Proviso:
4) For repeat offenders, the fines charged will be five times the Fine
stated in this Schedule of Fines.
clean
b) For not delivering solid waste
from a house gully in a Rs. 500
segregated manner as specified
23 Rule No. 7.5 For littering by pet/owned animals Rs. 50
24 Rule No. 7.6 For not cleaning-up after public Forfeiture of the
gathering/event within 24 hours Cleanliness Deposit
SCHEDULE – II
· Glass
· Meat and bones
· packaging
Schedule III:
· Car batteries, oil filters and car care products and consumables
containers
· Medicines, discarded
· Photographic chemicals
Schedule IV:
Bio-medical waste
“Bio-medical waste” means any waste, which is generated during
the diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human beings or
animals or in research activities pertaining thereto or in the
production or testing of biologicals.
medicines)
Schedule V:
waste generators).
6. Percentage of waste lifted throughout the city to be covered for
point to point collection / collected at source.
7. Number of Construction & Debris Waste collection and processing
Yojana
9. Number of target stakeholders to be covered by awareness and
training programs
10. Number of public and slum community toilets to be upgraded
CHAPTER 5
PROJECT SCOPE AND PERSPECTIVE
The treatment unit will be designed as per the testing done on the
wastes in the next semester. This treatment unit will be designed as
per the latest EPA norms.
The hauling units like trucks, dumpers and TDP will be changed
and in their place will arrive advance mobile units which will transfer
waste in segregated form.
Collection spots and 240 litre vehicle for collection will be
upgraded and colour coding will help for segregation.
CLOSING REMARK
REFERENCES
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.google.com
• B ward municipal office
• Integrated Solid Waste Management by George Tchobanoglous,
Hillary Theisen, Samuel A.Vigil
• Environmental Sanitation by Baljeet Kapoor